Name: laboratory production of biofuels and biochemicals from a rapeseed oil through catalytic cracking conversion
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الكتاب أود أن أشكر المختبر التحليلي لمركز تكنولوجيا CanmetENERGY للدعم الفني، وصنكور انرجي لتوريد النفط الخام الاصطناعية. وقدمت تمويلا جزئيا لهذه الدراسة من كندا الموارد الطبيعية وبرنامج حكومة كندا الإدارات لأبحاث الطاقة والتنمية (PERD) مع A22.015 معرف المشروع. سوف يي تشانغ ترغب في الاعتراف به العلوم الطبيعية ومجلس بحوث الهندسة (NSERC) من كندا الزائر زمالة من يناير 2015 إلى يناير 2016.

تنبيه: يرجى التشاور مع جميع بيانات سلامة المواد ذات الصلة (MSDS) قبل استخدام المواد. يجب فقط أن يتم عمل مع عينات النفط الخام في حين يرتدي المعدات المناسبة الحماية الشخصية (النظارات الواقية، والقفازات، والسراويل والأحذية المغلقة اصبع القدم، ومعطف مختبر)، وفتح، ونقل ومعالجة عينات ا...

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بروتوكول الموصوفة هنا يستخدم العملية الدورية للمفاعل واحد يحتوي على مجموعة من الجسيمات حافزا المميعة لمحاكاة تكسير النفط تغذية وتجديد حافز. النفط إلى أن تصدع ومسخن وتتغذى من أعلى عن طريق الأنبوب الحاقن مع طرفها بالقرب من أسفل السرير السوائل. ويتم تكثيف البخار ولدت ?...

وهناك اهتمام عالمية قوية في كل من القطاعين العام والخاص لإيجاد وسائل فعالة واقتصادية لانتاج وقود النقل من المواد الأولية المستمدة من الكتلة الحيوية. هو الدافع وراء هذا الاهتمام من الحرص العام على مساهمة كبيرة من حرق الوقود الأحفوري البترول لانبعاثات غازات الدفيئة (غازات الدفيئة) ومساهمة المرتبط به في ظاهرة الاحتباس الحراري. أيضا، هناك إرادة سياسية قوية في أمريكا الشمالية وأوروبا لتهجير النفط المنتجة في الخارج مع الوقود السائل المحلية المتجددة. في عام 2008، وفرت الوقود الحيوي 1.8٪ من وقود النقل في العالم 1. في كثير من البلدان المتقدمة، هو مطلوب منها أن الوقود الحيوي محل من 6٪ إلى 10٪ من الوقود النفطي في المستقبل القريب (2). في كندا، تتطلب اللوائح محتوى متوسط ​​من الوقود المتجدد من 5٪ في البنزين ابتداء من 15 ديسمبر 2010 3. التوجيه للطاقة المتجددة (RED) في أوروبا وقد كلفت أيضا هدفا للطاقة المتجددة 10٪ للاتحاد الأوروبي عبرقطاع الموانئ بحلول عام 2020 (4). وكان التحدي لتطوير وإثبات طريقا اقتصاديا حيويا لانتاج وقود النقل مثلية من الكتلة الحيوية. وتشمل المصادر البيولوجية الكتلة الحيوية القائمة على الدهون الثلاثية مثل الزيوت النباتية والدهون الحيوانية، وكذلك زيت الطهي النفايات والكتلة الحيوية السليلوزية مثل رقائق الخشب، نفايات الغابات، والمخلفات الزراعية. على مدى العقدين الماضيين، ركز البحث على تقييم لتكرير النفط المشتق من الكتلة الحيوية باستخدام التقليدية السائل الحفاز تكسير (FCC) 5-12، وهي تقنية المسؤولة عن إنتاج معظم البنزين في مصفاة البترول. لدينا نهجا جديدا في هذه الدراسة هو أن تشارك في عملية زيت الكانولا مختلطة مع المواد الأولية المشتقة القار الرمال النفطية. عادة، يجب ترقية القار قبل التكرير وإنتاج المواد الأولية مصفاة مثل النفط الخام الاصطناعية (SCO)، هذا تجهيز الطريق بشكل خاص استهلاكا للطاقة، وهو ما يمثل 68-78٪ من emissi غازات الدفيئةالإضافات من إنتاج المنظمة 13 و، في عام 2011، تشكل 2.6٪ من إجمالي انبعاثات غازات الدفيئة في كندا 14. ويمكن لاستبدال جزء من HGO ترقية مع biofeed لحد من انبعاثات غازات الدفيئة، منذ إنتاج الوقود الحيوي ينطوي على البصمة الكربونية أصغر من ذلك بكثير. يتم اختيار زيت الكانولا في هذا العمل لأنها وفيرة في كندا والولايات المتحدة. هذه المواد الخام تمتلك الكثافة واللزوجة مماثلة لتلك التي HGOs بينما محتويات الكبريت والنيتروجين، والمعادن التي يمكن أن تؤثر على أداء لجنة الاتصالات الفدرالية أو جودة المنتج تكاد لا تذكر. وعلاوة على ذلك، فإن هذا الخيار التجهيز المشترك يوفر مزايا تكنولوجية واقتصادية كبيرة كما انها ستسمح الاستفادة من البنية التحتية المصفاة القائمة، وبالتالي، يتطلب القليل من الأجهزة أو تعديل مصفاة إضافية. وبالإضافة إلى ذلك، قد يكون هناك التآزر المحتمل الذي يمكن أن يؤدي إلى تحسين جودة المنتج عندما شارك في تجهيز القار العطرية للغاية تتغذى مع الكتلة الحيوية نظيره مستقيمة سنده. ومع ذلك، التجهيز المشتركينطوي على تحديات فنية هامة. وتشمل هذه الخصائص الفيزيائية والكيميائية الفريدة من يغذي الحيوية: نسبة عالية من الأكسجين، وتكوين-برافيني الغنية، والتوافق مع المواد الأولية النفطية، قاذورات المحتملة، الخ وتقدم هذه الدراسة بروتوكول مفصلة لإنتاج الوقود الحيوي على نطاق واسع المختبر من زيت الكانولا من خلال التكسير التحفيزي. يستخدم لهذا العمل يبين الشكل 1 تخطيطي كيف تعمل هذه الوحدة - نظام آلي بالكامل رد فعل - المشار إليها في هذا العمل كوحدة الفحص المخبري (LTU) 15. وقد أصبح هذا LTU معيار الصناعة لمختبر دراسات لجنة الاتصالات الفدرالية. الهدف من هذه الدراسة هو اختبار مدى ملاءمة LTU لتكسير زيت الكانولا لإنتاج الوقود والمواد الكيميائية وذلك بهدف الحد من انبعاثات غازات الدفيئة. <img alt="شكل 1" src="/files/ftp_upload/54390/54390fig1.jpg" /> الشكل 1: illustratio المفاهيميةن من المفاعل. توضيحي يظهر خطوط تدفق المحفز، والأعلاف، والمنتجات، ومخفف. <a href="https://www.jove.com/files/ftp_upload/54390/54390fig1large.jpg" target="_blank">الرجاء انقر هنا لعرض نسخة أكبر من هذا الرقم.</a>

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="818">
	<tbody>
		<tr height="168">
			<td height="168" style="height:168px;width:231px;">Advanced Cracking Evaluation (ACE) Unit</td>
			<td style="width:168px;">Kayser Technology Inc.</td>
			<td style="width:111px;">ACE R+ 46</td>
			<td dir="LTR" style="width:309px;">Assembled by Zeton Inc. SN:505-46;&#160; consisting of (1) a reactor; (2) catalyst addition system; (3) feed delivery system;&#160; (4) liquid collection system; (5) gas collection system; (6) gas analyzing system; (7) catalyst regeneration system; (8) CO catalytic convertor; (9) coke analyzing system</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="126">
			<td height="126" style="height:126px;width:231px;">Reactor (ACE)</td>
			<td style="width:168px;">Kayser Technology Inc.</td>
			<td style="width:111px;">V-105</td>
			<td style="width:309px;">A 1.6 cm ID stainless steel tube having a tapered conical bottom and with a diluent (nitrogen) flowing from the bottom to fluidize the catalyst and also serve as the stripping gas at the end of the run</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:231px;">Catalyst Addition System (ACE)</td>
			<td style="width:168px;">Kayser Technology Inc.</td>
			<td style="width:111px;"></td>
			<td style="width:309px;">Six hoppers (V-120F, with respective valves) for addition of catalyst for up to 6 runs</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="126">
			<td height="126" style="height:126px;width:231px;">Feed Delivery System (ACE)</td>
			<td style="width:168px;">Kayser Technology Inc.</td>
			<td style="width:111px;"></td>
			<td style="width:309px;">Consisting of feed bottle (V-100), syringe (FS-115), pump (P-100), and injector (with 1.125 inch injector height, i.e., the distance from the lowest point of the conical reactor bottom to the bottom end of the feed injector)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="84">
			<td height="84" style="height:84px;width:231px;">Liquid Collection System (ACE)</td>
			<td style="width:168px;">Kayser Technology Inc.</td>
			<td style="width:111px;"></td>
			<td style="width:309px;">Six liquid receivers (V-110F) immersed in a common coolant bath (Ethylene glycol/water mixture in 50:50 mass ratio) at about &#8211;15 &#176;C in a large tank (V-145)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="127">
			<td height="127" style="height:127px;width:231px;">Gas Collection System (ACE)</td>
			<td style="width:168px;">Kayser Technology Inc.</td>
			<td style="width:111px;"></td>
			<td style="width:309px;">Based on water displacement principle; consisting of gas collection vessel (V-150) with a motor-driven stirrer (MTR-100), and a weight scale (WT-100) for weighing the displaced water collected in a beaker (V100)&#160;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="101">
			<td height="101" style="height:101px;width:231px;">Gas Analyzing System (ACE)</td>
			<td style="width:168px;">Kayser Technology Inc.</td>
			<td style="width:111px;"></td>
			<td style="width:309px;">Key element being Agilent micro GC (model 3000A) with four capillary columns equipped with respective thermal conductivity detectors (TCDs)&#160;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="101">
			<td height="101" style="height:101px;width:231px;">Catalyst Regeneration System (ACE)</td>
			<td style="width:168px;">Kayser Technology Inc.</td>
			<td style="width:111px;">V-105</td>
			<td style="width:309px;">Spent catalyst in reactor being burned in situ in air at +700 &#176;C to ensure complete removal of carbon deposited on the catalyst</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="109">
			<td height="109" style="height:109px;width:231px;">CO Catalytic Convertor&#160; (ACE)</td>
			<td style="width:168px;">Kayser Technology Inc.</td>
			<td style="width:111px;"></td>
			<td style="width:309px;">A reactor (V-140) with CuO as catalyst to oxidize any CO and hydrocarbons in exhausted flue gas to CO2 (to be analyzed by IR gas analyzer) and H2O (to be absorbed by a dryer)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="46">
			<td height="46" style="height:46px;width:231px;">Coke Analyzing System (ACE)</td>
			<td style="width:168px;">Kayser Technology Inc.</td>
			<td style="width:111px;"></td>
			<td style="width:309px;">Servomex (Model 1440C) IR analyzer for measuring CO2 in exhausted flue gas</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:231px;">R+MM Software Suite</td>
			<td style="width:168px;">Kayser Technology Inc.</td>
			<td style="width:111px;"></td>
			<td style="width:309px;">Including iFIX 3.5&#160;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:231px;">Agilent Micro GC</td>
			<td style="width:168px;">Agilent Technologies</td>
			<td style="width:111px;">3000A</td>
			<td style="width:309px;">For gas analysis after cracking</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:231px;">Cerity Networked Data System</td>
			<td style="width:168px;">Agilent Technologies</td>
			<td style="width:111px;"></td>
			<td style="width:309px;">Software for Agilent Micro GC</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="25">
			<td height="25" style="height:25px;width:231px;">CO2 Gas Analyser</td>
			<td style="width:168px;">Servomex Inc.</td>
			<td style="width:111px;">1440C</td>
			<td style="width:309px;">SN: 01440C1C02/2900</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:231px;">NESLAB Refrigerated Bath</td>
			<td style="width:168px;">Themo Electron Corporation</td>
			<td style="width:111px;">RTE 740</td>
			<td style="width:309px;">SN: 104300061</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:231px;">Orion&#160; Sage Syringe Pump</td>
			<td style="width:168px;">Themo Electron Corporation</td>
			<td style="width:111px;">M362</td>
			<td style="width:309px;">For delivering feed oil to injector tube</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:231px;">Synthetic Crude Oil (SCO)&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:168px;">Suncor Energy Inc.</td>
			<td style="width:111px;"></td>
			<td style="width:309px;">Identified as Suncor OSA 10-4.1</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:231px;">Catalyst P</td>
			<td style="width:168px;">Petro-Canada Refinery</td>
			<td style="width:111px;"></td>
			<td style="width:309px;">Equilibrium catalyst</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:231px;">Balance</td>
			<td style="width:168px;">Mettler Toledo</td>
			<td style="width:111px;">AB304-S</td>
			<td style="width:309px;">For weighing liquid product receivers</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:231px;">Balance</td>
			<td style="width:168px;">Mettler Toledo</td>
			<td style="width:111px;">XS8001S</td>
			<td style="width:309px;">For weighing water displaced by gas product</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:231px;">Ethylene Glycol</td>
			<td style="width:168px;">Fisher Scientifc Inc.</td>
			<td style="width:111px;">CAS 107-21-1</td>
			<td style="width:309px;">Mixed with distilled water as coolant (50 v% )</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:231px;">Drierite</td>
			<td style="width:168px;">W.A. Hammond Drierite Co. Ltd.</td>
			<td style="width:111px;">24001</td>
			<td style="width:309px;">For water absorption after CO catalytic converter</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="25">
			<td height="25" style="height:25px;width:231px;">Copper Oxide</td>
			<td style="width:168px;">LECO Corporation</td>
			<td style="width:111px;">501-170</td>
			<td style="width:309px;">Catalyst for conversion of CO to CO2</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:231px;">Toluene</td>
			<td style="width:168px;">Fisher Scientific Co.&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:111px;">CAS 108-88-3</td>
			<td style="width:309px;">For cleaning liquid receivers</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:231px;">Acetone</td>
			<td style="width:168px;">Fisher Scientific Co.&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:111px;">CAS 67-64-1</td>
			<td style="width:309px;">For cleaning liquid receivers</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:231px;">Micro GC Calibration Gas</td>
			<td style="width:168px;">Air Liquid Canada Inc.</td>
			<td style="width:111px;">SPG-25MX0015306</td>
			<td style="width:309px;">Multicomponent standard gas</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="25">
			<td height="25" style="height:25px;width:231px;">19.8% CO2 Standard Gas</td>
			<td style="width:168px;">BOC Canada Ltd.</td>
			<td style="width:111px;">24069890</td>
			<td style="width:309px;">For calibration of IR analyzer</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:231px;">Argon Gas</td>
			<td style="width:168px;">Linde Canada ltd.</td>
			<td style="width:111px;">24001306</td>
			<td style="width:309px;">Grade 5.0 Purity</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:231px;">Helium Gas</td>
			<td style="width:168px;">Linde Canada ltd.</td>
			<td style="width:111px;">24001333</td>
			<td style="width:309px;">Grade 5.0 Purity</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:231px;">Gas analyzer GC Module</td>
			<td style="width:168px;">Inficon</td>
			<td style="width:111px;">GCMOD-15</td>
			<td style="width:309px;">Channel A</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:231px;">Gas analyzer GC Module</td>
			<td style="width:168px;">Inficon</td>
			<td style="width:111px;">GCMOD-03</td>
			<td style="width:309px;">Channel B</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:231px;">Gas analyzer GC Module</td>
			<td style="width:168px;">Inficon</td>
			<td style="width:111px;">GCMOD-04</td>
			<td style="width:309px;">Channel C</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:231px;">Gas analyzer GC Module</td>
			<td style="width:168px;">Inficon</td>
			<td style="width:111px;">GCMOD-73</td>
			<td style="width:309px;">Channel D</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:231px;">HP 6890 GC</td>
			<td style="width:168px;">Hewlett-Packard Co.&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:111px;">G1530A</td>
			<td style="width:309px;">For simulated distillation</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:231px;">ASTM 2887 Standard Sample</td>
			<td style="width:168px;">PAC L.P.</td>
			<td style="width:111px;">26650.150</td>
			<td style="width:309px;">For quality control in simulated distillation</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:231px;">ASTM 2887 Standard Sample</td>
			<td style="width:168px;">PAC L.P.</td>
			<td style="width:111px;">25950.200</td>
			<td style="width:309px;">For calibration in simulated distillation</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:231px;">Column for GC 6890 (simulated distillation)</td>
			<td style="width:168px;">Agilent Technologies</td>
			<td style="width:111px;">CP7562</td>
			<td style="width:309px;">10m x 0.53mm x 1.2&#181;m, HP 6890 GC column</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:231px;">Liquid Nitrogen</td>
			<td style="width:168px;">Air Liquid Canada Inc.</td>
			<td style="width:111px;">SPG-NIT1AC240LC</td>
			<td style="width:309px;">For use in simulated distillation&#160;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:231px;">Nitrogen</td>
			<td style="width:168px;">Air Liquid Canada Inc.</td>
			<td style="width:111px;">Bulk (building N2)</td>
			<td style="width:309px;">For use in ACE unit operation</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:231px;">Isotemp Programmable Furnace</td>
			<td style="width:168px;">Thermo Fisher Scientifc Inc.</td>
			<td style="width:111px;">10-750-126</td>
			<td style="width:309px;">For calcination of catalyst</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:231px;">GC Vials, Crimp Top</td>
			<td style="width:168px;">Chromatograghic Specialties Inc</td>
			<td style="width:111px;">C223682C</td>
			<td style="width:309px;">2ml, for liquid product</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:231px;">Seals, Crimp Top</td>
			<td style="width:168px;">Chromatograghic Specialties Inc</td>
			<td style="width:111px;">C221150</td>
			<td style="width:309px;">11 mm, for use with GC vials</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:231px;">4 oz clear Boston round bottles</td>
			<td style="width:168px;">Fisher Scientific Co.&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:111px;">02-911-784</td>
			<td style="width:309px;">With PE cone lined caps, for use in feed system</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:231px;">Sieve</td>
			<td style="width:168px;">Endecotts Ltd.</td>
			<td style="width:111px;">6140269</td>
			<td style="width:309px;">Aperture 38 micron</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:231px;">Sieve</td>
			<td style="width:168px;">Endecotts Ltd.</td>
			<td style="width:111px;">6146265</td>
			<td style="width:309px;">Aperture 250 micron</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:231px;">Shaker</td>
			<td style="width:168px;">Endecotts Ltd.</td>
			<td style="width:111px;">MIN 2737-11</td>
			<td style="width:309px;">Minor-Meinzer 2 Sieve Shaker for catalyst screening</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:231px;">V20 Volumetric KF Titrator</td>
			<td style="width:168px;">Mettler Toledo</td>
			<td style="width:111px;">5131025056</td>
			<td style="width:309px;">For water content analysis of the liquid product</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:231px;">Hydranal Composite 5</td>
			<td style="width:168px;">Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:111px;">34805-1L-R</td>
			<td style="width:309px;">Reagent for Karl Fischer titration</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="63">
			<td height="63" style="height:63px;width:231px;">Methanol (extremely low water grade)</td>
			<td style="width:168px;">Fisher Scientific Co.&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:111px;">A413-4</td>
			<td style="width:309px;">Mixed with toluene (40:60 w/w) for KF titration: also used to recover water in receiver</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:231px;">Glass Wool</td>
			<td style="width:168px;">Fisher Scientific Co.&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:111px;">11-388</td>
			<td style="width:309px;">Placed inside the top of receiver outlet arm&#160;</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

laboratory production of biofuels and biochemicals from a rapeseed oil through catalytic cracking conversion

The work is based on a reported study which investigates the processability of canola oil (bio-feed) in the presence of bitumen-derived heavy gas oil (HGO) for production of transportation fuels through a fluid catalytic cracking (FCC) route. Cracking experiments are performed with a fully automated reaction unit at a fixed weight hourly space velocity (WHSV) of 8 hr-1, 490-530 &#176;C, and catalyst/oil ratios of 4-12 g/g. When a feed is in contact with catalyst in the fluid-bed reactor, cracking takes place generating gaseous, liquid, and solid products. The vapor produced is condensed and collected in a liquid receiver at -15 &#176;C. The non-condensable effluent is first directed to a vessel and is sent, after homogenization, to an on-line gas chromatograph (GC) for refinery gas analysis. The coke deposited on the catalyst is determined in situ by burning the spent catalyst in air at high temperatures. Levels of CO2 are measured quantitatively via an infrared (IR) cell, and are converted to coke yield. Liquid samples in the receivers are analyzed by GC for simulated distillation to determine the amounts in different boiling ranges, i.e., IBP-221 &#176;C (gasoline), 221-343 &#176;C (light cycle oil), and 343 &#176;C+ (heavy cycle oil). Cracking of a feed containing canola oil generates water, which appears at the bottom of a liquid receiver and on its inner wall. Recovery of water on the wall is achieved through washing with methanol followed by Karl Fischer titration for water content. Basic results reported include conversion (the portion of the feed converted to gas and liquid product with a boiling point below 221 &#176;C, coke, and water, if present) and yields of dry gas (H2-C2's, CO, and CO2), liquefied petroleum gas (C3-C4), gasoline, light cycle oil, heavy cycle oil, coke, and water, if present.

تم تطبيق بروتوكول المعمول بنجاح لمزيج النفط من 15:85 نسبة حجم (أي 14.73: 85.27 نسبة الكتلة) بين زيت الكانولا والمستمدة SCO-HGO 20. لأسباب عملية (التكلفة، وتوافر زيت الكانولا، والتحديات المحتملة في العملية التجارية)، وركزت الدراسة على المواد الخام الت...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Laboratory Production of Biofuels and Biochemicals from a Rapeseed Oil through Catalytic Cracking Conversion at JoVE.com

Laboratory Production of Biofuels and Biochemicals from a Rapeseed Oil through Catalytic Cracking Conversion

تقدم هذه الورقة المنهج التجريبي لإنتاج الوقود الحيوي والمواد الكيميائية الحيوية من زيت الكانولا مختلطة مع تغذية القائم على الوقود الأحفوري في وجود عامل حفاز عند درجة حرارة معتدلة. وكميا الغازية والسائلة والصلبة المنتجات من وحدة التفاعل ويتميز. يتم حساب التحويل والناتج الفردي الغلة والإبلاغ عنها.

إنتاج المختبر من الوقود الحيوي والمواد الكيميائية الحيوية من زيت بذور اللفت من خلال التحفيز تكسير التحويل

The work is based on a reported study which investigates the processability of canola oil (bio-feed) in the presence of bitumen-derived heavy gas oil ...

The overall goal of this laboratory method is to produce biofuels and biochemicals from co-processing of canola oil with fossil-based feeds. This method can help answer key questions in chemical engineering, really, into catalytic cracking of heavy oils, fuel chemistry, catalysis, and reaction mechanisms. The main advantage of this technique is that the method is fast and cost effective, enabling full control over the test parameters and the reduction of human error.The implications of this technique extend towards catalyst development, as the equipment used is simple, reliable, and productive for testing new formulas. Although this study focus on product distribution and the quality, the main study can also be applied to other fields such as predictive modelling and simulations. I'm pleased to introduce my teammates.Research Scientist, Nicole Heshka, Yi Zhang, and R&D program advisor Edward Little. They will demonstrate the procedure and/or discuss the method. To begin this procedure, disconnect the oil feed line below the purge valve of a laboratory test unit, or LTU, and attach a short temporary tube to the bottom of the valve.Following this, preheat a previously prepared feedstock to 85 degrees celsius to enable the heavy gas oil, or HGO, blend to flow easily. Place a tared beaker at the discharge of the short temporary tube connected to the oil feed pump. Then start the preset pump cal user program in the reaction unit software.After the pump cal program is complete, remove and weigh the beaker containing the feed. Divide the mass of the feed delivered into the beaker by the injection time. Next, adjust the pump speed using the three digit dial on the pump, and repeat the previous steps until the desired feed rate of 1.2 grams per minute is attained.Then remove the short temporary tube and reconnect the feed line. Through the reaction unit software, switch the valve to the position that enables the zero gas to flow to the IR analyzer. Turn the knob in association with the flow control valve to get about 250 standard cubic centimeters per minute on the flow indicator.Following this, zero the analyzer using the zero adjustment screw on the front panel with a flat-bladed screw driver. Switch the hand valve to supply the carbon dioxide standard gas to the analyzer. Then adjust the manual valve to obtain a flow of approximately 250 standard cubic centimeters per minute.Adjust the analyzer reading to match the concentration of the standard span gas using the span screw on the front panel. Place a small plug of glass wool inside the top of each receiver outlet arm. Following this, place the receiver in a flask of suitable size to keep it upright.Then weigh the receiver in an analytical balance covered by a cubic plastic shield to ensure a draft-free environment. Now install and connect the weighed receiver to the product line. Install an oil feed line in the reactor with a length that allows for 1.125 inch injector height.Place a filter at the exit of the reactor to prevent any catalyst dust from entering the product line, changing the filter after 50 to 100 runs. It is critical to maintain consistency between runs. For example, always use an on size and coke-free equilibrium catalyst, oil feed line in the reactor with the same injector height, and constant molecular weight for the C5 plus unresolved gas lump.After feed pump calibration and receiver installation, perform a pressure test on the reactor system by running the program PTEST1. Close the gas vent and pressurize the reactor system with 150 millimeters mercury of nitrogen followed by isolation of the system. Observe the pressure reading for a few minutes to ensure the pressure drop is no more than 0.4 millimeters of mercury per minute, indicating that no leaks are present.On the LTU setup screen, input the relevant information for the experiment. Then place the system into run mode by clicking the Run button on the process flow screen. Observe as fresh catalyst from the specified hopper is discharged into the reactor.At this point, monitor the reaction system to ensure it reaches the correct conditions previously specified in the software. When the reaction conditions are met, watch to see that the syringe pump delivers the oil feed into the reactor. Following feed injection, observe vapor products flowing through the liquid receivers into the water displacement system for gas collection.Check to see that the high boiling products are condensing in the liquid receivers. At the end of the catalyst's stripping cycle, watch to ensure that the air flow begins and the reactor temperature is raised to approximately 715 degrees celsius. Monitor the IR analyzer which should show a sharp increase in carbon dioxide concentration followed by a decrease to below 0.3%At the end of the catalyst regeneration, ensure that the computer software records the mass of displaced water along with the pressure and temperature of the gas in the collection vessel.After mixing and warming to approximately 30 degrees celsius, observe delivery of the gas to the GC for analysis. Observe the reactor cooling down to skin temperatures, 50 degrees celsius below the reaction set points. Save all the data for the run.If it is the last run, discharge the spent catalyst to the waste vessel. Using the computer, attach to a gas chromatograph, or GC, integrate the peaks, and process the data using the calibration established. Input the final GC data into the LTU program through the LTU computer.For good material balance, it is critical to accurately determine the mass of liquid product, including water if present. The following steps include the methodology to recover the liquid product, in a way the long liquid product receiver, in a draft-free environment. After removing the clamp from the liquid product receiver, tilt the receiver and collect any liquid product droplets on the beveled metal tip below the product valve.Immediately seal the receiver with labeled rubber stoppers and carefully remove it from the ethylene glycol bath. Rinse off the ethylene glycol with cold water, and dry the receiver with a paper towel. Following this, place the liquid product receiver on a rack at room temperature for 20 minutes, allowing any frozen product to thaw and run down into a GC vial placed at the bottom of the receiver.Collect the liquid holdup around the metal joint of the receiver with a teared cotton wool swab. Determine the mass of the liquid holdup. Open the liquid product receiver to atmosphere in a vented fume hood for pressure equalization by momentarily removing the stopper from the top outlet.After replacing the stopper, obtain the receiver mass. Next, remove the GC vial with the sample from the condenser. Close and store the vial in a refrigerator at four degrees celsius for later analysis.If a water droplet is observed in the bottom of the GC vial, use a clean syringe to transfer as much water-free oil product as possible to another vial and close it immediately. Rinse the inner walls of the receiver condenser thoroughly with a small quantity of methanol, and collect all of the methanol wash into the original GC vial containing the water droplet. Finally, close the vial and obtain the mass of the liquid for water analysis.The yield and conversion data show qualitatively that upon cracking, canola oil in the HGO blend contributes substantially to the yields of biofuels and biochemicals. The presence of water and carbon monoxide plus carbon dioxide as cracked products from the blend but not from HGO alone, indicates that canola oil participates in reactions. The hydrogen and carbon monoxide yields are not very sensitive to catalyst to oil ratio changes for a feed at a given temperature.However, for a feed at a given catalyst to oil ratio, both hydrogen and carbon monoxide yields increase with increasing temperature, which is the driving force for cracking. Comparing the two feeds, the blend gives higher carbon monoxide yields but lower hydrogen yields than the base oil. After injection of an oil, the reactor temperature drops, reaching a minimum and then rising towards the initial temperature of 530 degrees celsius.As the catalyst to oil ratio increases, the temperature drop decreases since less oil is injected. Comparing the two feeds, the blend consistently exhibits a smaller drop of temperature due to heat release from the exothermic reaction. While attempting this procedure, it is important to carefully follow the instructions accompanying the laboratory test unit, and to maintain consistent operation between tests.Demonstration of this procedure is useful because the steps for recovery of liquid product are critical to test quality but are difficult to describe in writing. Following this procedure, other feeds like light tight oil can be co-processed with heavy crudes in order to answer questions about their suitability for refinery operations. Don't forget that crude oil can be hazardous and should only be handled while wearing proper protective equipment.Additionally, toxic hydrogen sulfide may be present in products and exhaust gas. They should only be handled under good ventilation. After watching this video, you should have a good understanding of how to operate a laboratory test unit for quality results and how to properly collect products for further analysis.

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Chemistry

Thin-layer Chromatographic (TLC) Separations and Bioassays of Plant Extracts to Identify Antimicrobial Compounds

Thin-layer Chromatographic TLC Separations and Bioassays of Plant Extracts to Identify Antimicrobial Compounds

طبقة رقيقة الكروماتوجرافي (TLC) فصل واختبارات بيولوجية من المستخلصات النباتية لتحديد المركبات المضادة للميكروبات

A common screen for plant antimicrobial compounds consists of separating plant extracts by paper or thin-layer chromatography (PC or TLC), exposing the ...

A Simple and Efficient Protocol for the Catalytic Insertion Polymerization of Functional Norbornenes

بروتوكول بسيطة وفعالة لالتحفيزي الإدراج بلمرة Norbornenes وظيفية

Norbornene can be polymerized by a variety of mechanisms, including insertion polymerization whereby the double bond is polymerized and the bicyclic ...

Characterizing Electron Transport through Living Biofilms

وصف الإلكترون النقل عبر الأغشية الحيوية الحية

Here we demonstrate the method of electrochemical gating used to characterize electrical conductivity of electrode-grown microbial biofilms under ...

Palladium N-Heterocyclic Carbene Complexes: Synthesis from Benzimidazolium Salts and Catalytic Activity in Carbon-carbon Bond-forming Reactions

Palladium N-Heterocyclic Carbene Complexes: Synthesis from Benzimidazolium Salts and Catalytic Activity in Carbon-carbon Bond-forming Reactions

البلاديوم<em&gt; N</em&gt; مجمعات كربينية هيتروكليكليك: توليف من أملاح بنزيميدازوليوم والنشاط الحفاز في التفاعلات تشكيل السندات الكربون الكربون

Detailed and generalized protocols are presented for the synthesis and subsequent purification of four palladium N-heterocyclic carbene complexes from ...

From Molecules to Materials: Engineering New Ionic Liquid Crystals Through Halogen Bonding

من جزيئات المواد: هندسة البلورات السائلة الأيونية الجديدة من خلال الربط هالوجين

Herein, we demonstrate that a bottom-up approach, based on halogen bonding (XB), can be successfully applied for the design of a new type of ionic liquid ...

One-pot Microwave-assisted Conversion of Anomeric Nitrate-esters to Trichloroacetimidates

وعاء واحد ساعدت الميكروويف التحويل من استرات النترات أنوميريك إلى تريتشلورواسيتيميداتيس

The goal of the following procedure is to provide a demonstration of the one-pot conversion of a 2-azido-1-nitrate-ester to a trichloroacetimidate ...

Preparation of N-(2-alkoxyvinyl)sulfonamides from N-tosyl-1,2,3-triazoles and Subsequent Conversion to Substituted Phthalans and Phenethylamines

Preparation of N-2-alkoxyvinylsulfonamides from N-tosyl-1,2,3-triazoles and Subsequent Conversion to Substituted Phthalans and Phenethylamines

إعداد N-(2-alkoxyvinyl) السلفوناميدات من N-توسيل-1,2,3-التريازول و "تحويل اللاحقة" لتحل محل فثالانس وفينيثيلامينيس

Decomposition of N-tosyl-1,2,3-triazoles with rhodium(II) acetate dimer in the presence of alcohols forms synthetically versatile ...

Chemical Precipitation Method for the Synthesis of Nb2O5 Modified Bulk Nickel Catalysts with High Specific Surface Area

Chemical Precipitation Method for the Synthesis of Nb2O5 Modified Bulk Nickel Catalysts with High Specific Surface Area

تعديل أسلوب الترسيب الكيميائي لتوليف Nb2س5 محفزات النيكل الأكبر مع ارتفاع المساحة المحددة

We demonstrate a method for the synthesis of NixNb1-xO catalysts with sponge-like and fold-like nanostructures. By varying the Nb:Ni ratio, a series of ...

Fabrication and Testing of Catalytic Aerogels Prepared Via Rapid Supercritical Extraction

تصنيع واختبار أيروجيلس الحفاز أعدت عن طريق استخراج فوق الحرجة السريع

Protocols for preparing and testing catalytic aerogels by incorporating metal species into silica and alumina aerogel platforms are presented. Three ...

Tuning the Acidity of Pt/ CNTs Catalysts for Hydrodeoxygenation of Diphenyl Ether

ضبط حموضة محفزات Pt/CNTs للإثير ثنائي الفينيل

We herein present a method for the synthesis of HNbWO6, HNbMoO6, HTaWO6 solid acid nanosheet modified Pt/CNTs. By varying the weight of various solid acid ...