Name: laboratory production of biofuels and biochemicals from a rapeseed oil through catalytic cracking conversion
Uploaded: 2016-09-02T15:00:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Laboratory Production of Biofuels and Biochemicals from a Rapeseed Oil through Catalytic Cracking Conversion at JoVE.com

作者要感谢CanmetENERGY技术中心为它的技术支持，Suncor能源公司的分析实验室用于供给合成原油。这项研究的部分资金由加拿大自然资源部和加拿大与项目ID A22.015能源研究和发展（分发司）的跨部门计划政府提供的。张翼要感谢他的加拿大自然科学和客座研究员工程研究理事会（NSERC）从2015年1月至2016年1月。

注意：在使用材料前请咨询所有相关材料安全数据表（MSDS）。而穿着适当的个人防护设备（防护眼镜，手套，裤子，封闭趾鞋，白大褂），开放，转让和原油样品的处理应该发生在一个通风通风柜与原油样品的工作只应做的。加热烃可以是在空气中可燃的，并且在反应体系应该仔细与原油的混合物在使用之前泄漏检查。反应器可以达到温度高达750℃，高温防护手套应靠近热表面工作时使用。 ...

<ol>
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这里所描述的协议利用含有批处理流化催化剂颗粒的模拟进料油裂化和催化剂再生单个反应器的循环操作。待裂化的油通过用其尖端靠近流化床底部的喷射器管预热并从顶部送入。催化裂化后产生的蒸气冷凝并在接收器中收集，并收集液体产物随后分析模拟蒸馏，以确定在不同沸点范围的馏分的产率。所述不可冷凝的气态产物被送到一个在线气相色谱仪进行分析，以确定干气和液化气的产率。气?...

有在私营和公共部门的有力全球利益寻找高效，经济的手段，从生物质衍生的原料生产运输燃料。这种兴趣超过石油燃烧化石燃料的温室气体（GHG）的排放量及其相关的对全球变暖的贡献的实质性贡献普遍关注驱动。此外，还有在北美和欧洲的强烈政治意愿，以取代外国生产的石油可再生国内液体燃料。 2008年，生物燃料提供全球运输燃料1的1.8％。在许多发达国家中，要求生物燃料从6％代替以石油燃料的10％，在不久的将来，2。在加拿大，法规要求的平均的可再生燃料的5％，汽油从2010年开始12月15日，3。可再生能源指令（RED）在欧洲还要求对欧盟反有10％的可再生能源目标内容2020年4口部门。 我们面临的挑战是开发和演示一种经济可行的途径，从生物质生产可替代运输燃料。生物来源包括基于甘油三酯的生物量，例如植物油和动物脂肪，以及废食用油和纤维素生物质如木屑，森林废物和农业残留物。在过去的二十年间，研究使用集中在源自生物质的油处理的评估传统的流体催化裂化（FCC）5 - 12，负责产生大部分汽油在石油精炼的技术。我们在本研究中的新方法是共同处理的低芥酸菜子油，油砂沥青衍生的原料混合。通常情况下，沥青之前必须提升精炼而成，生产精炼厂原料，如合成原油（SCO） - 这种工艺路线特别是高耗能，占温室气体emissi的68-78％从附件上合组织生产13，2011年，加拿大构成的温室气体排放总量14的2.6％。与BIOFEED更换升级HGO的部分将减少温室气体排放，因为生物燃料的生产涉及碳足迹要小得多。菜籽油选择在这工作，因为它是在加拿大和美国的丰富。这种原料具有类似于HGOs的同时硫，氮和金属的可能影响的FCC性能或产品质量的内容是可以忽略不计的密度和粘度。此外，这种协同处理选项提供显著的技术和经济优势，因为它能够在现有炼油厂基础设施的利用，因此，将需要很少的附加硬件或炼油厂的修饰。此外，可能有可能导致产品质量的提高，当共同处理高度芳香沥青其直链的生物量对应喂潜在的协同作用。但是，协处理涉及重要的技术挑战。这些包括生物饲料的独特的物理和化学特性：高的氧含量，富含链烷烃的组合物，用石油原料的相容性，结垢可能性等 本研究提供了通过催化裂化在实验室规模的生物燃料的生产从低芥酸菜子油中的详细协议。一个完全自动化的反应体系-在此工作的实验室测试单元（LTU）简称15 -用于这项工作图图1示意如何单元操作。这LTU已成为实验室研究FCC的行业标准。本研究的目的是测试在LTU的适用性裂化的低芥酸菜子油，以产生燃料和化学品与减少温室气体的排放量的目的。 <img alt="图1" src="/files/ftp_upload/54390/54390fig1.jpg" /> 图1：概念illustratio呈现流线电抗器。插图N的催化剂，饲料，产品和稀释剂。 <a href="https://www.jove.com/files/ftp_upload/54390/54390fig1large.jpg" target="_blank">请点击此处查看该图的放大版本。</a>

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="818">
	<tbody>
		<tr height="168">
			<td height="168" style="height:168px;width:231px;">Advanced Cracking Evaluation (ACE) Unit</td>
			<td style="width:168px;">Kayser Technology Inc.</td>
			<td style="width:111px;">ACE R+ 46</td>
			<td dir="LTR" style="width:309px;">Assembled by Zeton Inc. SN:505-46;&#160; consisting of (1) a reactor; (2) catalyst addition system; (3) feed delivery system;&#160; (4) liquid collection system; (5) gas collection system; (6) gas analyzing system; (7) catalyst regeneration system; (8) CO catalytic convertor; (9) coke analyzing system</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="126">
			<td height="126" style="height:126px;width:231px;">Reactor (ACE)</td>
			<td style="width:168px;">Kayser Technology Inc.</td>
			<td style="width:111px;">V-105</td>
			<td style="width:309px;">A 1.6 cm ID stainless steel tube having a tapered conical bottom and with a diluent (nitrogen) flowing from the bottom to fluidize the catalyst and also serve as the stripping gas at the end of the run</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:231px;">Catalyst Addition System (ACE)</td>
			<td style="width:168px;">Kayser Technology Inc.</td>
			<td style="width:111px;"></td>
			<td style="width:309px;">Six hoppers (V-120F, with respective valves) for addition of catalyst for up to 6 runs</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="126">
			<td height="126" style="height:126px;width:231px;">Feed Delivery System (ACE)</td>
			<td style="width:168px;">Kayser Technology Inc.</td>
			<td style="width:111px;"></td>
			<td style="width:309px;">Consisting of feed bottle (V-100), syringe (FS-115), pump (P-100), and injector (with 1.125 inch injector height, i.e., the distance from the lowest point of the conical reactor bottom to the bottom end of the feed injector)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="84">
			<td height="84" style="height:84px;width:231px;">Liquid Collection System (ACE)</td>
			<td style="width:168px;">Kayser Technology Inc.</td>
			<td style="width:111px;"></td>
			<td style="width:309px;">Six liquid receivers (V-110F) immersed in a common coolant bath (Ethylene glycol/water mixture in 50:50 mass ratio) at about &#8211;15 &#176;C in a large tank (V-145)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="127">
			<td height="127" style="height:127px;width:231px;">Gas Collection System (ACE)</td>
			<td style="width:168px;">Kayser Technology Inc.</td>
			<td style="width:111px;"></td>
			<td style="width:309px;">Based on water displacement principle; consisting of gas collection vessel (V-150) with a motor-driven stirrer (MTR-100), and a weight scale (WT-100) for weighing the displaced water collected in a beaker (V100)&#160;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="101">
			<td height="101" style="height:101px;width:231px;">Gas Analyzing System (ACE)</td>
			<td style="width:168px;">Kayser Technology Inc.</td>
			<td style="width:111px;"></td>
			<td style="width:309px;">Key element being Agilent micro GC (model 3000A) with four capillary columns equipped with respective thermal conductivity detectors (TCDs)&#160;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="101">
			<td height="101" style="height:101px;width:231px;">Catalyst Regeneration System (ACE)</td>
			<td style="width:168px;">Kayser Technology Inc.</td>
			<td style="width:111px;">V-105</td>
			<td style="width:309px;">Spent catalyst in reactor being burned in situ in air at +700 &#176;C to ensure complete removal of carbon deposited on the catalyst</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="109">
			<td height="109" style="height:109px;width:231px;">CO Catalytic Convertor&#160; (ACE)</td>
			<td style="width:168px;">Kayser Technology Inc.</td>
			<td style="width:111px;"></td>
			<td style="width:309px;">A reactor (V-140) with CuO as catalyst to oxidize any CO and hydrocarbons in exhausted flue gas to CO2 (to be analyzed by IR gas analyzer) and H2O (to be absorbed by a dryer)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="46">
			<td height="46" style="height:46px;width:231px;">Coke Analyzing System (ACE)</td>
			<td style="width:168px;">Kayser Technology Inc.</td>
			<td style="width:111px;"></td>
			<td style="width:309px;">Servomex (Model 1440C) IR analyzer for measuring CO2 in exhausted flue gas</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:231px;">R+MM Software Suite</td>
			<td style="width:168px;">Kayser Technology Inc.</td>
			<td style="width:111px;"></td>
			<td style="width:309px;">Including iFIX 3.5&#160;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:231px;">Agilent Micro GC</td>
			<td style="width:168px;">Agilent Technologies</td>
			<td style="width:111px;">3000A</td>
			<td style="width:309px;">For gas analysis after cracking</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:231px;">Cerity Networked Data System</td>
			<td style="width:168px;">Agilent Technologies</td>
			<td style="width:111px;"></td>
			<td style="width:309px;">Software for Agilent Micro GC</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="25">
			<td height="25" style="height:25px;width:231px;">CO2 Gas Analyser</td>
			<td style="width:168px;">Servomex Inc.</td>
			<td style="width:111px;">1440C</td>
			<td style="width:309px;">SN: 01440C1C02/2900</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:231px;">NESLAB Refrigerated Bath</td>
			<td style="width:168px;">Themo Electron Corporation</td>
			<td style="width:111px;">RTE 740</td>
			<td style="width:309px;">SN: 104300061</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:231px;">Orion&#160; Sage Syringe Pump</td>
			<td style="width:168px;">Themo Electron Corporation</td>
			<td style="width:111px;">M362</td>
			<td style="width:309px;">For delivering feed oil to injector tube</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:231px;">Synthetic Crude Oil (SCO)&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:168px;">Suncor Energy Inc.</td>
			<td style="width:111px;"></td>
			<td style="width:309px;">Identified as Suncor OSA 10-4.1</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:231px;">Catalyst P</td>
			<td style="width:168px;">Petro-Canada Refinery</td>
			<td style="width:111px;"></td>
			<td style="width:309px;">Equilibrium catalyst</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:231px;">Balance</td>
			<td style="width:168px;">Mettler Toledo</td>
			<td style="width:111px;">AB304-S</td>
			<td style="width:309px;">For weighing liquid product receivers</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:231px;">Balance</td>
			<td style="width:168px;">Mettler Toledo</td>
			<td style="width:111px;">XS8001S</td>
			<td style="width:309px;">For weighing water displaced by gas product</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:231px;">Ethylene Glycol</td>
			<td style="width:168px;">Fisher Scientifc Inc.</td>
			<td style="width:111px;">CAS 107-21-1</td>
			<td style="width:309px;">Mixed with distilled water as coolant (50 v% )</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:231px;">Drierite</td>
			<td style="width:168px;">W.A. Hammond Drierite Co. Ltd.</td>
			<td style="width:111px;">24001</td>
			<td style="width:309px;">For water absorption after CO catalytic converter</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="25">
			<td height="25" style="height:25px;width:231px;">Copper Oxide</td>
			<td style="width:168px;">LECO Corporation</td>
			<td style="width:111px;">501-170</td>
			<td style="width:309px;">Catalyst for conversion of CO to CO2</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:231px;">Toluene</td>
			<td style="width:168px;">Fisher Scientific Co.&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:111px;">CAS 108-88-3</td>
			<td style="width:309px;">For cleaning liquid receivers</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:231px;">Acetone</td>
			<td style="width:168px;">Fisher Scientific Co.&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:111px;">CAS 67-64-1</td>
			<td style="width:309px;">For cleaning liquid receivers</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:231px;">Micro GC Calibration Gas</td>
			<td style="width:168px;">Air Liquid Canada Inc.</td>
			<td style="width:111px;">SPG-25MX0015306</td>
			<td style="width:309px;">Multicomponent standard gas</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="25">
			<td height="25" style="height:25px;width:231px;">19.8% CO2 Standard Gas</td>
			<td style="width:168px;">BOC Canada Ltd.</td>
			<td style="width:111px;">24069890</td>
			<td style="width:309px;">For calibration of IR analyzer</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:231px;">Argon Gas</td>
			<td style="width:168px;">Linde Canada ltd.</td>
			<td style="width:111px;">24001306</td>
			<td style="width:309px;">Grade 5.0 Purity</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:231px;">Helium Gas</td>
			<td style="width:168px;">Linde Canada ltd.</td>
			<td style="width:111px;">24001333</td>
			<td style="width:309px;">Grade 5.0 Purity</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:231px;">Gas analyzer GC Module</td>
			<td style="width:168px;">Inficon</td>
			<td style="width:111px;">GCMOD-15</td>
			<td style="width:309px;">Channel A</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:231px;">Gas analyzer GC Module</td>
			<td style="width:168px;">Inficon</td>
			<td style="width:111px;">GCMOD-03</td>
			<td style="width:309px;">Channel B</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:231px;">Gas analyzer GC Module</td>
			<td style="width:168px;">Inficon</td>
			<td style="width:111px;">GCMOD-04</td>
			<td style="width:309px;">Channel C</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:231px;">Gas analyzer GC Module</td>
			<td style="width:168px;">Inficon</td>
			<td style="width:111px;">GCMOD-73</td>
			<td style="width:309px;">Channel D</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:231px;">HP 6890 GC</td>
			<td style="width:168px;">Hewlett-Packard Co.&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:111px;">G1530A</td>
			<td style="width:309px;">For simulated distillation</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:231px;">ASTM 2887 Standard Sample</td>
			<td style="width:168px;">PAC L.P.</td>
			<td style="width:111px;">26650.150</td>
			<td style="width:309px;">For quality control in simulated distillation</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:231px;">ASTM 2887 Standard Sample</td>
			<td style="width:168px;">PAC L.P.</td>
			<td style="width:111px;">25950.200</td>
			<td style="width:309px;">For calibration in simulated distillation</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:231px;">Column for GC 6890 (simulated distillation)</td>
			<td style="width:168px;">Agilent Technologies</td>
			<td style="width:111px;">CP7562</td>
			<td style="width:309px;">10m x 0.53mm x 1.2&#181;m, HP 6890 GC column</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:231px;">Liquid Nitrogen</td>
			<td style="width:168px;">Air Liquid Canada Inc.</td>
			<td style="width:111px;">SPG-NIT1AC240LC</td>
			<td style="width:309px;">For use in simulated distillation&#160;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:231px;">Nitrogen</td>
			<td style="width:168px;">Air Liquid Canada Inc.</td>
			<td style="width:111px;">Bulk (building N2)</td>
			<td style="width:309px;">For use in ACE unit operation</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:231px;">Isotemp Programmable Furnace</td>
			<td style="width:168px;">Thermo Fisher Scientifc Inc.</td>
			<td style="width:111px;">10-750-126</td>
			<td style="width:309px;">For calcination of catalyst</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:231px;">GC Vials, Crimp Top</td>
			<td style="width:168px;">Chromatograghic Specialties Inc</td>
			<td style="width:111px;">C223682C</td>
			<td style="width:309px;">2ml, for liquid product</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:231px;">Seals, Crimp Top</td>
			<td style="width:168px;">Chromatograghic Specialties Inc</td>
			<td style="width:111px;">C221150</td>
			<td style="width:309px;">11 mm, for use with GC vials</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:231px;">4 oz clear Boston round bottles</td>
			<td style="width:168px;">Fisher Scientific Co.&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:111px;">02-911-784</td>
			<td style="width:309px;">With PE cone lined caps, for use in feed system</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:231px;">Sieve</td>
			<td style="width:168px;">Endecotts Ltd.</td>
			<td style="width:111px;">6140269</td>
			<td style="width:309px;">Aperture 38 micron</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:231px;">Sieve</td>
			<td style="width:168px;">Endecotts Ltd.</td>
			<td style="width:111px;">6146265</td>
			<td style="width:309px;">Aperture 250 micron</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:231px;">Shaker</td>
			<td style="width:168px;">Endecotts Ltd.</td>
			<td style="width:111px;">MIN 2737-11</td>
			<td style="width:309px;">Minor-Meinzer 2 Sieve Shaker for catalyst screening</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:231px;">V20 Volumetric KF Titrator</td>
			<td style="width:168px;">Mettler Toledo</td>
			<td style="width:111px;">5131025056</td>
			<td style="width:309px;">For water content analysis of the liquid product</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:231px;">Hydranal Composite 5</td>
			<td style="width:168px;">Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:111px;">34805-1L-R</td>
			<td style="width:309px;">Reagent for Karl Fischer titration</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="63">
			<td height="63" style="height:63px;width:231px;">Methanol (extremely low water grade)</td>
			<td style="width:168px;">Fisher Scientific Co.&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:111px;">A413-4</td>
			<td style="width:309px;">Mixed with toluene (40:60 w/w) for KF titration: also used to recover water in receiver</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:231px;">Glass Wool</td>
			<td style="width:168px;">Fisher Scientific Co.&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:111px;">11-388</td>
			<td style="width:309px;">Placed inside the top of receiver outlet arm&#160;</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

laboratory production of biofuels and biochemicals from a rapeseed oil through catalytic cracking conversion

The work is based on a reported study which investigates the processability of canola oil (bio-feed) in the presence of bitumen-derived heavy gas oil (HGO) for production of transportation fuels through a fluid catalytic cracking (FCC) route. Cracking experiments are performed with a fully automated reaction unit at a fixed weight hourly space velocity (WHSV) of 8 hr-1, 490-530 &#176;C, and catalyst/oil ratios of 4-12 g/g. When a feed is in contact with catalyst in the fluid-bed reactor, cracking takes place generating gaseous, liquid, and solid products. The vapor produced is condensed and collected in a liquid receiver at -15 &#176;C. The non-condensable effluent is first directed to a vessel and is sent, after homogenization, to an on-line gas chromatograph (GC) for refinery gas analysis. The coke deposited on the catalyst is determined in situ by burning the spent catalyst in air at high temperatures. Levels of CO2 are measured quantitatively via an infrared (IR) cell, and are converted to coke yield. Liquid samples in the receivers are analyzed by GC for simulated distillation to determine the amounts in different boiling ranges, i.e., IBP-221 &#176;C (gasoline), 221-343 &#176;C (light cycle oil), and 343 &#176;C+ (heavy cycle oil). Cracking of a feed containing canola oil generates water, which appears at the bottom of a liquid receiver and on its inner wall. Recovery of water on the wall is achieved through washing with methanol followed by Karl Fischer titration for water content. Basic results reported include conversion (the portion of the feed converted to gas and liquid product with a boiling point below 221 &#176;C, coke, and water, if present) and yields of dry gas (H2-C2's, CO, and CO2), liquefied petroleum gas (C3-C4), gasoline, light cycle oil, heavy cycle oil, coke, and water, if present.

既定协议已被成功地应用到一个油混合物的15:85体积比：低芥酸菜子油和在SCO衍生HGO 20之间（ 即 ，14.73 85.27质量比）。对于实际的原因（成本，菜籽油的可用性，以及在商业运作可能面临的挑战），研究的重点是含15 v％的菜籽油原料此外，虽然高浓度的饲料也试过。该共混物在490-530℃，8.0小时-1的WHSV具有变化的催化剂/油比（序列11.25，10，8,6，4和1...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Laboratory Production of Biofuels and Biochemicals from a Rapeseed Oil through Catalytic Cracking Conversion at JoVE.com

Laboratory Production of Biofuels and Biochemicals from a Rapeseed Oil through Catalytic Cracking Conversion

本文提出的实验方法，以产生从低芥酸菜子油在催化剂在温和的温度下，存在一种基于矿物饲料混合生物燃料和生物化学。气态，液态，并从反应单元固体产物进行定量和表征。转化率和个别的产品产率的计算和报告。

通过催化裂化转换从菜籽油生物燃料和生物化学实验室生产

The work is based on a reported study which investigates the processability of canola oil (bio-feed) in the presence of bitumen-derived heavy gas oil ...

The overall goal of this laboratory method is to produce biofuels and biochemicals from co-processing of canola oil with fossil-based feeds. This method can help answer key questions in chemical engineering, really, into catalytic cracking of heavy oils, fuel chemistry, catalysis, and reaction mechanisms. The main advantage of this technique is that the method is fast and cost effective, enabling full control over the test parameters and the reduction of human error.The implications of this technique extend towards catalyst development, as the equipment used is simple, reliable, and productive for testing new formulas. Although this study focus on product distribution and the quality, the main study can also be applied to other fields such as predictive modelling and simulations. I'm pleased to introduce my teammates.Research Scientist, Nicole Heshka, Yi Zhang, and R&D program advisor Edward Little. They will demonstrate the procedure and/or discuss the method. To begin this procedure, disconnect the oil feed line below the purge valve of a laboratory test unit, or LTU, and attach a short temporary tube to the bottom of the valve.Following this, preheat a previously prepared feedstock to 85 degrees celsius to enable the heavy gas oil, or HGO, blend to flow easily. Place a tared beaker at the discharge of the short temporary tube connected to the oil feed pump. Then start the preset pump cal user program in the reaction unit software.After the pump cal program is complete, remove and weigh the beaker containing the feed. Divide the mass of the feed delivered into the beaker by the injection time. Next, adjust the pump speed using the three digit dial on the pump, and repeat the previous steps until the desired feed rate of 1.2 grams per minute is attained.Then remove the short temporary tube and reconnect the feed line. Through the reaction unit software, switch the valve to the position that enables the zero gas to flow to the IR analyzer. Turn the knob in association with the flow control valve to get about 250 standard cubic centimeters per minute on the flow indicator.Following this, zero the analyzer using the zero adjustment screw on the front panel with a flat-bladed screw driver. Switch the hand valve to supply the carbon dioxide standard gas to the analyzer. Then adjust the manual valve to obtain a flow of approximately 250 standard cubic centimeters per minute.Adjust the analyzer reading to match the concentration of the standard span gas using the span screw on the front panel. Place a small plug of glass wool inside the top of each receiver outlet arm. Following this, place the receiver in a flask of suitable size to keep it upright.Then weigh the receiver in an analytical balance covered by a cubic plastic shield to ensure a draft-free environment. Now install and connect the weighed receiver to the product line. Install an oil feed line in the reactor with a length that allows for 1.125 inch injector height.Place a filter at the exit of the reactor to prevent any catalyst dust from entering the product line, changing the filter after 50 to 100 runs. It is critical to maintain consistency between runs. For example, always use an on size and coke-free equilibrium catalyst, oil feed line in the reactor with the same injector height, and constant molecular weight for the C5 plus unresolved gas lump.After feed pump calibration and receiver installation, perform a pressure test on the reactor system by running the program PTEST1. Close the gas vent and pressurize the reactor system with 150 millimeters mercury of nitrogen followed by isolation of the system. Observe the pressure reading for a few minutes to ensure the pressure drop is no more than 0.4 millimeters of mercury per minute, indicating that no leaks are present.On the LTU setup screen, input the relevant information for the experiment. Then place the system into run mode by clicking the Run button on the process flow screen. Observe as fresh catalyst from the specified hopper is discharged into the reactor.At this point, monitor the reaction system to ensure it reaches the correct conditions previously specified in the software. When the reaction conditions are met, watch to see that the syringe pump delivers the oil feed into the reactor. Following feed injection, observe vapor products flowing through the liquid receivers into the water displacement system for gas collection.Check to see that the high boiling products are condensing in the liquid receivers. At the end of the catalyst's stripping cycle, watch to ensure that the air flow begins and the reactor temperature is raised to approximately 715 degrees celsius. Monitor the IR analyzer which should show a sharp increase in carbon dioxide concentration followed by a decrease to below 0.3%At the end of the catalyst regeneration, ensure that the computer software records the mass of displaced water along with the pressure and temperature of the gas in the collection vessel.After mixing and warming to approximately 30 degrees celsius, observe delivery of the gas to the GC for analysis. Observe the reactor cooling down to skin temperatures, 50 degrees celsius below the reaction set points. Save all the data for the run.If it is the last run, discharge the spent catalyst to the waste vessel. Using the computer, attach to a gas chromatograph, or GC, integrate the peaks, and process the data using the calibration established. Input the final GC data into the LTU program through the LTU computer.For good material balance, it is critical to accurately determine the mass of liquid product, including water if present. The following steps include the methodology to recover the liquid product, in a way the long liquid product receiver, in a draft-free environment. After removing the clamp from the liquid product receiver, tilt the receiver and collect any liquid product droplets on the beveled metal tip below the product valve.Immediately seal the receiver with labeled rubber stoppers and carefully remove it from the ethylene glycol bath. Rinse off the ethylene glycol with cold water, and dry the receiver with a paper towel. Following this, place the liquid product receiver on a rack at room temperature for 20 minutes, allowing any frozen product to thaw and run down into a GC vial placed at the bottom of the receiver.Collect the liquid holdup around the metal joint of the receiver with a teared cotton wool swab. Determine the mass of the liquid holdup. Open the liquid product receiver to atmosphere in a vented fume hood for pressure equalization by momentarily removing the stopper from the top outlet.After replacing the stopper, obtain the receiver mass. Next, remove the GC vial with the sample from the condenser. Close and store the vial in a refrigerator at four degrees celsius for later analysis.If a water droplet is observed in the bottom of the GC vial, use a clean syringe to transfer as much water-free oil product as possible to another vial and close it immediately. Rinse the inner walls of the receiver condenser thoroughly with a small quantity of methanol, and collect all of the methanol wash into the original GC vial containing the water droplet. Finally, close the vial and obtain the mass of the liquid for water analysis.The yield and conversion data show qualitatively that upon cracking, canola oil in the HGO blend contributes substantially to the yields of biofuels and biochemicals. The presence of water and carbon monoxide plus carbon dioxide as cracked products from the blend but not from HGO alone, indicates that canola oil participates in reactions. The hydrogen and carbon monoxide yields are not very sensitive to catalyst to oil ratio changes for a feed at a given temperature.However, for a feed at a given catalyst to oil ratio, both hydrogen and carbon monoxide yields increase with increasing temperature, which is the driving force for cracking. Comparing the two feeds, the blend gives higher carbon monoxide yields but lower hydrogen yields than the base oil. After injection of an oil, the reactor temperature drops, reaching a minimum and then rising towards the initial temperature of 530 degrees celsius.As the catalyst to oil ratio increases, the temperature drop decreases since less oil is injected. Comparing the two feeds, the blend consistently exhibits a smaller drop of temperature due to heat release from the exothermic reaction. While attempting this procedure, it is important to carefully follow the instructions accompanying the laboratory test unit, and to maintain consistent operation between tests.Demonstration of this procedure is useful because the steps for recovery of liquid product are critical to test quality but are difficult to describe in writing. Following this procedure, other feeds like light tight oil can be co-processed with heavy crudes in order to answer questions about their suitability for refinery operations. Don't forget that crude oil can be hazardous and should only be handled while wearing proper protective equipment.Additionally, toxic hydrogen sulfide may be present in products and exhaust gas. They should only be handled under good ventilation. After watching this video, you should have a good understanding of how to operate a laboratory test unit for quality results and how to properly collect products for further analysis.

Research

JoVE Journal

Chemistry

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薄层色谱（TLC）分离和植物提取物的生物测定识别抗菌化合物

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科研

化学

A Simple and Efficient Protocol for the Catalytic Insertion Polymerization of Functional Norbornenes

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Characterizing Electron Transport through Living Biofilms

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From Molecules to Materials: Engineering New Ionic Liquid Crystals Through Halogen Bonding

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硝酸酯 Anomeric Trichloroacetimidates 的单锅微波辅助转化

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Preparation of N-2-alkoxyvinylsulfonamides from N-tosyl-1,2,3-triazoles and Subsequent Conversion to Substituted Phthalans and Phenethylamines

准备n-(2-alkoxyvinyl) 磺胺从n-tosyl-1,2,3-triazoles 和随后转换为取代 Phthalans 和 Phenethylamines

Decomposition of N-tosyl-1,2,3-triazoles with rhodium(II) acetate dimer in the presence of alcohols forms synthetically versatile ...

Chemical Precipitation Method for the Synthesis of Nb2O5 Modified Bulk Nickel Catalysts with High Specific Surface Area

Chemical Precipitation Method for the Synthesis of Nb2O5 Modified Bulk Nickel Catalysts with High Specific Surface Area

化学沉淀法合成铌2O5改性高比表面积镍催化剂

We demonstrate a method for the synthesis of NixNb1-xO catalysts with sponge-like and fold-like nanostructures. By varying the Nb:Ni ratio, a series of ...

Fabrication and Testing of Catalytic Aerogels Prepared Via Rapid Supercritical Extraction

快速超临界萃取制备催化气凝胶的制备与试验研究

Protocols for preparing and testing catalytic aerogels by incorporating metal species into silica and alumina aerogel platforms are presented. Three ...

Tuning the Acidity of Pt/ CNTs Catalysts for Hydrodeoxygenation of Diphenyl Ether

调整二苯醚氢氧化的Pt/CNT催化剂的酸度

We herein present a method for the synthesis of HNbWO6, HNbMoO6, HTaWO6 solid acid nanosheet modified Pt/CNTs. By varying the weight of various solid acid ...