Name: a method for evaluating timeliness and accuracy of volitional motor responses to vibrotactile stimuli
Uploaded: 2016-08-02T14:00:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about A Method for Evaluating Timeliness and Accuracy of Volitional Motor Responses to Vibrotactile Stimuli at JoVE.com

This protocol was developed for research supported by the Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada (grant RGPIN 401963).

Følgende protokol blev godkendt af Research Ethics Board på Holland Bloorview Kids Rehabilitation Hospital. 1. Motor kalibrering <ol><li> Slut microcontroller board til computeren ved hjælp af en USB-port. </li><li> Brug den oprindelige microcontroller software, uploade brugerdefinerede script, &quot;Motor_and_AccelerometerTest.ino&quot; til bestyrelsen ved hjælp af USB-forbindelse ved at klikke på &quot;Upload&quot; ikonet, angivet ved kredsede højre pil. <ol><li> Sørg for, at vibrationsniveauet...

<ol>
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O., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+haptic+feedback+system+for+lower-limb+prostheses.">A haptic feedback system for lower-limb prostheses.</a> IEEE Trans. Neural Syst. Rehabil. Eng. 16 (3), 270-277 (2008).</li><li>Sharma, A., Torres-moreno, R., Zabjek, K., Andrysek, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Toward+an+artificial+sensory+feedback+system+for+prosthetic+mobility+rehabilitation:+Examination+of+sensorimotor+responses.">Toward an artificial sensory feedback system for prosthetic mobility rehabilitation: Examination of sensorimotor responses.</a> J. Rehabil. Res. Dev. 51 (6), 416-425 (2014).</li><li>Sharma, A., Leineweber, M. 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Formålet med denne protokol er at skabe rammerne for at vurdere stimuleringsparametre i vibrotactile ASF applikationer. Konkret undersøger virkningerne af vibrationer frekvens, amplitude, placering og rækkefølge på brugerens sensomotoriske respons. Denne ramme kan bygges videre på, og udvidet til at omfatte yderligere eller alternative typer af brugerens svar, der kan være mere klinisk relevant, såsom bøjning en fælles eller skiftende vægten fra det ene ben til det andet. Disse typer ændringer ville kræve l...

Kunstig sensorisk feedback (ASF) kan defineres som den praksis at give real-time biologiske oplysninger til enkeltpersoner, ofte kompensere for kompromitteret proprioception eller anden sensorisk mekanisme. ASF har været længe brugt i realm af rehabilitering af tilskadekomne eller handicappede for at hjælpe med at inddrive aspekter af fysisk funktion og bevægelse 1 - 3 ud, giver mennesker mulighed for at styre fysiske processer, der engang var en ufrivillig reaktion af det autonome nervesystem 4. En underkategori af ASF, biomekanisk biofeedback, bruger eksterne sensorer til at måle parametre i relation til balance eller gangart kinematik, og videregive disse oplysninger til den enkelte gennem en slags anvendt stimulus. En stadig mere populær tilgang til biomekanisk tilbagemeldinger beskæftiger små vibrerende motorer, eller kontaktorer, placeret på forskellige dele af kroppen til at give rumlig såvel som tidsmæssig feedback. Forrige litteratur har vist promising resultater understøtter brugen af vibrotactile tilbagemeldinger i ansøgninger til personer med lavere lemmer amputationer, vestibulære svækkelser, og aldring-relaterede tab af balance 5 - 9. En grundig forståelse af de mekanismer, der styrer en persons opfattelse og reaktion på specifikke stimuli er nødvendig for at informere en effektiv gennemførelse af ASF-systemer til forskellige applikationer. For vibrotactile tilbagemeldinger, chef blandt disse mekanismer er proprioception og sensomotoriske respons, specielt brugeren følsomhed over for de anvendte vibrationer og den nødvendige tid til at udføre den ønskede reaktion. Enhver sensorisk information formidles gennem vibrationer stimuli skal være kodet som specifikke kombinationer af vibrationer frekvens, amplitude, placering og rækkefølge. Derfor bør udformningen af ​​vibrotactile ASF-systemer vælge kombinationer af parametre for at maksimere brugerens opfattelse og fortolkning af stimuli, somsamt aktualitet og nøjagtighed af den resulterende motorisk reaktion. Målet med denne protokol er at skabe en platform, hvorfra man kan evaluere svartider og respons nøjagtighed til forskellige vibrations stimuli til at informere design af ASF-systemer til brug med forskellige sensoriske-forringet befolkninger. Metoderne beskrives her bygger på tidligere forskning udforske menneskets opfattelse af taktile og vibrotactile tilbagemeldinger 3,5,6, og blev udviklet til brug i to tidligere undersøgelser 10,11. De to sidstnævnte undersøgelser ansat denne protokol til at undersøge virkningerne af vibrationer frekvens og placering på nøjagtighed og aktualitet af brugernes reaktioner i lavere lemmer amputerede, der viser, at begge parametre væsentligt påvirker resultatmål, og at en høj grad af respons nøjagtighed kan være opnået. Disse resultater kan bruges til at informere den ideelle placering af kontaktorer i fremtidige studier og kliniske anvendelser af vibrotactile ASF-systemer. Andre seneste arbejde medCrea et al. 12 undersøgte bruger følsomhed overfor ændringer i vibrationsmønstre anvendes på låret ved gang anvendelse af mundtlige responser til tilkendegiver opfattede ændringer i vibrationer mønstre, snarere end en motorisk reaktion. Mens disse verbale reaktioner kan anvendes til at måle afsløring nøjagtighed, de ikke udgør fejl og forsinkelser, som kan være til stede i motorstyringen processen. Den primære setup for de følgende eksperimenter består af en række vibrerende motorer tilsluttet pulsbredde-moduleret output stifter af en microcontroller board. Brættet er på sin side styres med en Universal Serial Bus (USB) forbindelse til en computer, der kører kommercielt tilgængeligt system design software. Motorerne kræve en yderligere forstærkerkredsløb for at sikre tilstrækkelig spænding og strøm tilføres over et bredt område af vibrationsfrekvenser. Et eksempel forstærker kredsløb er vist i figur 1. Den Bipolar Transistor (BJR) I figuren kan erstattes med mindre metal-oxid-halvleder felt-effekt transistor (MOSFET) for mere effektiv drift og mindre størrelse. Ligeledes kan hele forstærkerkredsløb erstattes af en off-the-shelf haptisk motor driver at give yderligere kontrol og reduceret størrelse. Hver motor kræver sin egen kredsløb, og ved hjælp af maskinerne i dette papir, op til ti motorer kan styres af en enkelt microcontroller board. <img alt="figur 1" src="/files/ftp_upload/54223/54223fig1.jpg" /> Figur 1. Motor Wiring. (A) forstærkningskredsløb for en enkelt vibrationer motor er vist. Hver motor kræver et separat kredsløb og skal tilsluttes til en unik PWM output port på microcontroller. V DD her repræsenterer 3,3 V strøm af mikrocontrolleren bord, og modstanden R2 tjener som en pull-down resister at sikre transistorkontakten forbliver åben, når nul spænding er ca.løj. (B) Et eksempel på den fysiske forbindelse af to motorer. Selvom otte individuelle amplifikationsprodukter kredsløb er vist, kun to er forbundet med vibrationsmotorer. I denne protokol R1 = 4,7 kohm og R2 = 100 kohm. <a href="https://www.jove.com/files/ftp_upload/54223/54223fig1large.jpg" target="_blank">Klik her for at se en større version af dette tal.</a>

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="849">
	<tbody>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:216px;">Vibrating Pager Motors</td>
			<td style="width:107px;">Precision Microdrives</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">Model 310-101</td>
			<td style="width:407px;">Coin eccentric rotating mass motors.&#160; As many as necessary to test all locations and interactions of interest</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="63">
			<td height="63" style="height:63px;width:216px;">Tri-axis Accelerometer</td>
			<td style="width:107px;">Dimension Engineering</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">ADXL 335</td>
			<td style="width:407px;">Advanced analog accelerometer. 500Hz bandwidth, 3.5-15V input.&#160; Designed for motion, tilt, and slope measurement, as well as vibration and shock sensing</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:216px;">Arduino Uno</td>
			<td style="width:107px;">Arduino</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">DEV-11021</td>
			<td style="width:407px;">Microcontroller board for communicating with the tri-axis accelerometer</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:216px;">Arduion Mega 2560</td>
			<td style="width:107px;">Arduino</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">DEV-11061</td>
			<td style="width:407px;">Microcontroller board for interfacing with the vibration motors.&#160;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:216px;">LabVIEW</td>
			<td style="width:107px;">National Instruments</td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td style="width:407px;">Data acquisition software used to control motors and display accelerometer signals</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Arduino IDE Software</td>
			<td style="width:107px;">Arduino</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">v. 1.6.5</td>
			<td style="width:407px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:216px;">Push-Button</td>
			<td style="width:107px;">Bridges</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">Buddy Button</td>
			<td style="width:407px;">Wired switch featuring a 2.5in/6.35cm activation surface that provides an auditory click and tactile feedback.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Optional:</td>
			<td style="width:107px;"></td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:216px;">Dedicated haptic motor driver</td>
			<td style="width:107px;">Texas Instruments</td>
			<td>DRV2605L</td>
			<td style="width:407px;">Can be used to replace the entire amplification circuit described in Step 1.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="105">
			<td height="105" style="height:105px;width:216px;">Flexible wearable goniometer</td>
			<td style="width:107px;">Biometrics Ltd.</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">SG110</td>
			<td style="width:407px;">Twin axis flexible goniometers to measure angles in up to two planes of movement that can be used in lieu of the push button to measure joint movement in response to stimuli. 
			www.biometricsltd.com/gonio.htm</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

a method for evaluating timeliness and accuracy of volitional motor responses to vibrotactile stimuli

Artificial sensory feedback (ASF) systems can be used to compensate for lost proprioception in individuals with lower-limb impairments. Effective design of these ASF systems requires an in-depth understanding of how the parameters of specific feedback mechanism affect user perception and reaction to stimuli. This article presents a method for applying vibrotactile stimuli to human participants and measuring their response. Rotating mass vibratory motors are placed at pre-defined locations on the participant's thigh, and controlled through custom hardware and software. The speed and accuracy of participants' volitional responses to vibrotactile stimuli are measured for researcher-specified combinations of motor placement and vibration frequency. While the protocol described here uses push-buttons to collect a simple binary response to the vibrotactile stimuli, the technique can be extended to other response mechanisms using inertial measurement units or pressure sensors to measure joint angle and weight bearing ratios, respectively. Similarly, the application of vibrotactile stimuli can be explored for body segments other than the thigh.

Figur 4 illustrerer kalibreringskurverne identificerer PWM værdi for en 180 Hz vibrationsfrekvens af en enkelt motor. Allerede ved en 50% arbejdscyklus, er PWM værdier gentages indtil den primære frekvens spike forekommer ved 180 Hz. Vellykkede kalibrering forsøg skal vise en klar spike på den primære vibration frekvens. Dårlig fiksering af accelerometer til motoren, eller af motoren til en støtteflade, kan resultere i en mere diffus FFT uden et klart spike. I denne situation bør kalibreringen ...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about A Method for Evaluating Timeliness and Accuracy of Volitional Motor Responses to Vibrotactile Stimuli at JoVE.com

A Method for Evaluating Timeliness and Accuracy of Volitional Motor Responses to Vibrotactile Stimuli

I denne artikel beskrives en teknik til påføring vibrotactile stimuli til låret af en human deltager, og måling af nøjagtigheden og reaktionstiden af ​​deltagerens viljebestemt respons for forskellige kombinationer af stimulation placering og frekvens.

En metode til evaluering Aktualitet og nøjagtighed viljesbestemt Motor Svar til Vibrotactile Stimuli

Artificial sensory feedback (ASF) systems can be used to compensate for lost proprioception in individuals with lower-limb impairments.  Effective design ...

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