Name: rearing the fruit fly drosophila melanogaster under axenic and gnotobiotic conditions
Uploaded: 2016-07-30T14:00:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Rearing the Fruit Fly Drosophila melanogaster Under Axenic and Gnotobiotic Conditions at JoVE.com

Некоторые детали этого протокола были оптимизированы с помощью доктора Адама Добсон, который также предоставили полезные замечания по рукописи. Эта работа была поддержана Фондом Национальных институтов здравоохранения (FNIH) номер гранта R01GM095372 (JMC, A (CN) W, AJD и AED). FNIH грант номер 1F32GM099374-01 (PDN) и Университет Бригама Янга запуска средства (JMC, MLK, М. В.). Затраты на публикации были поддержаны Brigham Young University College биологических наук и кафедры растительного и животного мира наук.

1. Бактерии Культура (Старт ~ 1 неделя перед собиранием яиц) <ol><li> Подготовка модифицированного MRS 20 (КМС) пластин и отвар трубки (таблица 1). Налейте MMRS 20 мл агара в каждую 100 мм чашку Петри и дать остыть / сухой в течение ночи или 5 КМС мл отвар на 18 мм тестовых трубок. </li><li> Сери?...

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<html> Описанный здесь метод является одним из нескольких подходов для эмбрионов dechorionation 8,11,18,25,26,27 вместе с альтернативными методами выращивания аксенический мух, в том числе последовательный перевод аксенический взрослых 18,27 или лечения антибиотиками 13,18. Другие метод...

An erratum was issued for: <a href="https://www.jove.com/t/54219/rearing-fruit-fly-drosophila-melanogaster-under-axenic-gnotobiotic">Rearing the Fruit Fly Drosophila melanogaster Under Axenic and Gnotobiotic Conditions</a>. The Protocol was updated.
Step 6.1.4.2 of the Protocol was updated from:
If using the 4 species described here, normalize cells to equivalent colony forming unit (CFU)/ml densities (OD600 to CFU conversion determined previously20) using this equation: 
E = ((O-B) x V x D)/C 
where E = volume to resuspend pellet in (&#956;l), O = OD600 bacteria, B = OD600 blank media, D = fold-dilution, V = &#181;l bacterial culture prior to centrifugation, C = OD600 of predetermined constant. See Supplemental Code File for examples of calculations using these equations. For spectrophotometers that automatically blank, use &#34;O&#34; in place of &#34;O-B&#34;. 
Note: The predetermined constants (units OD600, normalized to 107 CFU ml-1, constants derived in20) are as follows: A. tropicalis (0.052), A. pomorum (0.038), L. brevis (0.056), L. plantarum (0.077).
to:
If using the 4 species described here, normalize cells to equivalent colony forming unit (CFU)/ml densities (OD600 to CFU conversion determined previously20) using this equation: 
E = ((O-B) x V x D)/C 
where E = volume to resuspend pellet in (&#956;l), O = OD600 bacteria, B = OD600 blank media, D = fold-dilution, V = &#181;l bacterial culture prior to centrifugation, C = OD600 of predetermined constant. See Supplemental Code File for examples of calculations using these equations. For spectrophotometers that automatically blank, use &#34;O&#34; in place of &#34;O-B&#34;. 
Note: The predetermined constants (units OD600, normalized to 107 CFU ml-1, constants derived in20) are as follows: A. tropicalis (0.053), A. pomorum (0.038), L. brevis (0.077), L. plantarum (0.056).

An erratum was issued for: <a href="https://www.jove.com/t/54219/rearing-fruit-fly-drosophila-melanogaster-under-axenic-gnotobiotic">Rearing the Fruit Fly Drosophila melanogaster Under Axenic and Gnotobiotic Conditions</a>. The Protocol was updated.

Erratum: Rearing the Fruit Fly Drosophila melanogaster Under Axenic and Gnotobiotic Conditions

Большинство животных тесно связаны с бактериями ( «микрофлора») от рождения до смерти 1. Сравнения микроорганизмов , свободной ( &#39;аксенический&#39;) и микроорганизмов-ассоциированных ( &quot;обычных&quot;) животных показали микробы влияют на различные аспекты здоровья животных, в том числе обмена веществ, питательных веществ, сосудистой, печени, органов дыхания, иммунологических, эндокринных и неврологической функции 2. Плодовой мушки дрозофилы является ключевой моделью для понимания многих из этих процессов в присутствии микробов 3,4 и для изучения микробиоты влияния на здоровье животных 5,6. Нет видов бактерий присутствует в каждом человеке ( «ядро»), но Acetobacter и Lactobacillus видов численно преобладают микробиота обоих лабораторных выращенных и пойманных D. MELANOGASTER. Другое Acetobacteraceae (включая Komagataeibacter и Gluconobacter), Firmicutes (такие как Enterococcus и Leuconostoc) и энтеробактерий либо часто присутствуют у дрозофилы лиц при низкой численности, или нерегулярно присутствуют на высокой численности 7.12. Микрофлора дрозофилы и млекопитающих непостоянно внутри и между поколениями 14,19. Микробиота непостоянство может привести к фенотипической шума при измерении микробиоты-зависимых черт. Например, для хранения Acetobacteraceae влияние липидов (триглицерида) в Drosophila 15-18. Если Acetobacteraceae более многочисленны у мух одного флакона , чем в другом 19, изогенных мух может иметь различные фенотипы 20. Решение для проблемы микробиоты непостоянства у мышей 14 был на практике с 1960 -х годов, путем введения определенного сообщества 8 доминирующих видов микроорганизмов к щенкам мыши каждое новое поколение (измененное Schaedler флоры),гарантируя, что каждый щенок подвергается воздействию тех же самых ключевых членов микробиоты мыши. Эта практика управления для микробиоты композиции , даже когда микрофлора не является основным объектом исследования 32, и устанавливает прецедент для обеспечения присутствия ключевых микробов в различных экспериментальных условиях. Для того, чтобы определить влияние микробов на Drosophila питания, несколько протоколов , используемых для получения аксенический мух линии были разработаны, в том числе гипохлорита dechorionation эмбрионов (либо получена De Novo каждого поколения или поддерживается генерационно путем передачи стерильных диет) и лечение антибиотиками 13. Есть преимущества различных подходов, таких как легкость и быстрота для обоих лечения антибиотиками и последовательной передачи, по сравнению с более эффективного управления вмешивающихся переменных с де Novo dechorionation (например, плотность яиц, остаточных загрязняющих микробов, вне целевой антибиотик эффектов). Независимо от методаподготовка, введение указанных видов микроорганизмов к аксенический эмбрионов позволяет культуру дрозофилы с определенными ( &#39;гнотобионтных&#39;) общин. В качестве альтернативы, имитируя использование Schaedler флоры, это сообщество может быть привиты к условно-откладывали яйца (следующие шаги 6-7 только), чтобы обеспечить наличие признака, оказывающих влияние микробов в каждом флаконе и избежать осложнений микробиоты непостоянства. Здесь мы опишем протокол для повышения аксенический и гнотобионтных дрозофилы де Novo dechorionation эмбрионов, а также для подтверждения присутствия введенного или загрязняющего микробного таксонов.

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="851">
	<tbody>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:259px;">Brewer&#39;s Yeast</td>
			<td style="width:291px;">MP Biomedicals, LLC.</td>
			<td style="width:108px;">903312</td>
			<td style="width:195px;">http://www.mpbio.com/product.php?pid=02903312</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Glucose</td>
			<td>Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td>158968-3KG</td>
			<td>http://www.sigmaaldrich.com/catalog/product/aldrich/158968?lang=en&#38;region=US</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Agar</td>
			<td>Fisher--Lab Scientific</td>
			<td>fly802010</td>
			<td>https://www.fishersci.com/shop/products/drosophila-agar-8-100mesh-10kg/nc9349177</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Welch&#39;s 100% Grape Juice Concentrate</td>
			<td>Walmart or other grocery store</td>
			<td>9116196</td>
			<td>http://www.walmart.com/ip/Welch-s-Frozen-100-Grape-Juice-Concentrate-11.5-oz/10804406</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Cage: 32 oz. Translucent Round Deli Container</td>
			<td>Webstaurant Store</td>
			<td>999L5032Y</td>
			<td>http://www.webstaurantstore.com/newspring-delitainer-sd5032y-32-oz-translucent-round-deli-container-24-pack/999L5032Y.html</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Translucent Round Deli Container Lid</td>
			<td>Webstaurant Store</td>
			<td>999YNL500</td>
			<td>http://www.webstaurantstore.com/newspring-delitainer-ynl500-translucent-round-deli-container-lid-60-pack/999YNL500.html</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Stock Bottles</td>
			<td>Genesee Scientific</td>
			<td style="width:108px;">32-130</td>
			<td>https://geneseesci.com/shop-online/product-details/?product=32-130</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Droso-Plugs</td>
			<td>Genesee Scientific</td>
			<td style="width:108px;">49-101</td>
			<td>https://geneseesci.com/shop-online/product-details/?product=49-101</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Nylon Mesh</td>
			<td>Genesee Scientific</td>
			<td>57-102&#160;</td>
			<td>https://geneseesci.com/shop-online/product-details/715/?product=57-102</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Plastic Bushing</td>
			<td>Home Depot</td>
			<td style="width:108px;">100343125</td>
			<td>http://www.homedepot.com/p/Halex-2-1-2-in-Rigid-Insulated-Plastic-Bushing-75225/100343125</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Specimen Cup</td>
			<td>MedSupply Partners</td>
			<td>K01-207067</td>
			<td>http://www.medsupplypartners.com/covidien-specimen-containers.html</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Repeater M4</td>
			<td>Eppendorf</td>
			<td>4982000322</td>
			<td>https://online-shop.eppendorf.us/US-en/Manual-Liquid-Handling-44563/Dispensers--Burettes-44566/Repeater-M4-PF-44619.html</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">50 ml Centrifuge Tubes</td>
			<td>Laboratory Product Sales</td>
			<td>TR2003</td>
			<td>https://www.lpsinc.com/Catalog4.asp?catalog_nu=TR2003</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Food Boxes</td>
			<td>USA Scientific</td>
			<td>2316-5001</td>
			<td>http://www.usascientific.com/search.aspx?find=2316-5001</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Lysing Matrix D Bulk</td>
			<td>MP Biomedicals, LLC.</td>
			<td>116540434</td>
			<td>http://www.mpbio.com/search.php?q=6540-434&#38;s=Search</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Filter Pipette Tips, 300&#956;l</td>
			<td>USA Scientific</td>
			<td>1120-9810</td>
			<td>http://www.usascientific.com/search.aspx?find=1120-9810</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Petri Dishes</td>
			<td>Laboratory Product Sales</td>
			<td>M089303</td>
			<td>https://www.lpsinc.com/Catalog4.asp?catalog_nu=M089303</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Ethanol</td>
			<td>Decon Laboratories, INC.</td>
			<td>2701</td>
			<td>http://www.deconlabs.com/products.php?ID=88</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Paintbrush</td>
			<td>Walmart</td>
			<td>5133</td>
			<td>http://www.walmart.com/ip/Chenille-Kraft-5133-Acrylic-Handled-Brush-Set-Assorted-Sizes-colors-8-Brushes-set/41446005</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Forceps</td>
			<td>Fisher</td>
			<td>08-882</td>
			<td>https://www.fishersci.com/shop/products/fisherbrand-medium-pointed-forceps-3/p-128693</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Household Bleach (6-8% Hypochlorite)</td>
			<td>Walmart</td>
			<td>550646751</td>
			<td>http://www.walmart.com/ip/Clorox-Concentrated-Regular-Bleach-121-fl-oz/21618295</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Universal Peptone</td>
			<td>Genesee Scientific</td>
			<td>20-260</td>
			<td>https://geneseesci.com/shop-online/product-details/?product=20-260</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Yeast Extract</td>
			<td>&#160;Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>BP1422-500</td>
			<td>https://www.fishersci.com/shop/products/fisher-bioreagents-microbiology-media-additives-yeast-extract-3/bp1422500?matchedCatNo=BP1422500</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Dipotassium Phosphate</td>
			<td>Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td>P3786-1KG</td>
			<td>http://www.sigmaaldrich.com/catalog/search?term=P3786-1KG&#38;interface=All&#38;N=0&#38;mode=match%20partialmax&#38;lang=en&#38;region=US&#38;focus=product</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Ammonium Citrate</td>
			<td>Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td>25102-500g</td>
			<td>http://www.sigmaaldrich.com/catalog/search?term=25102-500g&#38;interface=All&#38;N=0&#38;mode=match%20partialmax&#38;lang=en&#38;region=US&#38;focus=product</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Sodium Acetate</td>
			<td>VWR</td>
			<td>97061-994</td>
			<td>https://us.vwr.com/store/catalog/product.jsp?catalog_number=97061-994</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Magnesium Sulfate</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>M63-500</td>
			<td>https://www.fishersci.com/shop/products/magnesium-sulfate-heptahydrate-crystalline-certified-acs-fisher-chemical-3/m63500?matchedCatNo=M63500</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Manganese Sulfate</td>
			<td>Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td>10034-96-5</td>
			<td>http://www.sigmaaldrich.com/catalog/search?term=10034-96-5&#38;interface=CAS%20No.&#38;N=0&#38;mode=match%20partialmax&#38;lang=en&#38;region=US&#38;focus=product</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">MRS Powder</td>
			<td>Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:108px;">69966-500G</td>
			<td>http://www.sigmaaldrich.com/catalog/product/sial/69966?lang=en&#38;region=US</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">96 Well Plate Reader</td>
			<td>BioTek (Epoch)&#160;</td>
			<td>NA</td>
			<td>http://www.biotek.com/products/microplate_detection/epoch_microplate_spectrophotometer.html</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">1.7 ml Centrifuge Tubes</td>
			<td>USA Scientific</td>
			<td>1615-5500</td>
			<td>http://www.usascientific.com/search.aspx?find=1615-5500</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Filter Pipette Tips, 1000&#956;l</td>
			<td>USA Scientific</td>
			<td>1122-1830</td>
			<td>http://www.usascientific.com/search.aspx?find=1122-1830</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">96 Well Plates</td>
			<td>Greiner Bio-One</td>
			<td>655101</td>
			<td>https://shop.gbo.com/en/usa/articles/catalogue/article/0110_0040_0120_0010/13243/</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Ceramic Beads</td>
			<td>MP Biomedicals, LLC.</td>
			<td>6540-434</td>
			<td>http://www.mpbio.com/product.php?pid=116540434</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Tissue Homogenizer</td>
			<td>MP Biomedicals, LLC.</td>
			<td>116004500</td>
			<td>http://www.mpbio.com/product.php?pid=116004500</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Class 1 BioSafety Cabinet</td>
			<td>Thermo Scientific&#160;</td>
			<td>Model 1395</td>
			<td>http://www.thermoscientific.com/en/product/1300-series-class-ii-type-a2-biological-safety-cabinet-packages.html</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

rearing the fruit fly drosophila melanogaster under axenic and gnotobiotic conditions

The influence of microbes on myriad animal traits and behaviors has been increasingly recognized in recent years. The fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster is a model for understanding microbial interactions with animal hosts, facilitated by approaches to rear large sample sizes of Drosophila under microorganism-free (axenic) conditions, or with defined microbial communities (gnotobiotic). This work outlines a method for collection of Drosophila embryos, hypochlorite dechorionation and sterilization, and transfer to sterile diet. Sterilized embryos are transferred to sterile diet in 50 ml centrifuge tubes, and developing larvae and adults remain free of any exogenous microbes until the vials are opened. Alternatively, flies with a defined microbiota can be reared by inoculating sterile diet and embryos with microbial species of interest. We describe the introduction of 4 bacterial species to establish a representative gnotobiotic microbiota in Drosophila. Finally, we describe approaches for confirming bacterial community composition, including testing if axenic Drosophila remain bacteria-free into adulthood.

Успешное разведение аксенический мух подтверждается выделением не КОЕ от гомогенизации всего тела обследуемого D. MELANOGASTER взрослых (рисунок 1). В качестве альтернативы, если гальваническим гомогенат дает колонии, Флаконы загрязнены и должны быть отброше?...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Rearing the Fruit Fly Drosophila melanogaster Under Axenic and Gnotobiotic Conditions at JoVE.com

Rearing the Fruit Fly Drosophila melanogaster Under Axenic and Gnotobiotic Conditions

Способ выращивания дрозофилы под аксенический и гнотобионтных условиях представлена. Fly эмбрионы dechorionated в гипохлорит натрия, асептически переносят в стерильную диету, и выращены в закрытых контейнерах. Инокулируя диеты и эмбрионов с бактериями приводит к гнотобионтных ассоциаций, и бактериальный присутствие подтверждается металлизированный всего тела дрозофилы гомогенатах.

Выращивание дрозофилы<em&gt; Дрозофилы</em&gt; Под аксенический и гнотобионтных Условия

The influence of microbes on myriad animal traits and behaviors has been increasingly recognized in recent years. The fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster is ...

Research

JoVE Journal

Developmental Biology

Rearing the Fruit Fly Drosophila melanogaster Under Axenic and Gnotobiotic Conditions

Assaying Blood Cell Populations of the Drosophila melanogaster Larva

Assaying Blood Cell Populations of the Drosophila melanogaster Larva

Опробование клеток крови народам<em&gt; Дрозофилы</em&gt; Личинка

In vertebrates, hematopoiesis is regulated by inductive microenvironments (niches). Likewise, in the invertebrate model organism&#160;Drosophila ...

Production and Administration of Therapeutic Mesenchymal Stem/Stromal Cell (MSC) Spheroids Primed in 3-D Cultures Under Xeno-free Conditions

Production and Administration of Therapeutic Mesenchymal Stem/Stromal Cell MSC Spheroids Primed in 3-D Cultures Under Xeno-free Conditions

Производство и введения терапевтических мезенхимальных стволовых / стромальных клеток (MSC) Spheroids грунтованный в 3-D культур Под Зенона свободных условиях

Mesenchymal stem/stromal cells (MSCs) hold great promise in bioengineering and regenerative medicine. MSCs can be isolated from multiple adult tissues via ...

Protocols for Visualizing Steroidogenic Organs and Their Interactive Organs with Immunostaining in the Fruit Fly Drosophila melanogaster

Protocols for Visualizing Steroidogenic Organs and Their Interactive Organs with Immunostaining in the Fruit Fly Drosophila melanogaster

Протоколы Визуальное стероидогенных органов и их интерактивные Органов с иммунным окрашиванием плодовой мушки<em&gt; Дрозофилы</em

In multicellular organisms, a small group of cells is endowed with a specialized function in their biogenic activity, inducing a systemic response ...

Dissection and Immunofluorescent Staining of Mushroom Body and Photoreceptor Neurons in Adult Drosophila melanogaster Brains

Dissection and Immunofluorescent Staining of Mushroom Body and Photoreceptor Neurons in Adult Drosophila melanogaster Brains

Рассечение и Immunofluorescent окрашивание гриб тело и фоторецепторных нейронов в мозге взрослого Drosophila melanogaster

Nervous system development involves a sequential series of events that are coordinated by several signaling pathways and regulatory networks. Many of the ...

Induction of Endothelial Differentiation in Cardiac Progenitor Cells Under Low Serum Conditions

Индукция эндотелиальной дифференцировки в клетках сердечной Progenitor в условиях низкой сыворотки

Cardiac progenitor cells (CPCs) may have therapeutic potential for cardiac regeneration after injury. In the adult mammalian heart, intrinsic CPCs are ...

Thawing, Culturing, and Cryopreserving Drosophila Cell Lines

Thawing, Culturing, and Cryopreserving Drosophila Cell Lines

Размораживание, культивирования и Cryopreserving дрозофила клеточных линий

There are currently over 160 distinct Drosophila cell lines distributed by the Drosophila Genomics Resource Center (DGRC). With genome engineering, the ...

Methods to Test Endocrine Disruption in Drosophila melanogaster

Methods to Test Endocrine Disruption in Drosophila melanogaster

Методы тестирования эндокринных нарушений в Drosophila меланогастер

In recent years there has been growing evidence that all organisms and the environment are exposed to hormone-like chemicals, known as endocrine disruptor ...

Assay for Blood-brain Barrier Integrity in Drosophila melanogaster

Assay for Blood-brain Barrier Integrity in Drosophila melanogaster

Анализ на кроветчебно-мозговой барьер целостности в Drosophila меланогастер

Proper nervous system development includes the formation of the blood-brain barrier, the diffusion barrier that tightly regulates access to the nervous ...

Efficient Differentiation of Postganglionic Sympathetic Neurons using Human Pluripotent Stem Cells under Feeder-free and Chemically Defined Culture Conditions

Эффективная дифференциация постгонглионических симпатических нейронов с использованием человеческих плюрипотентных стволовых клеток в соответствии с безкормовыми и химически определенными условиями культуры

Human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs) have become a powerful tool for disease modeling and the study of human embryonic development in vitro. We previously ...