Name: laboratory simulation of an iron(ii)-rich precambrian marine upwelling system to explore the growth of photosynthetic bacteria
Uploaded: 2016-07-24T15:00:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Laboratory Simulation of an IronII-rich Precambrian Marine Upwelling System to Explore the Growth of Photosynthetic Bacteria at JoVE.com

马克诺德霍夫协助管道连接的设计和实施。艾伦司徒卢威帮助选择和购买二手设备。

1.培养用培养基的制备注意：所要求的设备，化学品和供应的培养基的制备的信息列于表1中括号斜体字母数字代码是指表2中逐项和图1中所示的装置。 <ol><li>制备5升海洋光合有机体（MP）的培养基（以下称为“介质”），按照Wu等人 16的协议。使用缺氧和无菌的1M HCl或0.5M的NACO 3调节pH值至6.8。作为铁源（II）中，?...

<ol>
	<li>Lyons, T. W., Reinhard, C. T., Planavsky, N. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+rise+of+oxygen+in+Earth's+early+ocean+and+atmosphere.">The rise of oxygen in Earth's early ocean and atmosphere.</a> Nature. 506 (7488), 307-315 (2014).</li><li>Raymond, J., Blankenship, R. E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+origin+of+the+oxygen-evolving+complex.">The origin of the oxygen-evolving complex.</a> Coord. Chem. Rev. 252 (3-4), 377-383 (2008).</li><li>Kendall, B., Reinhard, C. T., Lyons, T., Kaufman, A. J., Poulton, S. W., Anbar, A. D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Pervasive+oxygenation+along+late+Archaean+ocean+margins.">Pervasive oxygenation along late Archaean ocean margins.</a> Nature Geosci. 3 (9), 647-652 (2010).</li><li>Olson, S. L., Kump, L. R., Kasting, J. F. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Quantifying+the+areal+extent+and+dissolved+oxygen+concentrations+of+Archean+oxygen+oases.">Quantifying the areal extent and dissolved oxygen concentrations of Archean oxygen oases.</a> Chem. Geol. 362 (1), 35-43 (2013).</li><li>Satkoski, A. M., Beukes, N. J., Li, W., Beard, B. L., Johnson, C. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+redox-stratified+ocean+3.2+billion+years+ago.">A redox-stratified ocean 3.2 billion years ago.</a> Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 430 (1), 43-53 (2015).</li><li>Holland, H. D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Oceans+-+Possible+Source+of+Iron+in+Iron-Formations.">Oceans - Possible Source of Iron in Iron-Formations.</a> Econ. Geol. 68 (7), 1169-1172 (1973).</li><li>Holland, H. D., Lazar, B., Mccaffrey, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Evolution+of+the+Atmosphere+and+Oceans.">Evolution of the Atmosphere and Oceans.</a> Nature. 320 (6057), 27-33 (1986).</li><li>Klein, C., Beukes, N. J., Schopf, J. W., Klein, C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Time+distribution,+stratigraphy,+and+sedimentologic+setting,+and+geochemistry+of+Precambrian+iron-formations.">Time distribution, stratigraphy, and sedimentologic setting, and geochemistry of Precambrian iron-formations.</a> The Proterozoic Biosphere. , 139-146 (1992).</li><li>Poulton, S. W., Canfield, D. E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Ferruginous+Conditions:+A+Dominant+Feature+of+the+Ocean+through+Earth's+History.">Ferruginous Conditions: A Dominant Feature of the Ocean through Earth's History.</a> Elements. 7 (2), 107-112 (2011).</li><li>Busigny, V., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Iron+isotopes+in+an+Archean+ocean+analogue.">Iron isotopes in an Archean ocean analogue.</a> Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta. 133, 443-462 (2014).</li><li>Crowe, S. A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Photoferrotrophs+thrive+in+an+Archean+Ocean+analogue.">Photoferrotrophs thrive in an Archean Ocean analogue.</a> PNAS. 105 (41), 15938-15943 (2008).</li><li>Jones, C., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Biogeochemistry+of+manganese+in+ferruginous+Lake+Matano,+Indonesia.">Biogeochemistry of manganese in ferruginous Lake Matano, Indonesia.</a> Biogeosciences. 8 (10), 2977-2991 (2011).</li><li>Lliros, M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Pelagic+photoferrotrophy+and+iron+cycling+in+a+modern+ferruginous+basin.">Pelagic photoferrotrophy and iron cycling in a modern ferruginous basin.</a> Sci. Rep. 5 (13803), (2015).</li><li>Koeksoy, E., Halama, M., Konhauser, K. O., Kappler, A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Using+modern+ferruginous+habitats+to+interpret+Precambrian+banded+iron+formation+deposition.">Using modern ferruginous habitats to interpret Precambrian banded iron formation deposition.</a> Int. J. Astrobiol. , 1-13 (2015).</li><li>Canfield, D. E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+new+model+for+Proterozoic+ocean+chemistry.">A new model for Proterozoic ocean chemistry.</a> Nature. 396 (6710), 450-453 (1998).</li><li>Wu, W. F., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Characterization+of+the+physiology+and+cell-mineral+interactions+of+the+marine+anoxygenic+phototrophic+Fe(II)+oxidizer+Rhodovulum+iodosum+-+implications+for+Precambrian+Fe(II)+oxidation.">Characterization of the physiology and cell-mineral interactions of the marine anoxygenic phototrophic Fe(II) oxidizer Rhodovulum iodosum - implications for Precambrian Fe(II) oxidation.</a> FEMS Microbiol. Ecol. 88 (3), 503-515 (2014).</li><li>Hungate, R. E., Macy, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+Roll-Tube+Method+for+Cultivation+of+Strict+Anaerobes.">The Roll-Tube Method for Cultivation of Strict Anaerobes.</a> Bull. Ecol. Res. Comm. 17 (1), 123-126 (1973).</li><li>Van Baalen, C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Studies+on+marine+blue-green+algae.">Studies on marine blue-green algae.</a> Bot. mar. 4 (1-2), 129-139 (1962).</li><li>Sakamoto, T., Bryant, D. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Growth+at+low+temperature+causes+nitrogen+limitation+in+the+cyanobacterium+Synechococcus+sp.+PCC+7002.">Growth at low temperature causes nitrogen limitation in the cyanobacterium Synechococcus sp. PCC 7002.</a> Arch. Microbiol. 169 (1), 10-19 (1998).</li><li>Swanner, E. D., Mloszewska, A. M., Cirpka, O. A., Schoenberg, R., Konhauser, K. O., Kappler, A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Modulation+of+oxygen+production+in+Archaean+oceans+by+episodes+of+Fe(II)+toxicity.">Modulation of oxygen production in Archaean oceans by episodes of Fe(II) toxicity.</a> Nature Geosci. 8 (2), 126-130 (2015).</li><li>Stookey, L. L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Ferrozine+-+a+New+Spectrophotometric+Reagent+for+Iron.">Ferrozine - a New Spectrophotometric Reagent for Iron.</a> Anal. Chem. 42 (7), 779-784 (1970).</li><li>Fitch, M. W., Koros, W. J., Nolen, R. L., Carnes, J. R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Permeation+of+Several+Gases+through+Elastomers,+with+Emphasis+on+the+Deuterium+Hydrogen+Pair.">Permeation of Several Gases through Elastomers, with Emphasis on the Deuterium Hydrogen Pair.</a> J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 47 (6), 1033-1046 (1993).</li><li>Smith, A. J. B., Beukes, N. J., Gutzmer, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+Composition+and+Depositional+Environments+of+Mesoarchean+Iron+Formations+of+the+West+Rand+Group+of+the+Witwatersrand+Supergroup,+South+Africa.">The Composition and Depositional Environments of Mesoarchean Iron Formations of the West Rand Group of the Witwatersrand Supergroup, South Africa.</a> Econ. Geol. 108 (1), 111-134 (2013).</li><li>Johnson, C. M., Beard, B. L., Klein, C., Beukes, N. J., Roden, E. E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Iron+isotopes+constrain+biologic+and+abiologic+processes+in+banded+iron+formation+genesis.">Iron isotopes constrain biologic and abiologic processes in banded iron formation genesis.</a> Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta. 72 (1), 151-169 (2008).</li><li>Krepski, S. T., Emerson, D., Hredzak-Showalter, P. L., Luther, G. W., Chan, C. S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Morphology+of+biogenic+iron+oxides+records+microbial+physiology+and+environmental+conditions:+toward+interpreting+iron+microfossils.">Morphology of biogenic iron oxides records microbial physiology and environmental conditions: toward interpreting iron microfossils.</a> Geobiology. 11 (5), 457-471 (2013).</li><li>Posth, N. R., Konhauser, K. O., Kappler, A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Microbiological+processes+in+banded+iron+formation+deposition.">Microbiological processes in banded iron formation deposition.</a> Sedimentology. 60 (7), 1733-1754 (2013).</li><li>Maliva, R. G., Knoll, A. H., Simonson, B. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Secular+change+in+the+Precambrian+silica+cycle:+Insights+from+chert+petrology.">Secular change in the Precambrian silica cycle: Insights from chert petrology.</a> Geol. Soc. Am. Bull. 117 (7-8), 835-845 (2005).</li><li>Kappler, A., Pasquero, C., Konhauser, K. O., Newman, D. K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Deposition+of+banded+iron+formations+by+anoxygenic+phototrophic+Fe(II)-oxidizing+bacteria.">Deposition of banded iron formations by anoxygenic phototrophic Fe(II)-oxidizing bacteria.</a> Geology. 33 (11), 865-868 (2005).</li><li>Krepski, S. T., Hanson, T. E., Chan, C. S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Isolation+and+characterization+of+a+novel+biomineral+stalk-forming+iron-oxidizing+bacterium+from+a+circumneutral+groundwater+seep.">Isolation and characterization of a novel biomineral stalk-forming iron-oxidizing bacterium from a circumneutral groundwater seep.</a> Environ. Microbiol. 14 (7), 1671-1680 (2012).</li><li>Czaja, A. D., Johnson, C. M., Beard, B. L., Roden, E. E., Li, W. Q., Moorbath, S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Biological+Fe+oxidation+controlled+deposition+of+banded+iron+formation+in+the+ca.+3770+Ma+Isua+Supracrustal+Belt+(West+Greenland).">Biological Fe oxidation controlled deposition of banded iron formation in the ca. 3770 Ma Isua Supracrustal Belt (West Greenland).</a> Earth. Planet. Sci. Lett. 363 (1), 192-203 (2013).</li><li>Melton, E. D., Schmidt, C., Kappler, A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Microbial+iron(II)+oxidation+in+littoral+freshwater+lake+sediment:+the+potential+for+competition+between+phototrophic+vs.+nitrate-reducing+iron(II)-oxidizers.">Microbial iron(II) oxidation in littoral freshwater lake sediment: the potential for competition between phototrophic vs. nitrate-reducing iron(II)-oxidizers.</a> Front. Microbiol. 3 (197), 1-12 (2012).</li></ol>

在寒武纪海洋微生物群落受到管制，或修改为，他们的活动的结果和当时的地球化学条件。在解释BIF的起源，研究人员推断一般微生物的基础上，沉积或BIF的地球化学特征， 例如 ，史密斯等人 23和约翰逊等人 24的存在或活动。现代生物在有地球化学类似物古环境现代环境的研究也是一个有价值的方法， 例如，克罗等人 11和Koeksoy 等<sup...

寒武纪（4.6到0.541戈瑞前）大气经历了光合作用产生的氧逐渐积聚（O 2），也许在所谓的“大氧化事件”（GOE）阶跃变化约2.4戈瑞打断以前，又在新元古代（1至0.541戈瑞前）作为大气中的O 2走近现代化水平1。蓝藻能够氧光合作用2的第一生物的进化残余。地球化学证据和模拟研究支持沿岸浅水环境中窝藏蓝藻或能够氧光合作用或含氧的光养生物的活跃的社区，产生以下主要缺氧气氛3-5海洋表面局部氧绿洲的作用。 条状铁层的海水整个寒武纪点的铁沉积（内建函数）（II）铁（Fe（II））作为一个主要的地球化学Ç海水onstituent，至少在当地，他们的沉积过程。一些最大的BIF都是深水沉积，形成了大陆架和斜坡。铁沉积量为与主要大陆（ 即 ，风化）源的质量平衡的观点来看是不相容的。因此，大部分的铁必须从镁铁质或铁质海底地壳6热液蚀变提供。铁的速率的估计沉积沿海环境的外侧是通过上升流7供给到海洋表面用铁（Ⅱ）相一致。为了使铁在上涌电流被输送，必须已存在于缩小，移动的形式 - 的Fe（Ⅱ）。在BIF保存铁的平均氧化态为2.4 8和它一般认为BIF保留铁沉积的Fe（Ⅲ），上升流的Fe时（II）被氧化，可能是由氧形成。因此，探索沿坡environme潜在的Fe（II）氧化机制NTS重要的是要了解BIF如何形成的。此外，海洋沉积物成品地球化学特征已经确定了铁质的条件，其中的Fe（II）是目前在缺氧水柱，是整个前寒武纪海洋的持续性特征，可能不被限于时间和地点其中，BIF沉积9。因此，至少有两个十亿多年的地球历史，在浅海的Fe（II）和O 2之间的氧化还原界面有可能司空见惯。 许多研究利用现代的网站，是前寒武纪海洋的不同功能的化学和/或生物类似物。一个很好的例子是铁锈色的湖泊，铁（II）是稳定的，并出现在阳光照射的地表水，而光合活性（包括蓝细菌）检测10-13。这些研究结果提供洞察到富氧到缺氧/ FER的地球化学和微生物的特性ruginous chemocline。然而，这些位点通常在物理上与小垂直混合14，而不是在一个上升流系统中发生的化学接口分层，并且被认为是支持最氧气生产前寒武纪时间4。 一个自然的模拟探索海洋的氧气绿洲发展的缺氧气氛下，并在阳光照射面水柱的Fe（II）丰富的上涌系统不可用现代的地球上。因此，需要能够模拟铁质上升流区并且还支持蓝藻和photoferrotrophs生长的实验室系统。代表前寒武纪海水的理解和微生物过程的识别及其与上涌水介质的互动促进了理解，并可以以充分了解古代地球上独特的生物地球化学过程补充从岩石记录获得的信息。 </p&gt; 为此目的，一个实验室规模的柱的目的是在其中的Fe（II）的富含海水培养基（pH为中性的）泵入塔的底部，并从顶部抽出。光照在顶部设置来创建支持蓝藻的生长在顶端3cm的宽4厘米“透光区”。天然环境通常分层，通过理化梯度，如盐度或温度稳定。为了稳定在一个实验室规模的水柱，塔筒中填充的多孔玻璃珠基质，有助于保持成立，实验过程中形成的地球化学模式。连续的 N 2 / CO 2气体流量施加到冲洗塔的顶部空间，以维持缺氧气氛反射之前GOE 15的海洋。 （II）Fe的恒定通量成立后，蓝藻在整个柱接种，和它们的growth的通过细胞计数通过取样口取出的样品进行监测。氧气是通过将氧敏感光极箔上柱筒和测量的内壁用的光纤从塔外进行原位监测。水溶液的Fe形态通过除去样本深度分辨水平取样端口量化并与铁试剂法进行分析。非生物控制实验，结果证明证明的概念 - ，古水柱实验室规模的模拟，从大气中分离保持，是可以实现的。蓝藻生长和产生的氧，和Fe（II）和氧之间的反应是可解析的。这里，对于设计，制备，装配，执行和这样的列的采样的方法被提出，以结果一起从塔84小时运行，同时用海洋蓝细菌聚球藻接种。 7002。

<table border="1" fo:keep-together.within-page="1" fo:keep-with-next.within-page="always">
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>Widdel flask (5 L)</td>
			<td>Ochs</td>
			<td>110015</td>
			<td>labor-ochs.de</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Glass bottles (5 L)</td>
			<td>Rotilabo</td>
			<td>Y682.1</td>
			<td>carlroth.com</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Glass pipettes (5 mL)</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>51714</td>
			<td>labor-ochs.de</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>0.22 &#181;m Steritop filter unit (0.22&#160;&#181;m Polyethersulfone membrane)</td>
			<td>Millipore</td>
			<td>X337.1</td>
			<td>carlroth.com</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Aluminum foil</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Sterile Luer Lock glass syringe, filled with cotton</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>C681.1</td>
			<td>carlroth.com</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Luer Lock stainless steel needles (150 mm, 1.0 mm ID)</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>201015</td>
			<td>labor-ochs.de</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>NaCl</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>433209</td>
			<td>sigmaaldrich.com</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>MgSO4</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>208094</td>
			<td>sigmaaldrich.com</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>CaCl2</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>C4901</td>
			<td>sigmaaldrich.com</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>NH4Cl</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>A9434</td>
			<td>sigmaaldrich.com</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>KH2PO4</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>P5655</td>
			<td>sigmaaldrich.com</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>KBr</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>P3691</td>
			<td>sigmaaldrich.com</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>KCl</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>P9541</td>
			<td>sigmaaldrich.com</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Glass cylinder</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Y310.1</td>
			<td>carlroth.com</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Glass wool</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>7377.2</td>
			<td>carlroth.com</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Glass beads (&#248; 0.55 - 0.7&#160;mm)</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>11079105</td>
			<td>biospec.com</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Butyl rubber stopper (&#248; 1.2 cm)</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>271024</td>
			<td>labor-ochs.de</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Petri Dish, glass (&#248; 8.0 cm)</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>T939.1</td>
			<td>carlroth.com</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Polymers glue</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>OTTOSEAL S68</td>
			<td>adchem.de</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Optical oxygen sensor foil (for oxygen analysis, see below)</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>&#8211; on request &#8211;</td>
			<td>presens.de</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Rubber tubing (35 mm, 7 mm ID)</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>770350</td>
			<td>labor-ochs.de</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Luer Lock tube connector (3.0 mm, luer lock male = LLM)</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>P343.1</td>
			<td>carlroth.com</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Luer Lock tube connector (3.0 mm, luer lock female = LLF)</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>P335.1</td>
			<td>carlroth.com</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Rubber tubing (25 mm, 0.72 mm ID)</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>2600185</td>
			<td>newageindustries.com</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Rubber tubing (50 mm, 7 mm ID)</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>770350</td>
			<td>labor-ochs.de</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Luer Lock stainless steel needle (150 mm, 1.0 mm ID)</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>201015</td>
			<td>labor-ochs.de</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Luer Lock glass syringe (10 mL)</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>C680.1</td>
			<td>carlroth.com</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Loose cotton&#160;</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>&#8211;</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Butyl rubber stopper (&#248; 1.75 cm)</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>271050</td>
			<td>labor-ochs.de</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Stainless steel needle (40 mm, 1.0 mm ID)</td>
			<td>Sterican</td>
			<td>4665120</td>
			<td>bbraun.de</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Luer Lock stainless steel needle (150 mm, 1.5 mm ID)</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>201520</td>
			<td>labor-ochs.de</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>position: Luer Lock female connector part at C.7</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Polymers glue</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>OTTOSEAL S68</td>
			<td>adchem.de</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Stainless steel needle (120 mm, 0.7 mm ID)</td>
			<td>Sterican</td>
			<td>4665643</td>
			<td>bbraun.de</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Rubber tubing (40 mm, 0.74 mm ID)</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>2600185</td>
			<td>newageindustries.com</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Heat shrink tubing (35 mm, 3 mm ID shrunk)</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>541458 - 62</td>
			<td>conrad.de</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Tube clamp</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>STHC-C-500-4</td>
			<td>tekproducts.com</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Luer Lock tube connector (1.0 mm, LLF)</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>P334.1</td>
			<td>carlroth.com</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Luer Lock plastic cap (LLM)</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>CT69.1</td>
			<td>carlroth.com</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Glass bottle (5 L)</td>
			<td>Rotilabo</td>
			<td>Y682.1</td>
			<td>carlroth.com</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Butyl rubber stopper (for GL45)</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>444704</td>
			<td>labor-ochs.de</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Stainless steel capillary (300 mm, 0.74 mm ID)</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>56736</td>
			<td>sigmaaldrich.com</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Stainless steel capillary (50 mm, 0.74 mm ID)</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>56737</td>
			<td>sigmaaldrich.com</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Shrink tubing (35 mm, 3 mm ID shrunk)</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>541458 - 62</td>
			<td>conrad.de</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Rubber tubing (100 mm, 0.74 mm ID)</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>2600185</td>
			<td>newageindustries.com</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Luer Lock tube connector (1.0 mm, LLF)</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>P334.1</td>
			<td>carlroth.com</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Luer Lock glass syringe (10 mL)</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>C680.1</td>
			<td>carlroth.com</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Loose cotton&#160;</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>&#8211;</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Butyl rubber stopper (&#248; 1.75 cm)</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>271050</td>
			<td>labor-ochs.de</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Stainless Steel needle (40 mm, 0.8 mm ID)</td>
			<td>Sterican</td>
			<td>4657519</td>
			<td>bbraun.de</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Luer Lock glass syringe (5 mL)</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>C679.1</td>
			<td>carlroth.com</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Butyl rubber stopper (&#248; 1.75 mm)</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>271050</td>
			<td>labor-ochs.de</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Stainless steel needle (40 mm, 0.8 mm ID)</td>
			<td>Sterican</td>
			<td>4657519</td>
			<td>bbraun.de</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Rubber tubing (40 mm, 0.74 mm ID)</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>2600185</td>
			<td>newageindustries.com</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Glass bottle (2 L)</td>
			<td>Rotilabo</td>
			<td>X716.1</td>
			<td>carlroth.com</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Butyl rubber stopper (for GL45)</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>444704</td>
			<td>labor-ochs.de</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Stainless steel capillary (50 mm, 0.74 mm ID)</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>56736</td>
			<td>sigmaaldrich.com</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Rubber tubing (30 mm x 0.74 mm ID)</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>2600185</td>
			<td>newageindustries.com</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Rubber tubing (100 mm x 0.74 mm ID)</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>2600185</td>
			<td>newageindustries.com</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Luer Lock tube connector (1.0 mm, LLF)</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>P334.1</td>
			<td>carlroth.com</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Luer Lock 3-way connector (LLF, 2x LLM)</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>6134</td>
			<td>cadenceinc.com</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Light source</td>
			<td>Samsung</td>
			<td>SI-P8V151DB1US</td>
			<td>samsung.com</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Peristalic pump</td>
			<td>Ismatec</td>
			<td>EW-78017-35</td>
			<td>coleparmer.com</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Pumping tubing (0.89 mm ID)</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>EW-97628-26</td>
			<td>coleparmer.com</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Stainless steel capillary (200 mm, 0.74 mm ID)</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>56736</td>
			<td>sigmaaldrich.com</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Stainless steel capillary (400 mm, 0.74 mm ID)</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>56737</td>
			<td>sigmaaldrich.com</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Supel-Inert Foil (Tedlar - PFC) gas pack (10 L)</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>30240-U</td>
			<td>sigmaaldrich.com</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Rubber tube (30 mm, 6 mm ID)</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>770300</td>
			<td>labor-ochs.de</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Luer Lock tube connector (3.0 mm, LLM)</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>P343.1</td>
			<td>carlroth.com</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Luer Lock tube connector (3.0 mm, LLF)</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>P335.1</td>
			<td>carlroth.com</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Gas-tight syringe (20 mL)</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>C681.1</td>
			<td>carlroth.com</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Bunsen burner</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>&#8211;</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Fiber optic oxygen meter for oxygen quantification</td>
			<td>Presens</td>
			<td>TR-FB-10-01</td>
			<td>presens.de</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Vacuum pump</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>&#8211;</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Silicone glue for oxygen optodes</td>
			<td>Presens</td>
			<td>PS1</td>
			<td>presens.de</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

laboratory simulation of an iron(ii)-rich precambrian marine upwelling system to explore the growth of photosynthetic bacteria

对于一些前寒武纪条状铁层（BIF）的沉积的常规概念上的假设进行了二价铁的[Fe（Ⅱ）〕从寒武纪海洋热液源上升流是由分子氧氧化[O 2]由蓝藻生产。最古老的BIF，在约2.4十亿年（戈瑞）前大氧化事件（GOE）之前沉积，可以通过铁（II）的直接氧化由缺氧条件下不产氧photoferrotrophs已经形成。至于测试，根据不同的生物情景发展地球化学和矿物学图案的方法，我们设计了一个长40厘米的垂直流过柱来模拟海洋富含系统上涌的代表远古海洋上的实验室规模缺氧的Fe（II） 。气缸中填充的多孔玻璃珠基质稳定地球化学梯度，以及铁定量的液体样品可以采取整个水柱。溶解氧检测非侵入性通过从外部光极。从从底部，从上一个独特的光梯度，以及在水体中蓝藻目前参与的Fe（II）的上涌通量生物实验，对铁的形成显示清晰证据的结果（III）矿物沉淀和chemocline发展铁之间（Ⅱ）和O 2。此列允许我们检验假设为通过模拟海洋前寒武纪的条件下培养蓝藻（和将来photoferrotrophs）形成的BIF的。此外，我们推测，我们的专栏概念允许各种化学和物理环境的模拟 - 包括浅海或湖泊沉积物。

对照实验 非生物控制实验（10天）表现出一致的低浓度的氧（O 2 &lt;0.15毫克/升）与铁（Ⅱ无显著波动）-profile整个涌水柱。析出物的形成（大概的Fe（III）（oxyhydr-）氧化物）在介质中贮存，并在整体的Fe（Ⅱ）浓度为500μM，以440μM的贯通连接的轻微下降超过10天表明一些氧气扩散橡胶制（ 例?...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Laboratory Simulation of an IronII-rich Precambrian Marine Upwelling System to Explore the Growth of Photosynthetic Bacteria at JoVE.com

Laboratory Simulation of an IronII-rich Precambrian Marine Upwelling System to Explore the Growth of Photosynthetic Bacteria

我们在实验室规模的垂直流通柱模拟了前寒武纪海洋铁质系统上涌。我们的目标是了解O 2和Fe（II）如何地球化学剖面演变为蓝藻产生O 2。结果表明，由于通过光合作用产生氧气的Fe（II）氧化建立chemocline的。

一个铁（II）的实验室模拟的前寒武纪富海洋上升流系统探索光合细菌生长

A conventional concept for the deposition of some Precambrian Banded Iron Formations (BIF) proceeds on the assumption that ferrous iron [Fe(II)] upwelling ...

Research

JoVE Journal

Environment

Laboratory Simulation of an Iron(II)-rich Precambrian Marine Upwelling System to Explore the Growth of Photosynthetic Bacteria

A Fish-feeding Laboratory Bioassay to Assess the Antipredatory Activity of Secondary Metabolites from the Tissues of Marine Organisms

了鱼喂食实验室生物测定，从海洋生物的组织评估次生代谢产物的Antipredatory活动

Marine chemical ecology is a young discipline, having emerged from the collaboration of natural products chemists and marine ecologists in the 1980s with ...

科研

环境科学

Development of Sulfidogenic Sludge from Marine Sediments and Trichloroethylene Reduction in an Upflow Anaerobic Sludge Blanket Reactor

Sulfidogenic污泥海洋沉积物和三氯乙烯减少在上流式厌氧污泥床反应器开发

The importance of microbial sulfate reduction relies on the various applications that it offers in environmental biotechnology. Engineered sulfate ...

VacuSIP, an Improved InEx Method for In Situ Measurement of Particulate and Dissolved Compounds Processed by Active Suspension Feeders

VacuSIP, an Improved InEx Method for In Situ Measurement of Particulate and Dissolved Compounds Processed by Active Suspension Feeders

VacuSIP，对改进的方法INEX<em&gt;原位</em&gt;颗粒物与测量溶解的化合物加工后主动悬挂给料机

Benthic suspension feeders play essential roles in the functioning of marine ecosystems. By filtering large volumes of water, removing plankton and ...

Ecotoxicological Method with Marine Bacteria Vibrio anguillarum to Evaluate the Acute Toxicity of Environmental Contaminants

Ecotoxicological Method with Marine Bacteria Vibrio anguillarum to Evaluate the Acute Toxicity of Environmental Contaminants

生物毒理学方法与海洋细菌<em&gt;鳗弧菌</em&gt;评估环境污染物的急性毒性

Bacteria are an important component of the ecosystem, and microbial community alterations can have a significant effect on biogeochemical cycling and food ...

Comparison of Scale in a Photosynthetic Reactor System for Algal Remediation of Wastewater

规模在光合反应器系统对污水的整治藻类比较

An experimental methodology is presented to compare the performance of two different sized reactors designed for wastewater treatment. In this study, ...

Extraction of Organochlorine Pesticides from Plastic Pellets and Plastic Type Analysis

从塑料颗粒中提取有机氯农药和塑料类型分析

Plastic resin pellets, categorized as microplastics (&#8804;5 mm in diameter), are small granules that can be unintentionally released to the environment ...

Adherence of Bacteria to Plant Surfaces Measured in the Laboratory

细菌附着在实验室测量的植物表面

This manuscript describes a method to measure bacterial binding to axenic plant surfaces in the light microscope and through the use of viable cell ...

Development of New Methods for Quantifying Fish Density Using Underwater Stereo-video Tools

利用水下立体视频工具量化鱼类密度的新方法研究进展

The use of video camera systems in ecological studies of fish continues to gain traction as a viable, non-extractive method of measuring fish lengths and ...

The Barnacle Balanus improvisus as a Marine Model - Culturing and Gene Expression

The Barnacle Balanus improvisus as a Marine Model - Culturing and Gene Expression

藤壶Balanus improvisus作为海洋模型的培养和基因表达

Barnacles are marine crustaceans with a sessile adult and free-swimming, planktonic larvae. The barnacle Balanus (Amphibalanus) improvisus is particularly ...

An Optimized Rhizobox Protocol to Visualize Root Growth and Responsiveness to Localized Nutrients

一种优化的 Rhizobox 协议, 用于可视化根系生长和对局部营养素的响应

Roots are notoriously difficult to study. Soil is both a visual and mechanical barrier, making it difficult to track roots in situ without destructive ...