Name: studying the role of alveolar macrophages in breast cancer metastasis
Uploaded: 2016-06-26T15:00:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Studying the Role of Alveolar Macrophages in Breast Cancer Metastasis at JoVE.com

本研究では、MMMの見解や意見にMKとBC 111038にTSA 140010を付与し、著者（複数可）による裏書が米軍や国防総省の見解を反映するものではありません国防総省によってサポートされています。

すべての動物実験は、テキサス工科大学健康科学センターの施設内動物管理使用委員会によって承認され、国立衛生研究所発行の「実験動物の管理と使用に関する指針」で概説ガイドラインに従っています。市販されている8〜12週齢の雌のBALB / cマウスを使用してください。乳腺脂肪パッドに、さまざまなベンダーから購入することができGFPを発現する1×10 5の4T1または1×10 5 4...

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The recent insights into cancer biology and causative factors involved in carcinogenesis and tumor progression lead to development of genetically engineered mouse (GEM) models of cancer, in which tumors grow spontaneously, usually over a period of several months15. Although these tumor models appear to reflect better the natural history of human malignancies than xenografts or syngeneic models, much time required for tumor development and various degrees of malignant phenotype penetrance limit the use of these...

The premetastatic niche is an important process in cancer metastasis defined as a set of alterations that occur in the organs that are targets for metastases prior to arrival of tumor cells1,2. Therefore, therapeutic targeting of this step of cancer progression may prevent metastases to the vital organs that cause approximately 90% of cancer-associated deaths. Although the concept of the premetastatic niche, also known as the "seed and soil" theory, was introduced more than a century ago, no experimental proof has been provided until recently, when the bone marrow-derived cells were demonstrated to contribute to the premetastatic soil1,3-7. Despite these developments, the premetastatic niche remains a largely understudied aspect of cancer pathophysiology and further research to identify cellular players and mechanisms involved is needed. 
Here we report the in vivo approaches to study the role of alveolar macrophages in breast cancer metastases and the lung premetastatic niche. The alveolar macrophages arrive to the lungs early during the embryonic development and self-renew there during adulthood8. They also have important immunomodulatory and homeostatic functions including the protection of this organ from undesired inflammatory responses to the environmental innocuous antigens9. Therefore, we hypothesize that tumors exploit this physiological immunosuppression, imposed by alveolar macrophages, and, consequently, alveolar macrophages contribute to the lung premetastatic niche by suppressing antitumor immunity. This hypothesis is supported by our recent report demonstrating that the specific depletion of these cells reduces lung metastases and enhances antitumor T cell responses10. 
For these studies we apply a well-established syngeneic model of breast cancer (4T1), which mimics stage IV metastatic breast cancer11; and has been previously reported in studies of the premetastatic niche6. To track metastasizing tumor cells in vivo we use 4T1 cells expressing GFP (4T1-GFP) in conjunction with animal imaging and confocal microscopy. We focus on the lung premetastatic niche, since this organ is one of the most common targets of hematogenous metastases of human malignancies12. To investigate functions of alveolar macrophages in the premetastatic niche, we use clodronate liposomes to deplete these cells13; and evaluate impact of this depletion on lung metastases. Of note, this method specifically depletes alveolar macrophages but no other phagocytic cells in the lungs or in circulation10.

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	<tbody>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:313px;">4T1 cell line&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:417px;">American Type Culture Collection, Manassas, VA, USA</td>
			<td style="width:139px;">CRL 2539</td>
			<td style="width:287px;">Tumor cells</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">4T1-GFP cell line</td>
			<td>Caliper life sciences/ Perkin Elmer, Waltham, MA, USA</td>
			<td>BW128090</td>
			<td>Tumor cells</td>
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		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">RPMI</td>
			<td>Corning, Corning, NY, USA</td>
			<td>10-040-CM</td>
			<td>Media</td>
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			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Heat inactivated FBS</td>
			<td>Gibco (Thermo Scientific), USA</td>
			<td>10082147</td>
			<td>Media</td>
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			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Penicillin Streptomycin</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific, Waltham, MA, USA</td>
			<td>MT-300-02-CI</td>
			<td>Media</td>
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			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">PBS</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific, Waltham, MA, USA</td>
			<td>BP399-20</td>
			<td>Dilute with distilled water</td>
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			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Trypsin 0.25% with EDTA</td>
			<td>Hyclone, Logan, Utah, USA</td>
			<td>SH30042.02</td>
			<td>Tissue culture supplies</td>
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			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">T75 cm2 flask</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific, Waltham, MA, USA</td>
			<td>12-565-32</td>
			<td>Tissue culture supplies</td>
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			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">15ml conical tube</td>
			<td>BD falcon, Franklin Lakes, NJ, USA</td>
			<td>352096</td>
			<td>Tissue culture supplies</td>
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		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">50ml conical tube</td>
			<td>BD falcon, Franklin Lakes, NJ, USA</td>
			<td>352098</td>
			<td>Tissue culture supplies</td>
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			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">60mm2 Petri dish</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific, Waltham, MA, USA</td>
			<td>AS4052</td>
			<td>For lung imaging&#160;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Isoflurane (Isothesia)</td>
			<td>Butler Schein Animal health, Dublin, OH, USA</td>
			<td>NDC 11695-6776-2</td>
			<td>Mouse anesthesia</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Clodronate liposomes</td>
			<td>Formumax Scientific Inc, Palo Alto, CA, USA</td>
			<td>F70101C-N</td>
			<td>Macrophages depletion</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Control liposomes</td>
			<td>Formumax Scientific Inc, Palo Alto, CA, USA</td>
			<td>F70101-N</td>
			<td>Control PBS-liposomes</td>
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			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:313px;">29 gauge insulin syringes (12.7 mm and 0.5 ml capacity)- Reli-On</td>
			<td>Walmart, Bentonville, AR, USA</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>For tumor cell injection</td>
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			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Hair removal cream (Nair)</td>
			<td>Walmart, Bentonville, AR, USA</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
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			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Paraformaldehyde solution (4%)</td>
			<td>Affymetrix, Santa Clara, CA, USA</td>
			<td>19943-I Lt</td>
			<td>Dilute to 4% or 1% using 1X PBS</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">OCT compound</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific, Waltham, MA, USA</td>
			<td>230-730-571</td>
			<td>For freezing tissue in cryomolds</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Fluoro-Gel-II with DAPI</td>
			<td>Electron Microscopy Sciences, Hatfield, PA, USA</td>
			<td>17985-51</td>
			<td>Mounting medium</td>
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		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Sucrose</td>
			<td>Sigma, St. Louis, MO, USA</td>
			<td>S-9378</td>
			<td style="width:287px;">Cryopreservation</td>
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		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Collagenase P</td>
			<td>Roche, Basel, Switzerland</td>
			<td>11249002001</td>
			<td>Components of tissue digestion buffer</td>
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		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Dnase I</td>
			<td>Roche, Basel, Switzerland</td>
			<td>10104159001</td>
			<td>Components of tissue digestion buffer</td>
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		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Trypsin inhibitor</td>
			<td>Sigma, St. Louis, MO, USA</td>
			<td>T9253</td>
			<td>Components of tissue digestion buffer</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">40 micron cell strainers</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific, Waltham, MA, USA</td>
			<td>22-363-547</td>
			<td>Used in tissue digestion to remove clumps</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Trustain FcX-Fc Block (CD16/CD32)</td>
			<td>Biolegend, San Diego, CA, USA</td>
			<td>101320</td>
			<td style="width:287px;">Antibodies for flow cytometry</td>
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		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">BV605 CD45</td>
			<td>Biolegend, San Diego, CA, USA</td>
			<td>103139</td>
			<td style="width:287px;">Antibodies for flow cytometry</td>
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		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">PE CD11b</td>
			<td>Biolegend, San Diego, CA, USA</td>
			<td>101207</td>
			<td style="width:287px;">Antibodies for flow cytometry</td>
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		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">PE Cy7 F4/80&#160;</td>
			<td>Biolegend, San Diego, CA, USA</td>
			<td>123113</td>
			<td style="width:287px;">Antibodies for flow cytometry</td>
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		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">APC/Cy7 CD11c</td>
			<td>Biolegend, San Diego, CA, USA</td>
			<td>117323</td>
			<td style="width:287px;">Antibodies for flow cytometry</td>
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		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">PerCPcy5.5 IA/IE (MHCII)&#160;</td>
			<td>Biolegend, San Diego, CA, USA</td>
			<td>107625</td>
			<td style="width:287px;">Antibodies for flow cytometry</td>
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		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">PE CD80</td>
			<td>Biolegend, San Diego, CA, USA</td>
			<td>104707</td>
			<td style="width:287px;">Antibodies for flow cytometry</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">AF647 CD86</td>
			<td>Biolegend, San Diego, CA, USA</td>
			<td>105019</td>
			<td style="width:287px;">Antibodies for flow cytometry</td>
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		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Fixable viability Dye eflour 506</td>
			<td>eBioscience, San Diego, CA,USA</td>
			<td>65-0866</td>
			<td style="width:287px;">Antibodies for flow cytometry</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Cryostat</td>
			<td>Leica Biosystems, Buffalo Grove, IL, USA</td>
			<td>CM1850</td>
			<td>Cryosectioning</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">UVP iBox Explorer</td>
			<td>UVP Inc, Upland, CA, USA</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Mouse and lung fluorescent imaging</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Aperio Scanscope CS</td>
			<td>Leica Biosystems, Buffalo Grove, IL, USA</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Digital pathology</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">BD LSRFortessa&#160;</td>
			<td>BD Biosciences, Franklin Lakes, NJ, USA</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Flow cytometry/data acquisition</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;">Nikon A1 confocal TE2000 microscope</td>
			<td>Nikon Instruments Inc., Melville, NY 11747-3064, U.S.A.</td>
			<td></td>
			<td style="width:287px;">Imaging and quantifying GFP fluorescence in lung cryosections</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:313px;">UVP visionworks software (Version 7.1RC3.38)</td>
			<td style="width:417px;">UVP Inc, Upland, CA, USA</td>
			<td style="width:139px;"></td>
			<td>Imaging software for iBOX</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;">Aperio Imagescope software (v12.1.0.5029)&#160;</td>
			<td>Leica Biosystems, Buffalo Grove, IL, USA</td>
			<td></td>
			<td style="width:287px;">Imaging software for analysis of digital slides</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Flow JO software (version 9.8.1)</td>
			<td>Flow JO LLC, Ashland, OR, USA</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Analysis of flow cytometric data</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:313px;">NIS Elements AR (version 4.20.01) 64 Bit</td>
			<td>Nikon Instruments Inc., Melville, NY 11747-3064, U.S.A.</td>
			<td style="width:139px;"></td>
			<td style="width:287px;">Acquisition and analysis of lung cryosections for GFP&#160;</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

studying the role of alveolar macrophages in breast cancer metastasis

This paper describes the application of the syngeneic model of breast cancer (4T1) to the studies on a role of pulmonary alveolar macrophages in cancer metastasis. The 4T1 cells expressing GFP in combination with imaging and confocal microscopy are used to monitor tumor growth, track metastasizing tumor cells, and quantify the metastatic burden. These approaches are supplemented by digital histopathology that allows the automated and unbiased quantification of metastases. In this method the routinely prepared histological lung sections, which are stained with hematoxylin and eosin, are scanned and converted to the digital slides that are then analyzed by the self-trained pattern recognition software. In addition, we describe the flow cytometry approaches with the use of multiple cell surface markers to identify alveolar macrophages in the lungs. To determine impact of alveolar macrophages on metastases and antitumor immunity these cells are depleted with the clodronate-containing liposomes administrated intranasally to tumor-bearing mice. This approach leads to the specific and efficient depletion of this cell population as confirmed by flow cytometry. Tumor volumes and lung metastases are evaluated in mice depleted of alveolar macrophages, to determine the role of these cells in the metastatic progression of breast cancer.

転移は、急速に肺（ 図2）、肝臓、骨に形成されているように乳房脂肪パッドに4T1-GFP腫瘍細胞の注射は、ヒト乳癌の転移拡散を再現マウス腫瘍（ 図1A）の形成をもたらしますマウス11の脳。 GFPと4T1細胞の安定なトランスフェクションは、腫瘍増殖のモニタリングを容易にする（ 図1B）、転移腫瘍細胞を追跡し、転移性の?...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Studying the Role of Alveolar Macrophages in Breast Cancer Metastasis at JoVE.com

Studying the Role of Alveolar Macrophages in Breast Cancer Metastasis

Here we describe the model and approach to study functions of pulmonary alveolar macrophages in cancer metastasis. To demonstrate the role of these cells in metastasis, the syngeneic (4T1) model of breast cancer in conjunction with the depletion of alveolar macrophage with clodronate liposomes was used.

乳がんの転移における肺胞マクロファージの役割を学びます

This paper describes the application of the syngeneic model of breast cancer (4T1) to the studies on a role of pulmonary alveolar macrophages in cancer ...

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In vivo Bioluminescence Imaging of Tumor Hypoxia Dynamics of Breast Cancer Brain Metastasis in a Mouse Model

In vivo Bioluminescence Imaging of Tumor Hypoxia Dynamics of Breast Cancer Brain Metastasis in a Mouse Model

マウスモデルにおける乳がんの脳転移の腫瘍の低酸素動態の in vivo生物発光イメージングに

It is well recognized that tumor hypoxia plays an important role in promoting malignant progression and affecting therapeutic response negatively. There ...

In vitro Mesothelial Clearance Assay that Models the Early Steps of Ovarian Cancer Metastasis

In vitro Mesothelial Clearance Assay that Models the Early Steps of Ovarian Cancer Metastasis

in vitroで中皮クリアランスアッセイでそのモデルの卵巣がんの転移の初期段階を

Ovarian cancer is the fifth leading cause of cancer related deaths in the United States1. Despite a positive initial response to therapies, 70 to 90 ...

Multi-modal Imaging of Angiogenesis in a Nude Rat Model of Breast Cancer Bone Metastasis Using Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Volumetric Computed Tomography and Ultrasound

磁気共鳴イメージング、体積CT画像と超音波を用いた乳がんの骨転移のヌードラットモデルにおける血管新生のマルチモーダルイメージング

Angiogenesis is an essential feature of cancer growth and metastasis formation. In bone metastasis, angiogenic factors are pivotal for tumor cell ...

Models of Bone Metastasis

骨転移モデル

Bone metastases are a common occurrence in several malignancies, including breast, prostate, and lung. Once established in bone, tumors are responsible ...

Live Imaging of Drug Responses in the Tumor Microenvironment in Mouse Models of Breast Cancer

乳癌のマウスモデルにおいて腫瘍微小環境における薬剤応答のイメージングを生きる

The tumor microenvironment plays a pivotal role in tumor initiation, progression, metastasis, and the response to anti-cancer therapies. Three-dimensional ...

An Orthotopic Murine Model of Human Prostate Cancer Metastasis

ヒト前立腺癌転移の同所マウスモデル

Our laboratory has developed a novel orthotopic implantation model of  human prostate cancer (PCa). As PCa death is not due to the primary tumor, but  ...

Initiation of Metastatic Breast Carcinoma by Targeting of the Ductal Epithelium with Adenovirus-Cre: A Novel Transgenic Mouse Model of Breast Cancer

乳癌の新規トランスジェニックマウスモデル：アデノ-Creを持つ乳管上皮の標的とすることにより、転移性乳癌の開始

Breast cancer is a heterogeneous disease involving complex cellular interactions between the developing tumor and immune system, eventually resulting in ...

Profiling of Estrogen-regulated MicroRNAs in Breast Cancer Cells

乳癌細胞におけるエストロゲン調節マイクロRNAのプロファイリング

Estrogen plays vital roles in mammary gland development and breast cancer progression. It mediates its function by binding to and activating the estrogen ...

An Ex vivo Model to Study Hormone Action in the Human Breast

An Ex vivo Model to Study Hormone Action in the Human Breast

アン<em&gt;エクスビボ</emヒト乳癌でホルモンの作用を研究するために&gt;モデル

The study of hormone action in the human breast has been hampered by lack of adequate model systems. Upon in vitro culture, primary mammary epithelial ...

In Vivo and Ex Vivo Approaches to Study Ovarian Cancer Metastatic Colonization of Milky Spot Structures in Peritoneal Adipose

In Vivo and Ex Vivo Approaches to Study Ovarian Cancer Metastatic Colonization of Milky Spot Structures in Peritoneal Adipose

生体内および生体外では腹膜脂肪にミルキースポット構造の卵巣がん転移性コロニー形成を研究するためのアプローチで

High-grade serous ovarian cancer (HGSC), the cause of widespread peritoneal metastases, continues to have an extremely poor prognosis; fewer than 30% of ...