Name: techniques for the evolution of robust pentose-fermenting yeast for bioconversion of lignocellulose to ethanol
Uploaded: 2016-10-24T13:00:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Techniques for the Evolution of Robust Pentose-fermenting Yeast for Bioconversion of Lignocellulose to Ethanol at JoVE.com

We would like to express our sincere appreciation to Drs. Kenneth Vogel, Robert Mitchell and Gautam Sarath, Grain, Forage, and Bioenergy Research Unit, Agricultural Research Service, Lincoln, NE for their kind supply of switchgrass for this project. We also thank U.S. Department of Energy for funding to VB through the DOE Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center (GLBRC) Grant DE-FC02-07ER64494.

1. Forbered Starte Materialer og utstyr for analyser <ol><li> Forbered hydrolysater ved hjelp av 18 til 20% opprinnelig biomasse tørrvekt i forbehandlingen reaksjon for bruk i utviklingen, isolasjon og rangering prosedyrer. Se Slininger et al. 2015 18 for detaljerte metoder for å forberede AFEX CSH, PSGHL, og SGH med nitrogentilskudd N1 eller N2 brukes i evolusjon, isolasjon eller rangering. Se tabell 1 for sammensetningen av hvert hydrolysat type. MERK: Nitrogen festnings...

<ol>
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Bioeng. 108 (8), 1801-1815 (2011).</li><li>Slininger, P. J., Gorsich, S. W., Liu, Z. L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Culture+nutrition+and+physiology+impact+inhibitor+tolerance+of+the+yeast+Pichia+stipitis+NRRL+Y-7124.">Culture nutrition and physiology impact inhibitor tolerance of the yeast Pichia stipitis NRRL Y-7124.</a> Biotechnol. Bioeng. 102 (3), 778-790 (2009).</li><li>Agbogbo, F. K., Coward-Kelly, G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Cellulosic+ethanol+production+using+the+naturally+occurring+xylose-fermenting+yeast,+Pichia+stipitis.">Cellulosic ethanol production using the naturally occurring xylose-fermenting yeast, Pichia stipitis.</a> Biotechnol. Lett. 30 (9), 1515-1524 (2008).</li><li>Balan, V., Bals, B., Chundawat, S., Marshall, D., Dale, B. 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N. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Development+of+xylose-fermenting+yeast+Pichia+stipitis+for+ethanol+production+through+adaptation+on+hardwood+hemicellulose+acid+prehydrolysate.">Development of xylose-fermenting yeast Pichia stipitis for ethanol production through adaptation on hardwood hemicellulose acid prehydrolysate.</a> J. Appl. Microbiol. 90 (2), 208-215 (2001).</li><li>Nigam, J. N. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Ethanol+production+from+wheat+straw+hemicellulose+hydrolysate+by+Pichia+stipitis.">Ethanol production from wheat straw hemicellulose hydrolysate by Pichia stipitis.</a> J. Biotechnol. 87 (1), 17-27 (2001).</li><li>Hughes, S. R., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Random+UV-C+mutagenesis+of+Scheffersomyces+(formerly+Pichia)+stipitis+NRRL+Y-7124+to+improve+anaerobic+growth+on+lignocellulosic+sugars.">Random UV-C mutagenesis of Scheffersomyces (formerly Pichia) stipitis NRRL Y-7124 to improve anaerobic growth on lignocellulosic sugars.</a> J. Ind. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 39 (1), 163-173 (2012).</li><li>Bajwa, P. K., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Mutants+of+the+pentose-fermenting+yeast+Pichia+stipitis+with+improved+tolerance+to+inhibitors+in+hardwood+spent+sulfite+liquor.">Mutants of the pentose-fermenting yeast Pichia stipitis with improved tolerance to inhibitors in hardwood spent sulfite liquor.</a> Biotechnol. Bioeng. 104 (5), 892-900 (2009).</li><li>Bajwa, P. K., Pinel, D., Martin, V. J. J., Trevors, J. T., Lee, H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Strain+improvement+of+the+pentose-fermenting+yeast+Pichia+stipitis+by+genome+shuffling.">Strain improvement of the pentose-fermenting yeast Pichia stipitis by genome shuffling.</a> J. Microbiol. Methods. 81 (2), 179-186 (2010).</li><li>Slininger, P. J., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Evolved+strains+of+Scheffersomyces+stipitis+achieving+high+ethanol+productivity+on+acid-+and+base-pretreated+biomass+hydrolyzate+at+high+solids+loading.">Evolved strains of Scheffersomyces stipitis achieving high ethanol productivity on acid- and base-pretreated biomass hydrolyzate at high solids loading.</a> Biotechnol. Biofuels. 8:60, 1-27 (2015).</li><li>Jeffries, T. W., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Genome+sequence+of+the+lignocellulosic-bioconverting+and+xylose-fermenting+yeast+Pichia+stipitis.">Genome sequence of the lignocellulosic-bioconverting and xylose-fermenting yeast Pichia stipitis.</a> Nature Biotechnol. 25 (3), 319-326 (2007).</li><li>Zabriski, D. W., Armiger, W. B., Phillips, D. H., Albano, P. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Fermentation+media+formulation.">Fermentation media formulation.</a> Trader's Guide to Fermentation Media Formulation. , 1-39 (1980).</li><li>Syzbalski, W., Bryson, Y. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Genetic+studies+on+microbial+cross+resistance+to+toxic+agents.+I.+Cross+resistance+of+Escherichia+coli+to+fifteen+antibiotics.">Genetic studies on microbial cross resistance to toxic agents. I. Cross resistance of Escherichia coli to fifteen antibiotics.</a> J. Biotechnol. 64 (4), 489-499 (1952).</li><li>Klinke, H. B., Thomsen, A. B., Ahring, B. K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Inhibition+of+ethanol-producing+yeast+and+bacteria+by+degradation+products+produced+during+pre-treatment+of+biomass.">Inhibition of ethanol-producing yeast and bacteria by degradation products produced during pre-treatment of biomass.</a> Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 66, 10-26 (2004).</li><li>Almeida, J. R. M., Bertilsson, M., Gorwa-Grauslund, M. F., Gorsich, S., Liden, G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Metabolic+effects+of+furaldehydes+and+impacts+on+biotechnological+processes.">Metabolic effects of furaldehydes and impacts on biotechnological processes.</a> Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 82, 625-638 (2009).</li><li>Allen, S. A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Furfural+induces+reactive+oxygen+species+accumulation+and+cellular+damage+in+Saccharomyces+cerevisiae.">Furfural induces reactive oxygen species accumulation and cellular damage in Saccharomyces cerevisiae.</a> Biotechnol. Biofuels. 3, (2010).</li><li>Weisburger, J. H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Mutagenic,+carcinogenic,+and+chemopreventive+effects+of+phenols+and+catechols:+the+underlying+mechanisms.">Mutagenic, carcinogenic, and chemopreventive effects of phenols and catechols: the underlying mechanisms.</a> ACS Symposium Series. 507, 35-47 (2009).</li><li>Slininger, P. J., Dien, B. S., Lomont, J. M., Bothast, R. J., Ladisch, M. R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Evaluation+of+a+kinetic+model+for+computer+simulation+of+growth+and+fermentation+by+Scheffersomyces+(Pichia)+stipitis+fed+D-xylose.">Evaluation of a kinetic model for computer simulation of growth and fermentation by Scheffersomyces (Pichia) stipitis fed D-xylose.</a> Biotechnol. Bioeng. 111 (8), 1532-1540 (2014).</li><li>Wang, X., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Comparative+metabolic+profiling+revealed+limitations+in+xylose-fermenting+yeast+during+co-fermentation+of+glucose+and+xylose+in+the+presence+of+inhibitors.">Comparative metabolic profiling revealed limitations in xylose-fermenting yeast during co-fermentation of glucose and xylose in the presence of inhibitors.</a> Biotechnol. 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Flere trinn var avgjørende for å lykkes i utviklingen prosessen. For det første er det nøkkel for å velge hensiktsmessige seleksjonstrykk for å drive den populasjonen utviklingen mot de ønskede fenotyper som er nødvendig for vellykket bruk. De følgende selektive påkjenninger ble valgt for S. stipitis og anvendt på passende tidspunkter for å lede anrikning av de ønskede fenotyper: økende styrker av 12% glukan AFEX CSH (som tvinger vekst og fermentering av forskjellige sukkerarter i nærvær av eddi...

Anslagsvis årlig 1,3 milliarder tørre tonn lignocellulose biomasse kunne støtte etanol produksjon og tillate USA å redusere sin oljeforbruket med 30%. 1 Selv om anlegget biomasse hydrolyse gir sukker blandinger rike på glukose og xylose, er gjæring hemmere generert av kjemisk forbehandling nødvendig å bryte ned hemicellulose og utsette cellulose for enzymatisk angrep. Eddiksyre, furfural, og hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF) er antatt å være viktige komponenter blant mange hemmere som dannes under forbehandling. For å kunne bevege det lignocelluloseholdige etanol industrien fremover, til forskning og fremgangsmåter tillate utviklingen av gjærstammer som er i stand til å overleve og effektivt virker til å bruke både heksose- og pentosesukker i nærvær av slike hemmende forbindelser er nødvendig. En vesentlig ytterligere svakhet ved tradisjonelle industrielle gjærstammer, så som Saccharomyces cerevisiae, er den manglende evne til effektivt å ferment den xylose tilgjengelige i hydrolysater av plantebiomasse. Pichia stipitis type stamme NRRL Y-7124 (CBS 5773), nylig omdøpt Scheffersomyces stipitis, er opprinnelig pentose fermen gjær som er godt kjent for å gjære xylose til etanol. 2,3 Utviklingen av stammen NRRL Y-7124 ble forfulgt her fordi det er dokumentert å har størst potensial av innfødte gjærstammer for å samle økonomisk utvinnbare etanol stiger 40 g / L med litt xylitol biprodukt. 4,5,6 i optimal media, S. stipitis stamme NRRL Y-7124 produserer 70 g / l etanol i 40 timer (1,75 g / l / time) ved et utbytte på 0,41 ± 0,06 g / g i kulturer med høy celletetthet (6 g / l celler). 7,8 Motstand til gjæring inhibitorer etanol, furfural, og HMF er også blitt rapportert, 9 og S. stipitis har vært rangert blant de mest lovende innfødte pentose--fermen gjær tilgjengelig for kommersiell skala etanol blusern fra lignocellulose. 10 Vårt mål var å bruke ulike undetoxified lignocellulose hydrolysater og etanol seleksjonspress for å tvinge utviklingen mot en mer robust derivat av stammen NRRL Y-7124 egnet for industrielle applikasjoner. Key blant forbedrede funksjoner søkte var raskere sukker opptak priser i konsentrerte hydrolysater, redusert diauxy for mer effektiv blandet sukker utnyttelse og høyere toleranser etanol og hemmere. Anvendelsen av S. stipitis å undetoxified hydrolysater var en viktig fokus for forskning for å eliminere den ekstra driftskostnad forbundet med hydrolysat avgiftning prosesser, for eksempel overliming. To industrielt lovende hydrolysater ble brukt for å tvinge evolusjon. Enzym saccharified ammoniakk fiber ekspansjon-forbehandlet mais Stover hydrolysat (AFEX CSH) og fortynne syre-forbehandlet switch hydrolysat brennevin (PSGHL) 11,12 AFEX forbehandling teknologi blir utviklet for åminimalisere produksjon av gjærings inhibitorer, mens fortynnet syre forbehandling representerer den aktuelle laveste kostnaden teknologi som oftest praktisert å utsette celluloseholdig biomasse for enzymatisk forsukring. PSGHL kan skilles fra cellulosen som gjenstår etter forbehandlingen, og er karakteristisk rik på xylose fra den hydrolyserte hemicellulosen, men lav i glukose. AFEX CSH og PSGHL komposisjoner skiller seg fra hverandre i viktige aspekter som ble utnyttet til å styre utviklingen prosessen. AFEX CSH er lavere i furan aldehyder og eddiksyre-inhibitorer, men høyere i aminosyrer og ammoniakk, nitrogenkilder sammenlignet med PSGHL (tabell 1). PSGHL presenterer den ekstra utfordringen med xylose å være den dominerende sukker tilgjengelig. Således PSGHL er passende for spesifikt å anrike for forbedret utnyttelse xylose i hydrolysater, en svakhet hindrer kommersiell bruk av tilgjengelig gjær. Selv blant innfødte pentose- fermen gjær, avhengigheten av den suboptimale sukker Xylose for å understøtte cellevekst og reparasjon blir enda mer utfordrende i hydrolysater på grunn av en rekke årsaker:. mangel på næringsstoffer, inhibitorer forårsaker omfattende skade på celle strukturell integritet, og forstyrrelser i stoffskifte på grunn av redoks-ubalanse 9 Nitrogen tilskudd, spesielt i form av aminosyrer, kan representere en betydelig driftskostnad for fermenteringer. Virkningen av nitrogen tilskudd på isolat screening og vurdering ble utforsket med Switch hydrolysater. Forbedret personer ble beriket i et utviklende befolkning bruker flere seleksjonstrykk avhengige av naturlige genetiske mangfoldet i S. stipitis befolkning og mutasjoner indusert ved eksponering til to ulike hydrolysater, etanol eller UV-stråling. Seleksjonstrykk ble påført i parallell og i serie for å utforske utviklingen fremdriften av S. stipitis retning av de ønskede derivater i stand til å vokse og gjære effektivt i hydrolysater(Figur 1). Den repeterende dyrkning av funksjonelle populasjoner i stadig mer krevende hydrolysater ble oppnådd på mikroplater ved anvendelse av en fortynning serie av enten 12% glukan AFEX CSH eller annet PGSHL fremstilt ved 20% faste stoffer. Anvendelsen av etanol-utfordret vekst på xylose i kontinuerlig kultur ytterligere forbedret Afex CSH tilpasset populasjoner av berikende for fenotyper viser mindre følsomhet for etanol undertrykkelse av xylose utnyttelse. Sistnevnte funksjon ble nylig vist problematisk å pentose utnyttelse av stammen NRRL Y-7124 følgende glukose gjæring. 8 Enrichment på PSGHL ble neste utforsket å utvide hydrolysat funksjonalitet. Antatte forbedrede derivater av S. stipitis NRRL Y-7124 ble isolert fra hver fase av utviklingen prosessen ved hjelp av målrettet anrikning i henhold til stressbetingelser og fortynning plating for å plukke kolonier fra de mest utbredte populasjonene. dimensjonsløs relativeprestasjonsindekser (RPIs) ble brukt til å rangere stammer basert på generell ytelse, hvor kinetisk atferd ble evaluert på de ulike hydrolysat typer og næringstilskudd brukt. Selv om suksesser av ulike tilpasnings prosedyrer for å forbedre funksjonaliteten til S. stipitis i lignocellulose-hydrolysater har tidligere blitt dokumentert,-stammer som viser økonomisk etanolproduksjon på undetoxified hydrolysater har ikke tidligere blitt rapportert. 13-17 Ved å bruke evolution fremgangsmåter som skal visualiseres i mer detalj her, Slininger et al. 18 utviklet belastninger som er betydelig forbedret i løpet moderstammen NRRL Y-7124 og er i stand til å produsere&gt; 40 g / l etanol i AFEX CSH og enzym saccharified switch hydrolysat (SGH) hensiktsmessig suppleres med nitrogenkilder. Disse nye stammer er av fremtidig interesse for å utvikle lignocellulose til etanol industrien og som fag av flere genomikk studier bygningpå de av tidligere sekvensert stamme NRRL Y-11545. 19 En genomstudie av topp stammer produsert under ulike faser av utviklingen diagramed i figur 1 vil belyse historien til genetiske endringer som oppstod under utvikling som et forspill til ytterligere belastning forbedring forskning.

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	<tbody>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:355px;">Cellic Ctec, Contains Xylanase (endo-1,4-)</td>
			<td style="width:251px;">Novozymes</td>
			<td style="width:180px;">No product number</td>
			<td style="width:467px;">www.novozymes.com, 1-919-494-3000</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:355px;">Cellic Htec, Contains Cellulase and Xyalanase</td>
			<td style="width:251px;">Novozymes</td>
			<td style="width:180px;">No product number</td>
			<td>www.novozymes.com, 1-919-494-3000</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:355px;">Toasted Nutrisoy Flour</td>
			<td style="width:251px;">Archer Daniels Midland Co. (ADM)</td>
			<td style="width:180px;">63160</td>
			<td>ADM, 4666 Faries Parkway, Decatur, IL&#160; 1800-37-5843</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:355px;">Pluronic F-68 (Surfactant)</td>
			<td style="width:251px;">Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:180px;">P1300</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:355px;">Difco Vitamin Assay Casamino Acids</td>
			<td style="width:251px;">Becton Dickinson and Company</td>
			<td style="width:180px;">228830</td>
			<td>multiple suppliers:&#160; e.g. Fisher Scientific, VWR, Daigger</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">D,L-tryptophan&#160;</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:180px;">T3300</td>
			<td>multiple suppliers:&#160; e.g. Fisher Scientific, VWR, Daigger</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">L-cysteine&#160;</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:180px;">C7352</td>
			<td>multiple suppliers:&#160; e.g. Fisher Scientific, Sigma-Aldrich</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Bacto Agar</td>
			<td>Becton Dickinson and Company</td>
			<td style="width:180px;">214010</td>
			<td>multiple suppliers:&#160; e.g. Fisher Scientific, VWR, Daigger</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:355px;">Bacto Malt Extract</td>
			<td style="width:251px;">Becton Dickinson and Company</td>
			<td style="width:180px;">218630</td>
			<td>multiple suppliers:&#160; e.g. Fisher Scientific, VWR, Daigger</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:355px;">Bacto Yeast Extract</td>
			<td style="width:251px;">Becton Dickinson and Company</td>
			<td style="width:180px;">212750</td>
			<td>multiple suppliers:&#160; e.g. Fisher Scientific, VWR, Daigger</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:355px;">Peptone Type IV from soybean</td>
			<td style="width:251px;">Fluka</td>
			<td style="width:180px;">P0521-500g</td>
			<td>multiple suppliers:&#160; e.g. Fisher Scientific, VWR, Daigger</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:355px;">Adenine, &#62; 99% powder</td>
			<td style="width:251px;">Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:180px;">A8626</td>
			<td>CAS 73-24-5,&#160; Could use other brands.&#160; Multiple suppliers: e.g. Sigma-Aldrich, Acros Organics, MP Biomedicals LLC</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:355px;">Cytosine, &#62; 99%</td>
			<td style="width:251px;">Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:180px;">C3506</td>
			<td>CAS 71-30-7,&#160; Could use other brands.&#160; Multiple suppliers: e.g. Sigma-Aldrich, Acros Organics, MP Biomedicals LLC</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:355px;">Guanine, SigmaUltra</td>
			<td style="width:251px;">Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:180px;">G6779</td>
			<td>CAS 73-40-5,&#160; Could use other brands.&#160; Multiple suppliers: e.g. Sigma-Aldrich, Acros Organics, MP Biomedicals LLC</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:355px;">Thymine, 99%</td>
			<td style="width:251px;">Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:180px;">T0376</td>
			<td>CAS 65-71-4,&#160; Could use other brands.&#160; Multiple suppliers: e.g. Sigma-Aldrich, Acros Organics, MP Biomedicals LLC</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:355px;">Uracil, 99%</td>
			<td style="width:251px;">Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:180px;">U0750</td>
			<td>CAS 66-22-8,&#160; Could use other brands.&#160; Multiple suppliers: e.g. Sigma-Aldrich, Acros Organics, MP Biomedicals LLC</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:355px;">Dextrose (D-Glucose), Anhydrous, Certified ACS</td>
			<td style="width:251px;">Fisher Chemical</td>
			<td style="width:180px;">D16-500</td>
			<td>CAS 50-99-7, Could use other brands.&#160; Multiple suppliers: e.g. Acros Organics, Fisher Scientific, MP Biomedicals, Sigma-Aldrich</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:355px;">D-Xylose, assay &#62; 99%</td>
			<td style="width:251px;">Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:180px;">X1500</td>
			<td>CAS 58-86-6, Could use other brands.&#160; Multiple suppliers: e.g. Acros Organics, Fisher Scientific, MP Biomedicals, Sigma-Aldrich</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:355px;">96-well, flat bottom plates</td>
			<td style="width:251px;">Becton Dickinson Falcon</td>
			<td style="width:180px;">351172</td>
			<td>multiple suppliers:&#160; e.g. Thermo-Fisher, VWR, Daigger</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="40">
			<td height="40" style="height:40px;width:355px;">Wypall L40 Wiper</td>
			<td style="width:251px;">Kimberly-Clark</td>
			<td style="width:180px;"></td>
			<td style="width:467px;">towel in microplate boxes to absorb water for humidification;&#160; multiple suppliers:&#160; e.g. Thermo-Fisher, uline, Daigger</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:355px;">Corning graduated pyrex flask, 125-mL, narrow opening (stopper #5)</td>
			<td style="width:251px;">Corning Life Science Glass</td>
			<td style="width:180px;">4980-125</td>
			<td>multiple suppliers:&#160; e.g. Thermo-Fisher, VWR, Daigger</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:355px;">Innova 42R shaker/incubator, 2.5 cm (1&#34;) rotation</td>
			<td style="width:251px;">New Brunswick Scientific (1-800-631-5417)</td>
			<td style="width:180px;">M1335-0016</td>
			<td>multiple suppliers:&#160; e.g. Eppendorf, Thermo-Fisher. Other shaker/incubators with a 2.5 cm (1&#34;) throw could be used.&#160;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:355px;">Duetz Cover clamp for 4 deepwell MTP plates</td>
			<td style="width:251px;">Applikon Biotechnology</td>
			<td style="width:180px;">Z365001700</td>
			<td>applikon-biotechnology.com (U.S.), 1-650-578-1396</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:355px;">Duetz System sandwich cover for 96 deepwell plates</td>
			<td style="width:251px;">Applikon Biotechnology</td>
			<td style="width:180px;">Z365001296</td>
			<td>applikon-biotechnology.com (U.S.), 1-650-578-1396</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:355px;">Duetz System silicone seal (0.8mm black low evap) for 96 deep well plate cover</td>
			<td style="width:251px;">Applikon Biotechnology</td>
			<td style="width:180px;">V0W1040027</td>
			<td>applikon-biotechnology.com (U.S.), 1-650-578-1396</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:355px;">Blue microfiber layer for Duetz system sandwich cover</td>
			<td style="width:251px;">Applikon Biotechnology</td>
			<td style="width:180px;">V0W1040001</td>
			<td>applikon-biotechnology.com (U.S.), 1-650-578-1396</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:355px;">96 well, 2 mL square well pyramid bottom plates, natural popypropylene</td>
			<td style="width:251px;">Applikon Biotechnology</td>
			<td style="width:180px;">ZC3DXP0240</td>
			<td>applikon-biotechnology.com (U.S.), 1-650-578-1396</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:355px;">Bellco 32mm silicon sponge plug closures, pk of 25 for 125-mL flasks</td>
			<td style="width:251px;">Bellco</td>
			<td style="width:180px;">1924-00032</td>
			<td>Thomas Scientific, their Catalog number is 1203K27</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="126">
			<td height="126" style="height:126px;width:355px;">Bellco Spinner Flask, 1968-Glass Dome, Sealable Flange Type, 100-mL&#160; working volume.&#160; This design no longer manufactured.</td>
			<td style="width:251px;">Bellco</td>
			<td style="width:180px;">1968-00100 (original Cat. No.)</td>
			<td style="width:467px;">Jacketed vessels have lower inlet &#38; upper outlet ports for temp. control with circulating water bath. Vessels are 75mm in outer diam and 200mm in height. There are four side ports at ~45o angles and one top port. Port openings appropriate size for size 0 neoprene stoppers (21-22mm inner diameters on ports).</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:355px;">Mathis Labomat IR Dryer Oven</td>
			<td style="width:251px;">MathisAg</td>
			<td style="width:180px;">Typ-Nbr BFA12 215307</td>
			<td>Werner Mathis U.S.A. Inc. usa@mathisag.com, 704-786-6157</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="40">
			<td height="40" style="height:40px;">Dual Channel Biochemistry Analyzer</td>
			<td>YSI Life Sciences</td>
			<td>2900D-UP</td>
			<td style="width:467px;">www.ysi.com, robotic system for rapid sugars assay in 96-well microplate format</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">PowerWave XS Microplate Spectrophotometer</td>
			<td>Bio-Tek Instruments, Inc</td>
			<td>MQX200R</td>
			<td><a href="http://www.biotek.com/">www.biotek.com</a></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

techniques for the evolution of robust pentose-fermenting yeast for bioconversion of lignocellulose to ethanol

Lignocellulosic biomass is an abundant, renewable feedstock useful for production of fuel-grade ethanol and other bio-products. Pretreatment and enzyme saccharification processes release sugars that can be fermented by yeast. Traditional industrial yeasts do not ferment xylose (comprising up to 40% of plant sugars) and are not able to function in concentrated hydrolyzates. Concentrated hydrolyzates are needed to support economical ethanol recovery, but they are laden with toxic byproducts generated during pretreatment. While detoxification methods can render hydrolyzates fermentable, they are costly and generate waste disposal liabilities. Here, adaptive evolution and isolation techniques are described and demonstrated to yield derivatives of the native Scheffersomyces stipitis strain NRRL Y-7124 that are able to efficiently convert hydrolyzates to economically recoverable ethanol despite adverse culture conditions. Improved individuals are enriched in an evolving population using multiple selection pressures reliant on natural genetic diversity of the S. stipitis population and mutations induced by exposures to two diverse hydrolyzates, ethanol or UV radiation. Final evolution cultures are dilution plated to harvest predominant isolates, while intermediate populations, frozen in glycerol at various stages of evolution, are enriched on selective media using appropriate stress gradients to recover most promising isolates through dilution plating. Isolates are screened on various hydrolyzate types and ranked using a novel procedure involving dimensionless relative performance index (RPI) transformations of the xylose uptake rate and ethanol yield data. Using the RPI statistical parameter, an overall relative performance average is calculated to rank isolates based on multiple factors, including culture conditions (varying in nutrients and inhibitors) and kinetic characteristics. Through application of these techniques, derivatives of the parent strain had the following improved features in enzyme saccharified hydrolyzates at pH 5-6: reduced initial lag phase preceding growth, reduced diauxic lag during glucose-xylose transition, significantly enhanced fermentation rates, improved ethanol tolerance and accumulation to 40 g/L.

S. stipitis ble utviklet ved bruk av kombinasjoner av tre valg kulturer, som inkluderte AFEX CSH, PSGHL, og etanol-utfordret xylose-matet kontinuerlig kultur. Figur 1 viser skjematisk diagram av utviklingen eksperimenter utført sammen med isolatene finnes enten for å utføre mest effektivt samlet, eller mest effektivt på en av de hydrolysater som ble undersøkt. Tabell 3 viser de NRRL deponeringsnummer av disse overlegne isolater og oppsummerer tilpasnings belastninger som p...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Techniques for the Evolution of Robust Pentose-fermenting Yeast for Bioconversion of Lignocellulose to Ethanol at JoVE.com

Techniques for the Evolution of Robust Pentose-fermenting Yeast for Bioconversion of Lignocellulose to Ethanol

Adaptive evolusjon og isoleringsteknikker er beskrevet og demonstrert å gi derivater av Scheffersomyces stipitis stamme NRRL Y-7124, som er i stand til hurtig å konsumere heksose- og pentose- blandede sukkerarter i enzym-saccharified undetoxified hydrolysater og for å akkumulere over 40 g / l etanol.

Teknikker for utviklingen av Robust Pentose-fermen gjær for biokonversjon av lignocellulose til Etanol

Lignocellulosic biomass is an abundant, renewable feedstock useful for production of fuel-grade ethanol and other bio-products. Pretreatment and enzyme ...

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