Name: external excitation of neurons using electric and magnetic fields in one- and two-dimensional cultures
Uploaded: 2017-05-07T14:00:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about External Excitation of Neurons Using Electric and Magnetic Fields in One- and Two-dimensional Cultures at JoVE.com

저자는 매우 도움이 토론 오퍼 펜어맨, 프레드 울프, 메나헴 시걸, 안드레아스 니프과 에이 탄 Reuveny 감사합니다. 저자는 기술의 초기 버전을 개발 일란 브레스킨와 조르디 소리아노 감사합니다. 저자는 이론적 인 개념에 도움을 트비 틀러스티와 장 피에르 에크 만 감사합니다. 이 연구는 미네르바 재단, 과학 기술, 이스라엘의 교육부와 이스라엘 과학 재단 보조금 1320년에서 1309년까지과 양성 국립 과학 재단 (National Science Foundation) 교부금 2,008,331에 의해 지원되었다.

윤리 문 : 동물 취급을 포함하는 절차는 과학의 와이즈만 연구소의 기관 동물 관리 및 사용위원회 (IACUC), 적절한 이스라엘 법의 원칙에 의거하여 이루어졌다. 와이즈만 연구소 실험 동물 관리 국제 평가 및 인증 협회 (AAALAC)의 인증을 받았으며. 와이즈만 기관 동물 케어 및 사용위원회는 해마 신경 세포와 수행이 연구를 승인했다. (2D) 2 차원 일차원 (1D) 해마 배양 1. 제조 <ol><...

<ol>
	<li>Nagarajan, S. S., Durand, D. M., Warman, E. N. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Effects+of+induced+electric+fields+on+finite+neuronal+structures:+a+simulation+study.">Effects of induced electric fields on finite neuronal structures: a simulation study.</a> IEEE Trans Biomed Eng. 40 (11), 1175-1188 (1993).</li><li>Nowak, L. G., Bullier, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Axons+but+not+cell+bodies,+are+activated+by+electrical+stimulation+in+cortical+gray+matter.+II.+Evidence+from+selective+inactivation+of+cell+bodies+and+axon+initial+segments.">Axons but not cell bodies, are activated by electrical stimulation in cortical gray matter. II. Evidence from selective inactivation of cell bodies and axon initial segments.</a> Exp Brain Res. 118 (4), 489-500 (1998).</li><li>Ranck, J. B. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Which+elements+are+excited+in+electrical+stimulation+of+mammalian+central+nervous+system:+a+review.">Which elements are excited in electrical stimulation of mammalian central nervous system: a review.</a> Brain Res. 98 (3), 417-440 (1975).</li><li>Rattay, F. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+basic+mechanism+for+the+electrical+stimulation+of+the+nervous+system.">The basic mechanism for the electrical stimulation of the nervous system.</a> Neuroscience. 89 (2), 335-346 (1999).</li><li>Stern, S., Agudelo-Toro, A., Rotem, A., Moses, E., Neef, A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Chronaxie+Measurements+in+Patterned+Neuronal+Cultures+from+Rat+Hippocampus.">Chronaxie Measurements in Patterned Neuronal Cultures from Rat Hippocampus.</a> PLoS One. 10 (7), e0132577 (2015).</li><li>Brunelin, J., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Examining+transcranial+direct-current+stimulation+(tDCS)+as+a+treatment+for+hallucinations+in+schizophrenia.">Examining transcranial direct-current stimulation (tDCS) as a treatment for hallucinations in schizophrenia.</a> Am J Psychiatry. 169 (7), 719-724 (2012).</li><li>Cruccu, G., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=EFNS+guidelines+on+neurostimulation+therapy+for+neuropathic+pain.">EFNS guidelines on neurostimulation therapy for neuropathic pain.</a> Eur J Neurol. 14 (9), 952-970 (2007).</li><li>Kennedy, S. H., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Canadian+Network+for+Mood+and+Anxiety+Treatments+(CANMAT)+Clinical+guidelines+for+the+management+of+major+depressive+disorder+in+adults.+IV.+Neurostimulation+therapies.">Canadian Network for Mood and Anxiety Treatments (CANMAT) Clinical guidelines for the management of major depressive disorder in adults. IV. Neurostimulation therapies.</a> J Affect Disord. 117, S44-S53 (2009).</li><li>Minzenberg, M. J., Carter, C. S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Developing+treatments+for+impaired+cognition+in+schizophrenia.">Developing treatments for impaired cognition in schizophrenia.</a> Trends Cogn Sci. 16 (1), 35-42 (2012).</li><li>Vaidya, N. A., Mahableshwarkar, A. R., Shahid, R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Continuation+and+maintenance+ECT+in+treatment-resistant+bipolar+disorder.">Continuation and maintenance ECT in treatment-resistant bipolar disorder.</a> J ECT. 19 (1), 10-16 (2003).</li><li>Bartlett, W. P., Banker, G. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=An+electron+microscopic+study+of+the+development+of+axons+and+dendrites+by+hippocampal+neurons+in+culture.+II.+Synaptic+relationships.">An electron microscopic study of the development of axons and dendrites by hippocampal neurons in culture. II. Synaptic relationships.</a> J Neurosci. 4 (8), 1954-1965 (1984).</li><li>Bartlett, W. P., Banker, G. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=An+electron+microscopic+study+of+the+development+of+axons+and+dendrites+by+hippocampal+neurons+in+culture.+I.+Cells+which+develop+without+intercellular+contacts.">An electron microscopic study of the development of axons and dendrites by hippocampal neurons in culture. I. Cells which develop without intercellular contacts.</a> J Neurosci. 4 (8), 1944-1953 (1984).</li><li>Beggs, J. M., Plenz, D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Neuronal+avalanches+in+neocortical+circuits.">Neuronal avalanches in neocortical circuits.</a> J Neurosci. 23 (35), 11167-11177 (2003).</li><li>Breskin, I., Soriano, J., Moses, E., Tlusty, T. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Percolation+in+living+neural+networks.">Percolation in living neural networks.</a> Phys Rev Lett. 97 (18), (2006).</li><li>Feinerman, O., Moses, E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Transport+of+information+along+unidimensional+layered+networks+of+dissociated+hippocampal+neurons+and+implications+for+rate+coding.">Transport of information along unidimensional layered networks of dissociated hippocampal neurons and implications for rate coding.</a> J Neurosci. 26 (17), 4526-4534 (2006).</li><li>Soriano, J., Rodriguez Martinez, ., Tlusty, M., T, E., Moses, <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Development+of+input+connections+in+neural+cultures.">Development of input connections in neural cultures.</a> Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 105 (37), 13758-13763 (2008).</li><li>Deisseroth, K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Optogenetics.">Optogenetics.</a> Nat Methods. 8 (1), 26-29 (2011).</li><li>Fenno, L., Yizhar, O., Deisseroth, K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+development+and+application+of+optogenetics.">The development and application of optogenetics.</a> Annu Rev Neurosci. 34, 389-412 (2011).</li><li>Williams, S. C., Deisseroth, K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Optogenetics.">Optogenetics.</a> Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 110 (41), 16287 (2013).</li><li>Rotem, A., Moses, E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Magnetic+stimulation+of+curved+nerves.">Magnetic stimulation of curved nerves.</a> IEEE Trans Biomed Eng. 53 (3), 414-420 (2006).</li><li>Rotem, A., Moses, E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Magnetic+stimulation+of+one-dimensional+neuronal+cultures.">Magnetic stimulation of one-dimensional neuronal cultures.</a> Biophys J. 94 (12), 5065-5078 (2008).</li><li>Feinerman, O., Moses, E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+picoliter+'fountain-pen'+using+co-axial+dual+pipettes.">A picoliter 'fountain-pen' using co-axial dual pipettes.</a> J Neurosci Methods. 127 (1), 75-84 (2003).</li><li>Feinerman, O., Segal, M., Moses, E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Signal+propagation+along+unidimensional+neuronal+networks.">Signal propagation along unidimensional neuronal networks.</a> J Neurophysiol. 94 (5), 3406-3416 (2005).</li><li>Papa, M., Bundman, M. C., Greenberger, V., Segal, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Morphological+analysis+of+dendritic+spine+development+in+primary+cultures+of+hippocampal+neurons.">Morphological analysis of dendritic spine development in primary cultures of hippocampal neurons.</a> J Neurosci. 15 (1 Pt 1), 1-11 (1995).</li><li>Bikson, M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Effects+of+uniform+extracellular+DC+electric+fields+on+excitability+in+rat+hippocampal+slices+in+vitro.">Effects of uniform extracellular DC electric fields on excitability in rat hippocampal slices in vitro.</a> J Physiol. 557 (1), 175-190 (2004).</li><li>Rahman, A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Cellular+effects+of+acute+direct+current+stimulation:+somatic+and+synaptic+terminal+effects.">Cellular effects of acute direct current stimulation: somatic and synaptic terminal effects.</a> J Physiol. 591 (10), 2563-2578 (2013).</li><li>Stern, S., Segal, M., Moses, E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Involvement+of+Potassium+and+Cation+Channels+in+Hippocampal+Abnormalities+of+Embryonic+Ts65Dn+and+Tc1+Trisomic+Mice.">Involvement of Potassium and Cation Channels in Hippocampal Abnormalities of Embryonic Ts65Dn and Tc1 Trisomic Mice.</a> EBioMedicine. 2 (9), 1048-1062 (2015).</li><li>Rotem, A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Solving+the+orientation+specific+constraints+in+transcranial+magnetic+stimulation+by+rotating+fields.">Solving the orientation specific constraints in transcranial magnetic stimulation by rotating fields.</a> PLoS One. 9 (2), e86794 (2014).</li><li>Feinerman, O., Rotem, A., Moses, E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Reliable+neuronal+logic+devices+from+patterned+hippocampal+cultures.">Reliable neuronal logic devices from patterned hippocampal cultures.</a> Nat Phys. 4 (12), 967-973 (2008).</li><li>Kleinfeld, D., Kahler, K. H., Hockberger, P. E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Controlled+outgrowth+of+dissociated+neurons+on+patterned+substrates.">Controlled outgrowth of dissociated neurons on patterned substrates.</a> J Neurosci. 8 (11), 4098-4120 (1988).</li><li>Bugnicourt, G., Brocard, J., Nicolas, A., Villard, C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Nanoscale+surface+topography+reshapes+neuronal+growth+in+culture.">Nanoscale surface topography reshapes neuronal growth in culture.</a> Langmuir. 30 (15), 4441-4449 (2014).</li><li>Roth, S., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Neuronal+architectures+with+axo-dendritic+polarity+above+silicon+nanowires.">Neuronal architectures with axo-dendritic polarity above silicon nanowires.</a> Small. 8 (5), 671-675 (2012).</li><li>Peyrin, J. M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Axon+diodes+for+the+reconstruction+of+oriented+neuronal+networks+in+microfluidic+chambers.">Axon diodes for the reconstruction of oriented neuronal networks in microfluidic chambers.</a> Lab Chip. 11 (21), 3663-3673 (2011).</li><li>Renault, R., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Combining+microfluidics,+optogenetics+and+calcium+imaging+to+study+neuronal+communication+in+vitro.">Combining microfluidics, optogenetics and calcium imaging to study neuronal communication in vitro.</a> PLoS One. 10 (4), e0120680 (2015).</li><li>Roth, B. J., Basser, P. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+model+of+the+stimulation+of+a+nerve+fiber+by+electromagnetic+induction.">A model of the stimulation of a nerve fiber by electromagnetic induction.</a> IEEE Trans Biomed Eng. 37 (6), 588-597 (1990).</li></ol>

1D 패턴은 다양한 애플리케이션에 사용될 수있는 중요한 도구입니다. 예를 들어, 우리는 신경 세포의 배양 물 (29)로부터 논리 게이트를 생성하고 최근 래트 해마 뉴런 5 Chronaxie 및 Rheobase를 측정하고, 상기 비교 다운 증후군 해마 뉴런 소성 활동 신호 전파 속도의 감속을위한 1 차원 패턴을 사용한 야생형 (WT) 해마의 뉴런 (27). 1 차원 패터닝 제안...

신경 세포와 외부 전기장 사이의 상호 작용은 근본적인 의미뿐만 아니라 실제 사람이있다. 이 외부인가 전계 조직을 자극 할 수있는 볼타 시대부터 알려져 있지만, 뉴런에서 얻어진 활동 전위의 제조를 담당하는 기전은 최근 4 3 2 1 풀어되기 시작한다. 이 전기장 2, 5에 응답하는 신경 세포의 막전위의 탈분극, 막 특성 및 이온 채널의 역할, 심지어 지역을 유발하는 메커니즘에 관한 질문에 대한 답을 찾는 포함되어 있습니다. 신경 자극 6, 7, 8, 9, 치료 <sup10 가지 방법론은이 정보에 특히 의존하며, 이는 고통받는 지역을 대상으로하고 치료 결과를 이해하는 데 중요 할 수 있습니다. 이러한 이해는 또한 치료 프로토콜과 뇌의 다른 영역을 자극하기위한 새로운 접근법을 개발하는 데 도움이 될 수 있습니다. 생체 내 뇌 에서 의 상호 작용을 측정하는 것은 이러한 이해에 중요한 요소를 추가하지만, 두개골 내 측정의 부정확성과 낮은 제어 가능성으로 인해 방해 받는다. 대조적으로, 배양 물에서의 측정은 고정밀, 우수한 신호 대 잡음 성능 및 고도의 재현성 및 제어로 대량으로 용이하게 수행 될 수있다. 문화를 사용하여 집단 네트워크 행동의 다양한 연결 특성을 밝혀 낼 수 있습니다 11 , 12 , 13 , 14 , </sup&gt; 15, 16. 마찬가지로,이 또한 제어 시스템 optogenetically 활성 뉴런 17, 18의 광 자극 동안의 채널 개구부 (19)가 활동 전위를 생성 할 책임이 방법, 예를 들면 다른 자극 방법이 작동하는 메커니즘을 해명에 매우 효율적일 것으로 예상된다. 여기에 초점을 효율적으로 외부 전기장을 통해 신경 세포를 자극 수있는 도구의 개발과 이해를 설명에 있습니다. 본 연구에서 우리는 하나 차원 배양 상이한 구성 및 목욕 전극에 의해 직접인가 전계의 방향 및 2 차원의 마지막 자극을 이용하여 자극, 2 차원 일차원 패터닝 해마 배양의 제조를 설명하고 패터닝 시변 전기장을 유도하는 자기장을5, 20, 21.

<table>
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>APV</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>A8054</td>
			<td>Disconnect the network. Mentioned in Section 2.4.2</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>B27 supp</td>
			<td>Gibco</td>
			<td>17504-044</td>
			<td>Plating medium. Mentioned in Section 1.1.1</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>bicuculline</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>14343</td>
			<td>Disconnect the network&#160;. Mentioned in Section 2.4.2</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Borax (sodium tetraborate decahydrate)</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>S9640</td>
			<td>Borate buffer. Mentioned in Section 1.1.2</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Boric acid</td>
			<td>Frutarom LTD</td>
			<td>5550710</td>
			<td>Borate buffer. Mentioned in Section 1.1.2</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>CaCl2 , 1M</td>
			<td>Fluka&#160;</td>
			<td>21098</td>
			<td>Extracellular recording solution&#160;. Mentioned in Section 1.5.2</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>CNQX</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>C239</td>
			<td>Disconnect the network&#160;. Mentioned in Section 2.4.2</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>COMSOL</td>
			<td>COMSOL Inc</td>
			<td>Multiphysics 3.5</td>
			<td>Numerical simulation. Mentioned in Section 3.5.2</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>D-(+)-Glucose, 1M</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>65146</td>
			<td>Plating medium, Extracellular recording solution&#160;. Mentioned in Section 1.1.1&#160;&#160;&#160; 1.5.2</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>D-PBS</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>D8537</td>
			<td>Cell Cultures. Mentioned in Section 1.2.4&#160;&#160;&#160; 1.2.6</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>FCS(FBS)</td>
			<td>Gibco</td>
			<td>12657-029</td>
			<td>Plating medium. Mentioned in Section 1.1.1</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Fibronectin</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>F1141</td>
			<td>Bio Coating. Mentioned in Section 1.2.6</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Fluo4, AM</td>
			<td>Life technologies</td>
			<td>F14201</td>
			<td>Imaging of spontaneous or evoked activity&#160;. Mentioned in Section 1.5.1&#160;&#160;&#160; 1.5.3&#160;&#160;&#160; 1.5.5</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>FUDR</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>F0503</td>
			<td>Changing medium. Mentioned in Section 1.4.1</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Gentamycin</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>G1272</td>
			<td>Plating medium, Changing medium, Final medium. Mentioned in Section 1.1.1</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>GlutaMAX 100X</td>
			<td>Gibco</td>
			<td>35050-038</td>
			<td>Plating medium, Changing medium, Final medium. Mentioned in Section 1.1.1</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Hepes, 1M</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>H0887</td>
			<td>Extracellular recording solution&#160;. Mentioned in Section 1.5.2</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>HI HS&#160;</td>
			<td>BI</td>
			<td>04-124-1A</td>
			<td>Plating medium, Changing medium, Final medium. Mentioned in Section 1.1.1&#160;&#160;&#160; 1.4.1&#160;&#160;&#160; 1.4.2</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>KCl,&#160; 3M</td>
			<td>Merck</td>
			<td>1049361000</td>
			<td>Extracellular recording solution. Mentioned in Section 1.5.2</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Laminin&#160;</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>L2020</td>
			<td>Bio Coating. Mentioned in Section 1.2.6</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>MEM x 1</td>
			<td>Gibco</td>
			<td>21090-022</td>
			<td>Plating medium, Changing medium, Final medium. Mentioned in Section 1.4.1&#160;&#160;&#160; 1.4.2</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>MgCl2 , 1M</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>M1028</td>
			<td>Extracellular recording solution. Mentioned in Section 1.5.2</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>NaCl, 4M</td>
			<td>Bio-Lab</td>
			<td>19030591</td>
			<td>Extracellular recording solution&#160;. Mentioned in Section 1.5.2</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Octadecanethiol</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>01858</td>
			<td>Cleaning Cr-Au coated coverslips (1D cultures). Mentioned in Section 1.2.3</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Pluracare F108 NF Prill</td>
			<td>BASF Corparation&#160;</td>
			<td>50475278</td>
			<td>Bio-Rejection Coating, Bio Coating. Mentioned in Section 1.2.4&#160;&#160;&#160; 1.2.6</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Poly-L-lysine 0.01% solution&#160;</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>&#160;P47075</td>
			<td>Promote cell division. Mentioned in Section 1.1.4</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Sucrose, 1M</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>S1888</td>
			<td>Extracellular recording solution&#160;. Mentioned in Section 1.5.2</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Thiol&#160;</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>1858</td>
			<td>Bio-Rejection Coating. Mentioned in Section 1.2.3</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>URIDINE</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>U3750</td>
			<td>Changing medium. Mentioned in Section 1.4.1</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Sputtering machine</td>
			<td>AJA International, Inc</td>
			<td>ATC Orion-5Series&#160;</td>
			<td>coating glass with thin layers of metal. Mentioned in Section 1.2.2</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Pen plotter&#160;</td>
			<td>Hewlett Packard&#160;</td>
			<td>HP 7475A</td>
			<td>Etching of pattern to the coated coverslip. Mentioned in Section 1.2.5</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Electrodes wires&#160;</td>
			<td>A-M Systems, Carlsborg WA</td>
			<td>767000</td>
			<td>Electric stimulation of neuronal cultures. Mentioned in Section 2.1&#160;&#160;&#160; 2.2&#160;&#160;&#160; 2.3&#160;&#160; 2.4.5</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Signal generator</td>
			<td>BKPrecision</td>
			<td>4079</td>
			<td>Shaping of the electric signal. Mentioned in Section 2.3</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Amplifier</td>
			<td>Homemade</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Voltage amplification of the signal from the signal generator to the electrodes. Mentioned in Section 2.3</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Power supply</td>
			<td>Matrix&#160;</td>
			<td>MPS-3005 LK-3&#160;</td>
			<td>Power supply to the sputtering machine. Mentioned in Section 1.2.2.3</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Transcranial magnetic stimulation</td>
			<td>Magstim, Spring Gardens, UK</td>
			<td>Rapid 2</td>
			<td>Magnetic stimulation of neuronal culture. Mentioned in Section 3.1&#160;&#160; 3.3&#160;&#160; 3.4</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Epoxy</td>
			<td>Cognis</td>
			<td>Versamid 140</td>
			<td>Casting of homemade coils. Mentioned in Section 3.4</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Epoxy</td>
			<td>Shell</td>
			<td>EPON 815&#160;</td>
			<td>Casting of homemade coils. Mentioned in Section 3.4</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Platinum wires 0.005&#39;&#39; thick; A-M Systems,&#160;</td>
			<td>&#160;Carlsborg WA</td>
			<td>&#160;767000</td>
			<td>Electric stimulation of neuronal cultures. Mentioned in Section 2.1</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Circular magnetic coil</td>
			<td>Homemade</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Magnetic stimulation of neuronal culture. Mentioned in Section 3.3</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>WaveXpress SW</td>
			<td>B&#38;K Precision&#160;</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Waveform editing software. Mentioned in Section 2.1.32</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Xion Ultra 897</td>
			<td>Andor</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Sensitive EMCCD camera. Mentioned in Section 2.4.4</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

external excitation of neurons using electric and magnetic fields in one- and two-dimensional cultures

뉴런은 멤브레인 전위가 특정 임계 값을 초과 할 때 활동 전위를 발화시킵니다. 뇌의 전형적인 활동에서, 이것은 시냅스에 대한 화학 물질 투입의 결과로서 발생합니다. 그러나 뉴런은 부과 된 전기장에 의해 흥분 될 수도 있습니다. 특히 최근의 임상 응용은 외부에서 전기장을 만들어 뉴런을 활성화시킵니다. 따라서 신경 세포가 외부 장에 어떻게 반응하는지 그리고 활동 잠재력을 유발하는 원인을 조사하는 것이 중요합니다. 다행히도, 외부 전기장의 정밀하고 제어 된 적용은 배양에서 절제되고, 해리되고 성장되는 배아 신경 세포에 대해 가능하다. 이를 통해 매우 재현 가능한 시스템에서 이러한 질문을 조사 할 수 있습니다. 이 논문에서는 신경 세포 배양에 외부 전계의 제어 된 적용을 위해 사용되는 기술의 일부가 재검토된다. 네트워크는 1 차원 일 수 있으며, 즉 선형으로 패턴 화 될 수 있습니다R 양식 또는 상기 기판의 전체면 상에 성장시키고, 따라서 이차원. 또한, 음원은 유체 (욕 전극) 또는 자기 펄스 원격 생성을 이용하여 전계를 유도하여 침지 전극을 통하여 전계를 직접 애플리케이션에 의해 생성 될 수있다.

<html> 제시된 프로토콜은의 연결 문화의 쉬운 patterning 수 있습니다. 우리가 자극을 위해 개발 한 여러 가지 방법과 결합되면 Chronaxie 및 Rheobase 5 와 같은 일부 고유 신경 세포 특성을 측정하고 건강한 사람과 질병이있는 뉴런의 특성을 비교하고 문화를 자극하는 최적의 방법을 찾기 위해 사용할 수 있습니다. 그들의 구조와 더 많은 새로운 접근 방식을 제공...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about External Excitation of Neurons Using Electric and Magnetic Fields in One- and Two-dimensional Cultures at JoVE.com

External Excitation of Neurons Using Electric and Magnetic Fields in One- and Two-dimensional Cultures

신경 세포의 문화는 하나의 신경 세포에 대한 효과 나 신경 세포의 인구를 통해 새로운 뇌 자극 기술을 연구하는데 좋은 모델입니다. 목욕 전극에 의해 직접 생산 또는 시변 자기장에 의해 유도되는 전계에 의해 패터닝 신경 배양 자극하는 다른 방법들이 여기에 제시 하였다.

전기 단일 및 두 개 차원 문화에 자기장을 사용하여 신경 세포의 외부인가 전압

A neuron will fire an action potential when its membrane potential exceeds a certain threshold. In typical activity of the brain, this occurs as a result ...

Research

Education

JoVE Journal

JoVE Core

Mechanical Engineering

Physics

Neuroscience

Unit 1

Force Vectors

Gauss's Law

SCIENTISTS IN ACTION

Dissection and Culture of Commissural Neurons from Embryonic Spinal Cord

배아 척수에서 뉴런의 Commissural 해부와 문화

Commissural neurons have been widely used to investigate the mechanisms underlying axon guidance during embryonic spinal cord development. The cell bodies ...

연구

신경과학

Using Affordable LED Arrays for Photo-Stimulation of Neurons

뉴런의 사진 자극에 저렴한 LED 배열을 사용하여

Standard slice electrophysiology has allowed researchers to probe individual components of neural circuitry by recording electrical responses of single ...

Comprehensive Profiling of Dopamine Regulation in Substantia Nigra and Ventral Tegmental Area

Substantia Nigra 및 복부 Tegmental 지역의 도파민 규정의 종합적인 프로파일

Dopamine is a vigorously studied neurotransmitter in the CNS. Indeed, its involvement in locomotor activity and reward-related behaviour has fostered five ...

One Mouse, Two Cultures: Isolation and Culture of Adult Neural Stem Cells from the Two Neurogenic Zones of Individual Mice

하나의 마우스, 두 문화 : 분리 및 성인 신경의 문화가 개인 마우스의 두 신경 인성 영역에서 줄기 세포

The neurosphere assay and the adherent monolayer culture system are valuable tools to determine the potential (proliferation or differentiation) of adult ...

The Use of Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy as a Tool for the Measurement of Bi-hemispheric Transcranial Electric Stimulation Effects on Primary Motor Cortex Metabolism

일차 운동 피질 대사에 양성 반구 경 두개 전기 자극 효과의 측정을위한 도구로 자기 공명 분광학의 사용

Transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) is a neuromodulation technique that has been increasingly used over the past decade in the treatment of ...

Rapid Genotyping of Animals Followed by Establishing Primary Cultures of Brain Neurons

동물의 신속한 유전자형은 뇌 신경 세포의 차 문화 구축에 이어

High-resolution analysis of the morphology and function of mammalian neurons often requires the genotyping of individual animals followed by the analysis ...

Reliable Identification of Living Dopaminergic Neurons in Midbrain Cultures Using RNA Sequencing and TH-promoter-driven eGFP Expression

RNA 시퀀싱 및 TH-프로모터 중심 eGFP는 표현을 사용하여 중간 뇌 문화에서 생활 도파민 뉴런의 신뢰성 확인

In Parkinson&#39;s Disease (PD) there is widespread neuronal loss throughout the brain with pronounced degeneration of dopaminergic neurons in the SNc, ...

Quantification of Endosome and Lysosome Motilities in Cultured Neurons Using Fluorescent Probes

형광 프로브를 이용한 배양 된 뉴런의 엔도 좀과 리소좀 기능의 정량화

In the brain, membrane trafficking systems play important roles in regulating neuronal functions, such as neuronal morphology, synaptic plasticity, ...

Preparations and Protocols for Whole Cell Patch Clamp Recording of Xenopus laevis Tectal Neurons

Preparations and Protocols for Whole Cell Patch Clamp Recording of Xenopus laevis Tectal Neurons

준비 및 Xenopus laevis Tectal 신경의 전체 셀 패치 클램프 기록에 대 한 프로토콜

The Xenopus tadpole retinotectal circuit, comprised of the retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) in the eye which form synapses directly onto neurons in the optic ...

Ballistic Labeling of Pyramidal Neurons in Brain Slices and in Primary Cell Culture

뇌 슬라이스와 기본 세포 배양에서 피라미드 뉴런의 탄도 라벨링

It has been reported that the size and shape of dendritic spines is related to their structural plasticity. To identify the morphological structure of ...