Name: laboratory simulation of an iron(ii)-rich precambrian marine upwelling system to explore the growth of photosynthetic bacteria
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Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Laboratory Simulation of an IronII-rich Precambrian Marine Upwelling System to Explore the Growth of Photosynthetic Bacteria at JoVE.com

Mark Nordhoff assisteret i udformningen og gennemførelsen af ​​slanger forbindelser. Ellen Struve været med til at vælge og anskaffe udstyr, der anvendes.

1. Fremstilling af dyrkningsmedium Bemærk: Oplysninger om de nødvendige udstyr, kemikalier og forsyninger til udarbejdelse af dyrkningsmediet er anført i tabel 1 Kursiv alfanumeriske koder i parentes henviser til det udstyr specificeret i tabel 2 og vist i figur 1.. <ol><li> Forbered 5 liter Marine fototrof (MP) medium (herefter benævnt &quot;medium&quot;) efter protokollen af Wu et al. 16. PH justeres til 6,8 ved h...

<ol>
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Mikrobielle samfund i prækambriske ocean blev reguleret af, eller ændres som følge af, deres aktiviteter og de herskende geokemiske forhold. Ved fortolkningen oprindelsen af BIF, forskere generelt udlede tilstedeværelsen eller aktiviteten af mikroorganismer baseret på sedimentologi eller geokemi af BIF, fx Smith et al. 23 og Johnson et al. 24. Studiet af moderne organismer i moderne miljøer, der har geokemiske analoger til gamle miljøer er også en værdifuld tilga...

Prækambrium (4,6 til 0,541 Gy siden) atmosfære oplevet en gradvis opbygning af fotosyntetisk produceret ilt (O 2), måske præget af trinvise ændringer i den såkaldte &quot;Great Oxidation Event&quot; (GOE) ved ca. 2,4 Gy siden, og igen i Neoproterozoic (1 til 0,541 Gy siden) som atmosfærisk O 2 nærmede moderne niveau 1. Cyanobakterier er de evolutionære rester af de første organismer i stand til oxygen fotosyntese 2. Geokemiske beviser og modellering undersøgelser understøtter den rolle, lavvandede kystområder i husly aktive samfund af cyanobakterier eller organismer i stand til oxygen fotosyntese eller oxy- fototrofer, genererer lokale ilt oaser i overfladen havet nedenfor en overvejende anoxisk atmosfære 3-5. Aflejring af båndet jernformation (BIF&#39;er) fra havvand hele prækambriske punkter til jern (II) (Fe (II)) som en vigtig geokemisk constituent af havvand, i det mindste lokalt, under deres deposition. Nogle af de største BIF&#39;er er dybt vand aflejringer, der dannes fra kontinentalsoklen og hældning. Mængden af Fe deponeret er uforenelig fra en massebalance standpunkt med overvejende kontinentalt (dvs. forvitring) kilde. Derfor meget af Fe skal være forsynet fra hydrotermisk ændring af mafiske eller ultramafiske havbunden skorpe 6. Skøn over antallet af Fe deponerede påhængsmotor af kystområder er i overensstemmelse med Fe (II), der leveres til overfladen havet via upwelling 7. For Fe skal transporteres i upwelling strømninger, må have været til stede i den reducerede, mobil form, - som Fe (II). Den gennemsnitlige oxidationstilstand Fe bevaret i BIF er 2,4 8, og det er generelt menes at BIF bevare Fe deponeret som Fe (III), dannes, når upwelling Fe (II) oxideret, eventuelt med oxygen. Derfor udforske potentielle Fe (II) oxidation mekanismer langs hældning environments er vigtigt at forstå, hvordan BIF dannet. Desuden har raffineret geokemiske karakterisering af marine sedimenter identificeret, jernholdig betingelser, hvor Fe (II) var til stede i et anoxisk vandsøjlen, var en vedholdende træk af havene i hele Prækambrium, og måske ikke blevet begrænset til blot tid og sted hvor BIF blev deponeret 9. Derfor, for mindst to milliarder år af Jordens historie, redox grænseflader mellem Fe (II) og O 2 i de lavvandede oceanerne var sandsynligvis hverdagskost. Talrige undersøgelser udnytte moderne websteder, der er kemiske og / eller biologiske analoger af forskellige træk ved den prækambriske havet. Et godt eksempel er jernholdig søer, hvor Fe (II) er stabil og til stede i solbeskinnede overfladevand mens fotosyntetiske aktivitet (herunder ved cyanobakterier) blev opdaget 10-13. Resultaterne af disse undersøgelser giver indsigt i de geokemiske og mikrobielle egenskaber for en oxiske til anoxisk / ferruginous chemocline. Men disse steder er generelt fysisk stratificeres med lille vertikal blanding 14 i stedet for de kemiske grænseflader, der forekommer i et upwelling systemet, og menes at støtte de mest ilt produktion i prækambriske tid 4. En naturlig analog til at udforske udviklingen af ​​en marine ilt oase under en anoxisk atmosfære, og ved en Fe (II) -rig upwelling system solbeskinnede overflade vandsøjlen er ikke tilgængelig på det moderne Jorden. Derfor er et laboratorium, der kan simulere en jernholdig upwelling zone og også støtte væksten i cyanobakterier og photoferrotrophs behov. Forståelsen og identifikation af mikrobielle processer og deres samspil med en upwelling vandigt medium, der repræsenterer prækambriske havvand fremmer forståelsen og kan supplere de oplysninger opnået fra klippen rekord for fuldt ud at forstå de karakteristiske biogeokemiske processer på det gamle Jord. </p&gt; Henimod herpå blev et laboratorium-skala-søjle udformet som Fe (II) -rige havvand medium (pH neutral) blev pumpet ind i bunden af ​​søjlen, og pumpes ud fra toppen. Belysning blev tilvejebragt ved toppen for at skabe en 4 cm bred &quot;fotiske zone&quot;, der understøttede væksten af ​​cyanobakterier i top 3 cm. Naturlige miljøer er generelt lagdelte og stabiliseret ved fysisk-kemiske gradienter, som saltholdighed eller temperatur. For at stabilisere vandsøjlen på en lab-skala blev kolonnen cylinder pakket med en porøs glasperle matrix, der hjalp til at fastholde etableringen af ​​geokemiske mønstre, der er udviklet under eksperimentet. En kontinuerlig N2 / CO2 gasstrøm blev påført skylle headspace af søjlen for at opretholde et anoxisk atmosfære afspejler et ocean før GOE 15. Efter en konstant flux af Fe (II) blev oprettet, blev cyanobakterier inokuleret hele kolonnen, og deres growth blev overvåget af celletal på prøver fjernes gennem målestudse. Oxygen blev overvåget in situ ved at placere oxygenfølsomme optode folier på den indvendige væg af kolonnen cylinder og målinger blev foretaget med et optisk fiber fra uden for søjlen. Vandig Fe artsdannelse blev kvantificeret ved at fjerne prøver fra dybde-løst vandrette målestudse og analyseres med det FerroZine metoden. De abiotiske kontrolforsøg og resultater viser proof-of-concept - at laboratorieskala analog af den antikke vandsøjlen, holdes i isolation fra atmosfæren, er opnåeligt. Cyanobakterier voksede og produceret oxygen, og reaktionerne mellem Fe (II) og oxygen var løses. Heri er metodologien for design, forberedelse, montage, udførelse og prøvetagning af en sådan søjle præsenteret, sammen med resultater fra en 84 timers løb i kolonnen, mens podet med marine cyanobakterien Synechococcus sp. PCC 7002.

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			<td>biospec.com</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Butyl rubber stopper (&#248; 1.2 cm)</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>271024</td>
			<td>labor-ochs.de</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Petri Dish, glass (&#248; 8.0 cm)</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>T939.1</td>
			<td>carlroth.com</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Polymers glue</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>OTTOSEAL S68</td>
			<td>adchem.de</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Optical oxygen sensor foil (for oxygen analysis, see below)</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>&#8211; on request &#8211;</td>
			<td>presens.de</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Rubber tubing (35 mm, 7 mm ID)</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>770350</td>
			<td>labor-ochs.de</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Luer Lock tube connector (3.0 mm, luer lock male = LLM)</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>P343.1</td>
			<td>carlroth.com</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Luer Lock tube connector (3.0 mm, luer lock female = LLF)</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>P335.1</td>
			<td>carlroth.com</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Rubber tubing (25 mm, 0.72 mm ID)</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>2600185</td>
			<td>newageindustries.com</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Rubber tubing (50 mm, 7 mm ID)</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>770350</td>
			<td>labor-ochs.de</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Luer Lock stainless steel needle (150 mm, 1.0 mm ID)</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>201015</td>
			<td>labor-ochs.de</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Luer Lock glass syringe (10 mL)</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>C680.1</td>
			<td>carlroth.com</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Loose cotton&#160;</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>&#8211;</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Butyl rubber stopper (&#248; 1.75 cm)</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>271050</td>
			<td>labor-ochs.de</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Stainless steel needle (40 mm, 1.0 mm ID)</td>
			<td>Sterican</td>
			<td>4665120</td>
			<td>bbraun.de</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Luer Lock stainless steel needle (150 mm, 1.5 mm ID)</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>201520</td>
			<td>labor-ochs.de</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>position: Luer Lock female connector part at C.7</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Polymers glue</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>OTTOSEAL S68</td>
			<td>adchem.de</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Stainless steel needle (120 mm, 0.7 mm ID)</td>
			<td>Sterican</td>
			<td>4665643</td>
			<td>bbraun.de</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Rubber tubing (40 mm, 0.74 mm ID)</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>2600185</td>
			<td>newageindustries.com</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Heat shrink tubing (35 mm, 3 mm ID shrunk)</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>541458 - 62</td>
			<td>conrad.de</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Tube clamp</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>STHC-C-500-4</td>
			<td>tekproducts.com</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Luer Lock tube connector (1.0 mm, LLF)</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>P334.1</td>
			<td>carlroth.com</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Luer Lock plastic cap (LLM)</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>CT69.1</td>
			<td>carlroth.com</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Glass bottle (5 L)</td>
			<td>Rotilabo</td>
			<td>Y682.1</td>
			<td>carlroth.com</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Butyl rubber stopper (for GL45)</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>444704</td>
			<td>labor-ochs.de</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Stainless steel capillary (300 mm, 0.74 mm ID)</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>56736</td>
			<td>sigmaaldrich.com</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Stainless steel capillary (50 mm, 0.74 mm ID)</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>56737</td>
			<td>sigmaaldrich.com</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Shrink tubing (35 mm, 3 mm ID shrunk)</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>541458 - 62</td>
			<td>conrad.de</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Rubber tubing (100 mm, 0.74 mm ID)</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>2600185</td>
			<td>newageindustries.com</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Luer Lock tube connector (1.0 mm, LLF)</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>P334.1</td>
			<td>carlroth.com</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Luer Lock glass syringe (10 mL)</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>C680.1</td>
			<td>carlroth.com</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Loose cotton&#160;</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>&#8211;</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Butyl rubber stopper (&#248; 1.75 cm)</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>271050</td>
			<td>labor-ochs.de</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Stainless Steel needle (40 mm, 0.8 mm ID)</td>
			<td>Sterican</td>
			<td>4657519</td>
			<td>bbraun.de</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Luer Lock glass syringe (5 mL)</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>C679.1</td>
			<td>carlroth.com</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Butyl rubber stopper (&#248; 1.75 mm)</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>271050</td>
			<td>labor-ochs.de</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Stainless steel needle (40 mm, 0.8 mm ID)</td>
			<td>Sterican</td>
			<td>4657519</td>
			<td>bbraun.de</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Rubber tubing (40 mm, 0.74 mm ID)</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>2600185</td>
			<td>newageindustries.com</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Glass bottle (2 L)</td>
			<td>Rotilabo</td>
			<td>X716.1</td>
			<td>carlroth.com</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Butyl rubber stopper (for GL45)</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>444704</td>
			<td>labor-ochs.de</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Stainless steel capillary (50 mm, 0.74 mm ID)</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>56736</td>
			<td>sigmaaldrich.com</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Rubber tubing (30 mm x 0.74 mm ID)</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>2600185</td>
			<td>newageindustries.com</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Rubber tubing (100 mm x 0.74 mm ID)</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>2600185</td>
			<td>newageindustries.com</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Luer Lock tube connector (1.0 mm, LLF)</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>P334.1</td>
			<td>carlroth.com</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Luer Lock 3-way connector (LLF, 2x LLM)</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>6134</td>
			<td>cadenceinc.com</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Light source</td>
			<td>Samsung</td>
			<td>SI-P8V151DB1US</td>
			<td>samsung.com</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Peristalic pump</td>
			<td>Ismatec</td>
			<td>EW-78017-35</td>
			<td>coleparmer.com</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Pumping tubing (0.89 mm ID)</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>EW-97628-26</td>
			<td>coleparmer.com</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Stainless steel capillary (200 mm, 0.74 mm ID)</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>56736</td>
			<td>sigmaaldrich.com</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Stainless steel capillary (400 mm, 0.74 mm ID)</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>56737</td>
			<td>sigmaaldrich.com</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Supel-Inert Foil (Tedlar - PFC) gas pack (10 L)</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>30240-U</td>
			<td>sigmaaldrich.com</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Rubber tube (30 mm, 6 mm ID)</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>770300</td>
			<td>labor-ochs.de</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Luer Lock tube connector (3.0 mm, LLM)</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>P343.1</td>
			<td>carlroth.com</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Luer Lock tube connector (3.0 mm, LLF)</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>P335.1</td>
			<td>carlroth.com</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Gas-tight syringe (20 mL)</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>C681.1</td>
			<td>carlroth.com</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Bunsen burner</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>&#8211;</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Fiber optic oxygen meter for oxygen quantification</td>
			<td>Presens</td>
			<td>TR-FB-10-01</td>
			<td>presens.de</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Vacuum pump</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>&#8211;</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Silicone glue for oxygen optodes</td>
			<td>Presens</td>
			<td>PS1</td>
			<td>presens.de</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

laboratory simulation of an iron(ii)-rich precambrian marine upwelling system to explore the growth of photosynthetic bacteria

En konventionel koncept til udfældning af nogle prækambriske båndet jernformation (BIF) fortsætter på den antagelse, at ferro jern [Fe (II)] upwelling fra hydrotermiske kilder i prækambriske ocean blev oxideret ved molekylær ilt [O 2] fremstillet af cyanobakterier. De ældste BIF&#39;er, pålægges før den Store Oxidation Event (GOE) på omkring 2400 millioner år (Gy) siden, kunne have dannet ved direkte oxidation af Fe (II) ved anoxygenic photoferrotrophs under iltfrie forhold. Som en metode til at teste geokemiske og mineralogiske mønstre, der udvikler under forskellige biologiske scenarier, vi designet en 40 cm lang lodret gennemstrømning kolonne for at simulere et anoxisk Fe (II)-rige marine upwelling systemet repræsentant af en gammel ocean på en lab skala . Cylinderen blev pakket med en porøs glaskugle matrix for at stabilisere geokemiske gradienter, og flydende prøver til jern kvantificering kunne tages igennem vandsøjlen. Opløst ilt varopdages ikke-invasivt via optodes udefra. Resultater fra biotiske eksperimenter, der involverede upwelling fluxe af Fe (II) fra bunden, en tydelig lys gradient fra toppen, og cyanobakterier til stede i vandsøjlen, viser klare beviser for dannelse af Fe (III) mineralske udfældninger og udvikling af en chemocline mellem Fe (II) og O 2. Denne kolonne giver os mulighed for at teste hypoteser for dannelsen af ​​de BIF&#39;er ved dyrkning cyanobakterier (og i de kommende photoferrotrophs) under simulerede marine prækambriske betingelser. Derudover hypotese vi, at vores kolonne koncept giver mulighed for simulering af forskellige kemiske og fysiske miljøer - herunder lavvandede marine eller lacustrine sedimenter.

kontroleksperiment Abiotisk kontrolforsøg (10 dage) viste konsekvent lave iltkoncentrationer (O 2 &lt;0,15 mg / l) med nogen væsentlige udsving i Fe (II) -profil hele upwelling vandsøjlen. Dannelsen af ​​bundfald (formentlig Fe (III) (oxyhydr-) oxider) i mediet reservoiret og lille fald i den samlede Fe (II) koncentration fra 500 um til 440 uM over 10 dage angiver noget ilt diffu...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Laboratory Simulation of an IronII-rich Precambrian Marine Upwelling System to Explore the Growth of Photosynthetic Bacteria at JoVE.com

Laboratory Simulation of an IronII-rich Precambrian Marine Upwelling System to Explore the Growth of Photosynthetic Bacteria

Vi simulerede et prækambriske jernholdig marine upwelling-system i et laboratorium-skala lodret gennemstrømning kolonne. Målet var at forstå, hvordan geokemiske profiler af O 2 og Fe (II) udvikle sig som cyanobakterier producere O 2. Resultaterne viser etableringen af en chemocline grundet Fe (II) oxidation af fotosyntetisk produceret O 2.

Laboratorium Simulering af en jern (II) -rig Prækambrium Marine Upwelling System til udforske Vækst af fotosyntetiske bakterier

A conventional concept for the deposition of some Precambrian Banded Iron Formations (BIF) proceeds on the assumption that ferrous iron [Fe(II)] upwelling ...

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JoVE Journal

Environment

Laboratory Simulation of an Iron(II)-rich Precambrian Marine Upwelling System to Explore the Growth of Photosynthetic Bacteria

A Fish-feeding Laboratory Bioassay to Assess the Antipredatory Activity of Secondary Metabolites from the Tissues of Marine Organisms

En fisk-fodring Laboratory bioassay i vurdering af den Antipredatory aktivitet af sekundære metabolitter fra væv af marine organismer

Marine chemical ecology is a young discipline, having emerged from the collaboration of natural products chemists and marine ecologists in the 1980s with ...

Development of Sulfidogenic Sludge from Marine Sediments and Trichloroethylene Reduction in an Upflow Anaerobic Sludge Blanket Reactor

Udvikling af Sulfidogenic Slam fra marine sedimenter og Trichlorethylen Reduktion i en opadgående strømning Anaerob Slam Blanket Reactor

The importance of microbial sulfate reduction relies on the various applications that it offers in environmental biotechnology. Engineered sulfate ...

VacuSIP, an Improved InEx Method for In Situ Measurement of Particulate and Dissolved Compounds Processed by Active Suspension Feeders

VacuSIP, an Improved InEx Method for In Situ Measurement of Particulate and Dissolved Compounds Processed by Active Suspension Feeders

VacuSIP, en forbedret Inex Metode til<em&gt; In Situ</em&gt; Måle partikler og opløst Forbindelser Bearbejdet af aktiv affjedring Feeders

Benthic suspension feeders play essential roles in the functioning of marine ecosystems. By filtering large volumes of water, removing plankton and ...

Ecotoxicological Method with Marine Bacteria Vibrio anguillarum to Evaluate the Acute Toxicity of Environmental Contaminants

Ecotoxicological Method with Marine Bacteria Vibrio anguillarum to Evaluate the Acute Toxicity of Environmental Contaminants

Økotoksikologisk Metode med Marine Bakterier<em&gt; Vibrio anguillarum</em&gt; At evaluere miljøforurenings akutte toksicitet

Bacteria are an important component of the ecosystem, and microbial community alterations can have a significant effect on biogeochemical cycling and food ...

Comparison of Scale in a Photosynthetic Reactor System for Algal Remediation of Wastewater

Sammenligning af Scale i en Fotosyntetisk Reactor System for alger Rensning af Spildevand

An experimental methodology is presented to compare the performance of two different sized reactors designed for wastewater treatment. In this study, ...

Extraction of Organochlorine Pesticides from Plastic Pellets and Plastic Type Analysis

Ekstraktion af organiske chlorpesticider fra plastpellets og plasttypeanalyse

Plastic resin pellets, categorized as microplastics (&#8804;5 mm in diameter), are small granules that can be unintentionally released to the environment ...

Adherence of Bacteria to Plant Surfaces Measured in the Laboratory

Overholdelse af bakterier til at plante flader målt i laboratoriet

This manuscript describes a method to measure bacterial binding to axenic plant surfaces in the light microscope and through the use of viable cell ...

Development of New Methods for Quantifying Fish Density Using Underwater Stereo-video Tools

Udvikling af nye metoder til kvantificering af fisk tæthed ved hjælp af undersøiske Stereo-video værktøjer

The use of video camera systems in ecological studies of fish continues to gain traction as a viable, non-extractive method of measuring fish lengths and ...

The Barnacle Balanus improvisus as a Marine Model - Culturing and Gene Expression

The Barnacle Balanus improvisus as a Marine Model - Culturing and Gene Expression

Barnacle Balanus improvisus som en Marine Model - dyrkning og genekspression

Barnacles are marine crustaceans with a sessile adult and free-swimming, planktonic larvae. The barnacle Balanus (Amphibalanus) improvisus is particularly ...

An Optimized Rhizobox Protocol to Visualize Root Growth and Responsiveness to Localized Nutrients

En optimeret Rhizobox protokol til at visualisere rodvækst og lydhørhed over for lokaliserede næringsstoffer

Roots are notoriously difficult to study. Soil is both a visual and mechanical barrier, making it difficult to track roots in situ without destructive ...