Name: comparison of tobacco host cell protein removal methods by blanching intact plants or by heat treatment of extracts
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We would like to acknowledge Dr. Thomas Rademacher, Alexander Boes and Veronique Bei&#223; for providing the transgenic tobacco seeds, and Ibrahim Al Amedi for cultivating the tobacco plants. The authors wish to thank Dr. Richard M. Twyman for editorial assistance as well as G&#252;ven Edg&#252; for providing the MSP1-19 reference. This work was funded in part by the European Research Council Advanced Grant ''Future-Pharma'', proposal number 269110, the Fraunhofer-Zukunftsstiftung (Fraunhofer Future Foundation) and Fraunhofer-Gesellschaft Internal Programs under Grant No. Attract 125-600164.

1. Cultivate the Tobacco Plants
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	<li>Flush each mineral wool block with 1 to 2 L of deionized water and subsequently with 1 L of 0.1% [w/v] fertilizer solution. Place one tobacco seed in each mineral wool block and gently flush with 0.25 L of fertilizer solution without washing away the seed 16.</li>
	<li>Cultivate the tobacco plants for 7 weeks in a greenhouse with 70% relative humidity, a 16 hr photoperiod (180 &#181;mol sec&#8722;1 m&#8722;2;&#160;&#955; = ...

<ol>
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The three methods for heat precipitation described above can effectively remove tobacco HCPs prior to any chromatographic purification step 16,17. They complement other strategies that aim to increase initial product purity, e.g., guttation 29, rhizosecretion 30 or centrifugal extraction 31,32, all of which are limited to secreted proteins. However, the heat-based methods can only be used in a meaningful way if the target protein to be purified can withstand the minimu...

Moderna sjukvårdssystem alltmer beroende av biofarmaceutiska proteiner 1. Producera dessa proteiner i växter är fördelaktigt på grund av den låga patogen bördan och större skalbarhet i jämförelse med konventionella expressionssystem 2-4. Däremot kan nedströms (DSP) av vegetabiliska läkemedel vara utmanande eftersom störande extraktionsförfaranden resulterar i en börda hög partikel, med turbiditet överstigande 5000 nefelometrisk grumligheter (NTUs), och värdcellprotein (HCP) koncentrationer ofta överstiger 95 % [m / m] 5,6. Arbetade klargörande förfaranden krävs för att avlägsna dispergerade partiklar 7-9, men kromatografi utrustning är billigare att driva i bind-och-elueras läge under den inledande produktåtervinning om det finns ett tidigare steg för effektivt avlägsnande av HCP 10,11. Detta kan uppnås antingen genom utfällning av mål-proteinet genom användning av flocculmyror 12 eller låg pH 13,14, samt genom att orsaka HCP att aggregera. Den selektiva aggregering av ribulos-1,5-bisfosfatkarboxylas / oxygenas (RUBISCO), den vanligast förekommande HCP i gröna växter såsom tobak (Nicotiana tabacum), kan främjas genom att tillsätta polyetylenglykol 15, men det är dyrt och oförenligt med stor -Scale tillverkning. Värmebehandling har visat att denaturera och fälla mer än 95% av tobaks HCP, medan proteinmalariavaccinkandidater som Vax8 förblir stabila i lösning 16-18. Tre olika metoder användes för att uppnå den värmeinducerad utfällning av tobaks HCP: (i) blanchering, dvs., nedsänkning av intakta blad i het vätska, (ii) ett temperaturreglerat omrört kärl, och (iii) en värmeväxlare ( Figur 1) 16. För intakta blad, skållning uppnås en snabb och effektiv utfällning av sjukvårdspersonal och var också lättatt skala upp och kompatibel med befintliga storskaliga tillverkningsprocesser som inkluderar ett första steg för att tvätta växtbiomassa 19. I kontrast, temperaturreglerade fartyg finns redan tillgängliga i vissa processer och kan användas för den termiska behandlingen av växtextrakt 20, men deras skalbarhet och energiöverföringstakten är begränsade eftersom förhållandet yta-till-volym av tankarna minskar gradvis och blir olämpligt vid process skala. En värmeväxlare är en tekniskt väldefinierat alternativ till värms omrörda kärl men kräver ett rikligt utbud av värme och kyla media, till exempel, ånga och kallt vatten, samt en hårt kontrollerad volymflödeshastighet som är anpassad till värmeväxlaren geometri och medier egenskaper, t.ex.., den specifika värmekapaciteten. Denna artikel visar hur alla tre metoder kan användas för värmeinducerad utfällning av tobaks HCP, och växt HCP i allmänhet. Etablering och drift av EACh metod i laboratoriemiljö kan användas för att utvärdera deras lämplighet för storskaliga processer. Den stora utmaningen är att identifiera lämpliga skal down-modeller och driftsförhållanden för varje operation som liknar de anordningar och betingelser som används under processen skala tillverkning. De data som presenteras här avser experiment genomförda med transgena tobaksplantor som uttrycker malariavaccin kandidaten Vax8 och fluorescerande protein DsRed 16, men metoden har också framgångsrikt tillämpats på N. benthamiana växter övergående uttrycker andra biofarmaceutiska proteiner 21. En konstruktion-of-experiment (DOE) närmar 22 kan underlätta processutveckling, och flockningsmedel 23 kan också vara till nytta i detta sammanhang som tidigare beskrivits 8. Den största skillnaden mellan blanche, uppvärmda fartyg och värmeväxlare är att blanche appliceras på intakta blad tidigt i processen, medan den othennes tillämpas på växtextrakt (Figur 1). <img alt="Figur 1" src="/files/ftp_upload/54343/54343fig1.jpg" /> Figur 1:. Process flödesschema som visar realiseringen av tre olika metoder för tobaks HCP Heat Fällning växtmaterial tvättas och homogeniseras innan förtydligande och rening. Utrustning för blancheringssteget (röd) kan enkelt läggas till det existerande maskiner. Däremot använder ett omrört kärl (orange) och speciellt en värmeväxlare (blå) kräver en eller flera ytterligare enheter och slangar. <a href="https://www.jove.com/files/ftp_upload/54343/54343fig1large.jpg" target="_blank">Klicka här för att se en större version av denna siffra.</a>

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="1026">
	<tbody>
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			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:360px;">2100P Portable Turbidimeter</td>
			<td style="width:195px;">Hach</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">4650000</td>
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			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:360px;">Amine Coupling Kit</td>
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			<td style="width:119px;">BR100050&#160;</td>
			<td>SPR chip coupling kit</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:360px;">Autoclaving basket</td>
			<td style="width:195px;">Nalgene</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">6917-0230</td>
			<td>Basket for leaf blanching</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:360px;">Biacore T200</td>
			<td style="width:195px;">GE Healthcare</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">28-9750-01</td>
			<td>SPR device</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:360px;">Bio Cell Analyser BCA 003 R&#38;D with 3D ORM</td>
			<td style="width:195px;">Sequip</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">n.a.</td>
			<td>Particle size analyzer</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:360px;">Blender</td>
			<td style="width:195px;">Waring</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">800EG</td>
			<td>Blender</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:360px;">BP-410</td>
			<td style="width:195px;">Furh</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">2632410001</td>
			<td>Bag filter</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:360px;">Centrifuge 5415D</td>
			<td style="width:195px;">Eppendorf</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">5424 000.410</td>
			<td>Centrifuge</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:360px;">Centrifuge tube 15 mL</td>
			<td style="width:195px;">Labomedic</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">2017106</td>
			<td>Reaction tube</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:360px;">Centrifuge tube 50 mL self-standing</td>
			<td style="width:195px;">Labomedic</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">1110504</td>
			<td>Reaction tube</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:360px;">CM5 chip</td>
			<td style="width:195px;">GE Healthcare</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">BR100012&#160;</td>
			<td>Chip for SPR measurements</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:360px;">Cuvette 10x10x45</td>
			<td style="width:195px;">Sarsted</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">67.754</td>
			<td>Cuvette for Zetasizer Nano ZS</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:360px;">Design-Expert(R) 8</td>
			<td style="width:195px;">Stat-Ease, Inc.</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">n.a.</td>
			<td>DoE software</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:360px;">Disodium phosphate</td>
			<td style="width:195px;">Carl Roth GmbH</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">&#160;4984.3&#160;</td>
			<td>Media component</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:360px;">Ferty 2 Mega</td>
			<td style="width:195px;">Kammlott</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">5.220072</td>
			<td>Fertilizer</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:360px;">Forma -86C ULT freezer</td>
			<td style="width:195px;">ThermoFisher</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">88400</td>
			<td>Freezer</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:360px;">Greenhouse</td>
			<td style="width:195px;">n.a.</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">n.a.</td>
			<td>For plant cultivation</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:360px;">Grodan Rockwool Cubes 10x10cm</td>
			<td style="width:195px;">Grodan</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">102446</td>
			<td>Rockwool block</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:360px;">Twentey-loop heat exchanger (4.8 m length)</td>
			<td style="width:195px;">n.a. (custom design)</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">n.a.</td>
			<td>Heat exchanger</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:360px;">HEPES</td>
			<td style="width:195px;">Carl Roth GmbH</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">9105.3</td>
			<td>Media component</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:360px;">K200P 60D</td>
			<td style="width:195px;">Pall</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">5302303</td>
			<td>Depth filter layer</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:360px;">KS50P 60D</td>
			<td style="width:195px;">Pall</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">B12486</td>
			<td>Depth filter layer</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:360px;">Lauda E300</td>
			<td style="width:195px;">Lauda Dr Wobser GmbH</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">Z90010</td>
			<td>Water bath thermostat</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:360px;">L/S 24</td>
			<td style="width:195px;">Masterflex</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">SN-06508-24</td>
			<td>Tubing</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:360px;">mAb 5.2</td>
			<td style="width:195px;">American Type Culture Collection</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">HB-9148</td>
			<td>Vax8 specific antibody</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:360px;">Masterflex L/S</td>
			<td style="width:195px;">Masterflex</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">HV-77921-75</td>
			<td>Peristaltic pump</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:360px;">Miracloth</td>
			<td style="width:195px;">Labomedic</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">475855-1R</td>
			<td>Filter cloth</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:360px;">MultiLine Multi 3410 IDS</td>
			<td style="width:195px;">WTW</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">WTW_2020</td>
			<td>pH meter / conductivity meter</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:360px;">Osram cool white 36 W</td>
			<td style="width:195px;">Osram</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">4930440</td>
			<td>Light source</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:360px;">Phytotron</td>
			<td style="width:195px;">Ilka Zell</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">n.a.</td>
			<td>For plant cultivation</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:360px;">Sodium disulfit</td>
			<td style="width:195px;">Carl Roth GmbH</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">8554.1</td>
			<td>Media component</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:360px;">Sodium chloride</td>
			<td style="width:195px;">Carl Roth GmbH</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">P029.2</td>
			<td>Media component</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:360px;">Stainless-steel vessel; 0.7-kg 2.0-L; height 180 mm; diameter 120 mm</td>
			<td style="width:195px;">n.a. (custom design)</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">n.a.</td>
			<td>Container for heat precipitation</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:360px;">Synergy HT</td>
			<td style="width:195px;">BioTek</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">SIAFRT</td>
			<td>Fluorescence and spectrometric plate reader</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:360px;">VelaPad 60</td>
			<td style="width:195px;">Pall</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">VP60G03KNH4</td>
			<td>Filter housing</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:360px;">Zetasizer Nano ZS</td>
			<td style="width:195px;">Malvern</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">ZEN3600</td>
			<td>DLS particle size distribution measurement</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:360px;">Zetasizer Software v7.11</td>
			<td style="width:195px;">Malvern</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">n.a.</td>
			<td>Software to operate the Zetasizer Nano ZS device</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

comparison of tobacco host cell protein removal methods by blanching intact plants or by heat treatment of extracts

Växter inte bara livsmedel, foder och råvaror för människor, men har också tagits fram som ett ekonomiskt produktionssystem för biofarmaceutiska proteiner, såsom antikroppar, vaccinkandidater och enzymer. Dessa måste renas från växtbiomassa men kromatografisteg hindras av höga koncentrationer av värdcellproteiner (HCP) i växtextrakt. Dock de flesta HCP irreversibelt aggregera vid temperaturer över 60 ° C som underlättar efterföljande rening av målproteinet. Här är tre metoder presenteras för att uppnå värme utfällning av tobaks HCP i antingen intakta blad eller extrakt. Blanche av intakta blad kan lätt integreras i befintliga processer, men kan ha en negativ inverkan på efterföljande filtreringssteg. Det motsatta gäller för värme utfällning av bladextrakt i ett omrört kärl, som kan förbättra prestanda för operationer nedströms om än med stora förändringar i processutrustning konstruktion, såsomhomogenisator geometri. Slutligen är en värmeväxlare inställning väl karaktäriserade i termer av värmeöverföringsförhållanden och lätt att skala, men rengöring kan vara svår och det kan finnas en negativ inverkan på filterkapacitet. kan användas konstruktionen-of-experiment metod för att identifiera de mest relevanta processparametrar som påverkar HCP borttagning och produktåtervinning. Detta underlättar tillämpningen av varje metod i andra uttrycks plattformar och identifiering av den lämpligaste metoden för en viss reningsstrategi.

Heat precipitation of tobacco host cell proteins by blanching 
The blanching procedure described in section 2. was successfully used to precipitate HCPs from tobacco leaves with 70 &#176;C, reducing the TSP by 96 &#177; 1% (n = 3) while recovering up to 51% of the Vax8 target protein, thus increasing its purity from 0.1% to 1.2% before chromatographic separation 16. It was also possible to recover 83 &#177; 1% (n =3) of the fluorescent protein DsRed, increasing it...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Comparison of Tobacco Host Cell Protein Removal Methods by Blanching Intact Plants or by Heat Treatment of Extracts at JoVE.com

Comparison of Tobacco Host Cell Protein Removal Methods by Blanching Intact Plants or by Heat Treatment of Extracts

Three heat precipitation methods are presented that effectively remove more than 90% of host cell proteins (HCPs) from tobacco extracts prior to any other purification step. The plant HCPs irreversibly aggregate at temperatures above 60 &#176;C.

Jämförelse av tobak värdcell Protein borttagning metoder genom Blanche Intakta växter eller genom värmebehandling av extrakt

Plants not only provide food, feed and raw materials for humans, but have also been developed as an economical production system for biopharmaceutical ...

Research

JoVE Journal

Biology

Preparation and Fractionation of Xenopus laevis Egg Extracts

Upprättande och fraktionering av Xenopus laevis Egg Utdrag

Crude and fractionated Xenopus egg extracts can be used to provide ingredients for reconstituting cellular processes for morphological and biochemical ...

Detection of Post-translational Modifications on Native Intact Nucleosomes by ELISA

Upptäckt av post-translationella modifieringar på inhemska intakt nukleosomer med ELISA

The genome of eukaryotes exists as chromatin which contains both DNA and proteins. The fundamental unit of chromatin is the nucleosome, which contains 146 ...

The MultiBac Protein Complex Production Platform at the EMBL

Den MultiBac Protein Complex Production Platform vid EMBL

Proteomics  research revealed the impressive complexity of eukaryotic proteomes in  unprecedented detail. It is now a commonly accepted notion that ...

Protein-protein Interactions Visualized by Bimolecular Fluorescence Complementation in Tobacco Protoplasts and Leaves

Protein-protein interaktioner visualiseras genom Bimolecular Fluorescens Komplettering i tobaksprotoplaster och Löv

Many proteins interact transiently with other proteins or are integrated into multi-protein complexes to perform their biological function. Bimolecular ...

In Vivo 4-Dimensional Tracking of Hematopoietic Stem and Progenitor Cells in Adult Mouse Calvarial Bone Marrow

In Vivo 4-Dimensional Tracking of Hematopoietic Stem and Progenitor Cells in Adult Mouse Calvarial Bone Marrow

In Vivo 4-Dimensional Spårning av Hematopoietic Stem och stamceller i vuxen mus calvarial Benmärg

Through a delicate balance between quiescence and proliferation, self renewal and production of differentiated progeny, hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) ...

Fecal Glucocorticoid Analysis: Non-invasive Adrenal Monitoring in Equids

Fekal Glukokortikoid Analys: Icke-invasiv Adrenal Övervakning av equids

Adrenal activity can be assessed in the equine species by analysis of feces for corticosterone metabolites. During a potentially aversive situation, ...

DamID-seq: Genome-wide Mapping of Protein-DNA Interactions by High Throughput Sequencing of Adenine-methylated DNA Fragments

DamID-punkter: Genomvid Kartläggning av protein-DNA interaktioner från hög genomströmning sekvensering av Adenine-metylerade DNA-fragment

The DNA adenine methyltransferase identification (DamID) assay is a powerful method to detect protein-DNA interactions both locally and genome-wide. It is ...

Procedure to Evaluate the Efficiency of Flocculants for the Removal of Dispersed Particles from Plant Extracts

Förfarande för att utvärdera effektiviteten av flockningsmedel för att avlägsna dispergerade partiklarna från växtextrakt

Plants are important to humans not only because they provide commodities such as food, feed and raw materials, but increasingly because they can be used ...

Comparison of Three Different Methods for Determining Cell Proliferation in Breast Cancer Cell Lines

Jämförelse av tre olika metoder för bestämning av cellproliferation i bröstcancercellinjer

Measuring cell proliferation can be performed by a number of different methods, each with varying levels of sensitivity, reproducibility and compatibility ...

Xenopus Oocytes: Optimized Methods for Microinjection, Removal of Follicular Cell Layers, and Fast Solution Changes in Electrophysiological Experiments

Xenopus Oocytes: Optimized Methods for Microinjection, Removal of Follicular Cell Layers, and Fast Solution Changes in Electrophysiological Experiments

Xenopus Oocyter: optimerade metoder för mikroinjektion, Borttagning av Follikulära cellager, och snabb lösning Förändringar i Elektro Experiment

The Xenopus oocyte as a heterologous expression system for proteins, was first described by Gurdon et al.1 and has been widely used since its discovery ...