Name: development and maintenance of a preclinical patient derived tumor xenograft model for the investigation of novel anti-cancer therapies
Uploaded: 2016-09-30T13:00:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Development and Maintenance of a Preclinical Patient Derived Tumor Xenograft Model for the Investigation of Novel Anti-Cancer Therapies at JoVE.com

This work was supported by grant 1R01CA152303-01.

倫理文：患者由来の結腸直腸腺癌の腫瘍標本は、コロラド州の複数の治験審査委員会によって承認されたプロトコル（08から0439）に従ったコロラド大学病院で患者を同意から得ました。全ての動物作業はコロラド州デンバー施設内動物管理使用委員会（IACUC、プロトコル＃51412（06）1E及び96813（04）1E）の大学によって承認された動物プロトコルの下で行いました。 1.患者?...

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PDTX創薬プラットフォームは、新規化合物の臨床活性を予測する際の信頼性が低い他の前臨床モデルの欠点を改良モデルを提供しています。重要なことは、このモデルにおける腫瘍は転移能を保持し、生物学的に安定しており、世代から世代へ同様の薬剤応答性を示します。このモデルでは、患者由来の腫瘍を、無胸腺ヌードマウスに注射継代し、続いて治療の評価に使用されます。含ま成?...

大腸癌（CRC）は、米国における癌死亡に多大な貢献です。 2015年には、49700人が死亡1とCRCの推定132700新たな症例がありました。限局性疾患を有する患者における予後は良好であるが、進行した疾患を有する患者は、新しい治療法の開発に、この主要な優先順位を作り、予後不良を持っています。この疾患に対してデプロイされているケアの化学療法レジメンと新しい生物製剤の標準にもかかわらず、全体的な生存率の増分のみ増加しています。従って、この疾患における腫瘍増殖の促進に関与するドライバの経路を理解するのに多大な努力があります。 WNT、PI3キナーゼ（PI3K）、RAS、成長因子β（TGF-βの）とTP53 2を変換する：がんゲノムアトラスネットワークは最近、CRCの調節不全に関与し、含まれている多数の主な経路を特定しています。一緒に、OTを記述調査でCRCの成長を増強する彼女の経路は大きく、この患者集団3-5の生存率の改善を目的とした新しい治療法の開発に火をつけています。腫瘍学の薬剤開発における利用前臨床モデルでは、これらの新規化合物の臨床活性を予測するには、このプロセスに不可欠でした。 種々の前臨床モデルは、薬物開発プロセスで利用されてきました。前臨床のトランスジェニック動物モデルおよび細胞株は、主としてヒト腫瘍の複雑さを反映することができないことに、新規な腫瘍治療薬の臨床活性を決定するのに成功していない不死化することを考慮すると、患者由来の腫瘍異種移植片（PDTX）モデルが確立されています。このモデルの最大の利点は、腫瘍の不均一性が損なわれないままと密接に元患者の腫瘍6-9の分子特性およびクローン性を反映していることです。 PDTXモデルは、in vivoで優れを提供します新規な薬剤を研究するための前臨床プラットフォーム、薬剤耐性経路、組み合わせ戦略、がん幹細胞生物学10。 PDTXプロセスの概要を図1に示されている。これは、その過剰な腫瘍組織のいくつかは、この研究のために使用することができるように患者の同意、診療所で始まります。次に、手術で腫瘍の作品は、病理学者によって儲けされ、研究員に輸送するメディアに入れました。その直後に、腫瘍の部分を小片に切断され、免疫不全マウスの皮下に移植します。腫瘍が成長すると、それは腫瘍10を維持するために、マウスの異なる世代に継代されます。典型的には、F3世代後の腫瘍は、新規な化合物および/または組み合わせ治療が評価される処置試験に拡張することができます。利用次世代のSeq（ExomeのSeq、RNAのSeqおよびSNPアレイ）の潜在的な予測バイオマーカーが発見されています特定の治療から利益を得ることができる患者の選択を支援編。 1）単剤として、または組み合わせて新しい治療法の有効性を評価し、2）前臨床研究への感受性または耐性を予測するバイオマーカーを同定：PDTXモデルを使用しての包括的な目標はにあります。本稿では、我々は、CRC PDTXバンクの開始および維持における方法論を提供し、薬剤開発の発見で、このモデルの利点と限界を提供します。 <img alt="図1" src="/files/ftp_upload/54393/54393fig1.jpg" /> CRC PDTXモデル議定書の 図1. 概要。患者由来の腫瘍は手術から受信し、すぐに皮下無胸腺ヌードマウスに注射されます。腫瘍が成長したら、それが次の世代へと拡大し、最終的には治療の研究のために拡張されます。治療RESPONSEが評価され、予測バイオマーカーは、患者の選択を助けることができることが確認されている。 <a href="https://www.jove.com/files/ftp_upload/54393/54393fig1large.jpg" target="_blank">この図の拡大版をご覧になるにはこちらをクリックしてください。</a>

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="915">
	<tbody>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">RPMI or DMEM</td>
			<td style="width:81px;">Corning</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">10-040-CV</td>
			<td style="width:499px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Penicillin-Streptomycin</td>
			<td style="width:81px;">Corning</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">30-002-CI</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Non-essential Amino Acids</td>
			<td style="width:81px;">Corning</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">25-025-CI</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Fetal Bovine Serum</td>
			<td style="width:81px;">Corning</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">35-010-CV</td>
			<td>Thaw in -4 &#176;C, then activate for 30 minutes at 60 &#176;C water bath</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:216px;">CPT blood tube</td>
			<td style="width:81px;">BD vacutainer</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">362761</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Microcentrifuge tube</td>
			<td style="width:81px;">Surelock</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">A-7002</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Phospate-Buffered Saline</td>
			<td style="width:81px;">Corning</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">21-040-CV</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Cyrogenic vials</td>
			<td style="width:81px;">Cyroking</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">C0732901</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Plastic tumor cutting dish</td>
			<td style="width:81px;">Trueline</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">TR4001</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Scissors</td>
			<td style="width:81px;">Roboz</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">RS-5881</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Forceps</td>
			<td style="width:81px;">Roboz</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">RS-5135</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:216px;">Matrigel (gelatinous protein mixture)</td>
			<td style="width:81px;">Corning</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">354234</td>
			<td>Store at -20 or -80 &#176;C, then thaw on ice, do not leave at room temperature</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">10% Formalin cups</td>
			<td style="width:81px;">Protocol</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">032-059</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="22">
			<td height="22" style="height:22px;width:216px;">Liquid Nitrogen Dewar Storage</td>
			<td style="width:81px;">Thermolyne</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">CY50900</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Portable liquid nitrogen dewar</td>
			<td style="width:81px;">Nalgene</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">4150-2000</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Dimethyl Sulfoxide</td>
			<td style="width:81px;">Fischer</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">67-68-5</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Freezing container: Mr Frosty</td>
			<td style="width:81px;">Nalgene</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">5100-0001</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Isopropyl Alcohol</td>
			<td style="width:81px;">Decon</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">64-17-5</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="63">
			<td height="63" style="height:63px;width:216px;">Trocars</td>
			<td style="width:81px;">Innovative Research of America</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">MP-182</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:216px;">Anesthesia machine</td>
			<td style="width:81px;">Patterson Veterinary</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">none</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:216px;">Anesthesia box</td>
			<td style="width:81px;">Patterson Veterinary</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">none</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Isoflurane</td>
			<td style="width:81px;">Vet one</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">1038005</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:216px;">F-Air Canister</td>
			<td style="width:81px;">Bickford Omnicon</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">80120</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Meloxicam</td>
			<td style="width:81px;">Vet one</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">5182-90C</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Calipers</td>
			<td style="width:81px;">Fowler</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">54-100-167</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Weight scale</td>
			<td style="width:81px;">Ohaus</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">Scout Pro SP601</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

development and maintenance of a preclinical patient derived tumor xenograft model for the investigation of novel anti-cancer therapies

Patient derived tumor xenograft (PDTX) models provide a necessary platform in facilitating anti-cancer drug development prior to human trials. Human tumor pieces are injected subcutaneously into athymic nude mice (immunocompromised, T cell deficient) to create a bank of tumors and subsequently are passaged into different generations of mice in order to maintain these tumors from patients. Importantly, cellular heterogeneity of the original tumor is closely emulated in this model, which provides a more clinically relevant model for evaluation of drug efficacy studies (single agent and combination), biomarker analysis, resistant pathways and cancer stem cell biology. Some limitations of the PDTX model include the replacement of the human stroma with mouse stroma after the first generation in mice, inability to investigate treatment effects on metastasis due to the subcutaneous injections of the tumors, and the lack of evaluation of immunotherapies due to the use of immunocompromised mice. However, even with these limitations, the PDTX model provides a powerful preclinical platform in the drug discovery process.

CRC PDTXモデルで一般的な突然変異の類似点とTCGA 私たちは、CRC PDTXバンクにおける共通の変異（KRAS、NRAS、BRAF、PIK3CA、APC、CTNNB1およびTP53）の割合は、CRC患者集団で見られる変異頻度の代表であったかどうかを調べました。 図2A（TCGA）及びB（CRC PDTXバンク）に示すように、これら...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Development and Maintenance of a Preclinical Patient Derived Tumor Xenograft Model for the Investigation of Novel Anti-Cancer Therapies at JoVE.com

Development and Maintenance of a Preclinical Patient Derived Tumor Xenograft Model for the Investigation of Novel Anti-Cancer Therapies

皮下前臨床モデルで患者由来の腫瘍を利用する新しい治療法、予測バイオマーカーの発見、および薬剤耐性経路の有効性を研究するための優れた方法です。このモデルは、薬物開発プロセスにおいて、臨床試験の前に、多くの新規抗癌療法の運命を決定する上で不可欠です。

前臨床患者由来の腫瘍新規抗がん療法の調査のための異種移植モデルの開発とメンテナンス

Patient derived tumor xenograft (PDTX) models provide a necessary platform in facilitating anti-cancer drug development prior to human trials. Human tumor ...

Research

JoVE Journal

Cancer Research

Labeling of Breast Cancer Patient-derived Xenografts with Traceable Reporters for Tumor Growth and Metastasis Studies

腫瘍の増殖と転移研究のためのトレーサブル記者との乳癌患者由来の異種移植片の標識

The use of preclinical models to study tumor biology and response to treatment is central to cancer research. Long-established human cell lines, and many ...

A Syngeneic Mouse Model of Metastatic Renal Cell Carcinoma for Quantitative and Longitudinal Assessment of Preclinical Therapies

定量的および前臨床治療の縦評価のための転移性腎細胞癌の同系マウスモデル

Renal cell carcinoma (RCC) affects &#62; 60,000 people in the United States annually, and ~ 30% of RCC patients have multiple metastases at the time of ...

Tumor Engraftment in a Xenograft Mouse Model of Human Mantle Cell Lymphoma

人間マントル細胞リンパ腫の異種移植マウス モデルにおける腫瘍生着

B lymphocytes are key players in immune cell circulation and they mainly home to and reside in lymphoid organs. While normal B cells only proliferate when ...

Establishment of a Primary Culture of Patient-derived Soft Tissue Sarcoma

患者由来の軟部肉腫の主な文化の確立

Soft tissue sarcomas (STS) represent a spectrum of heterogeneous malignancies with a difficult diagnosis, classification, and management. To date, more ...

Digital Polymerase Chain Reaction Assay for the Genetic Variation in a Sporadic Familial Adenomatous Polyposis Patient Using the Chip-in-a-tube Format

チップ チューブ形式を使用して散発的な家族性大腸腺腫症患者の遺伝的変異のデジタル ポリメラーゼ連鎖反応分析

The quantitative analysis of human genetic variation is crucial for understanding the molecular characteristics of serious medical conditions, such as ...

Investigation of Genetic Dependencies Using CRISPR-Cas9-based Competition Assays

CRISPR ベース Cas9 の競争の試金を使用して遺伝的依存関係の調査

Gene perturbation studies have been extensively used to investigate the role of individual genes in AML pathogenesis. For achieving complete gene ...

Patient-derived Orthotopic Xenograft Models for Human Urothelial Cell Carcinoma and Colorectal Cancer Tumor Growth and Spontaneous Metastasis

ヒト尿路上皮細胞癌および大腸癌腫瘍増殖および自発性転移に対する患者由来の眼科医異所性Xenograft移植片モデル

Cancer patients have poor prognoses when lymph node (LN) involvement is present in both high-grade urothelial cell carcinoma (HG-UCC) of the bladder and ...

Patient-derived Heterogeneous Xenograft Model of Pancreatic Cancer Using Zebrafish Larvae as Hosts for Comparative Drug Assessment

比較薬評価の宿主としてゼブラフィッシュ幼虫を用いた膵臓癌の患者由来異種異種移植片モデル

Patient-derived tumor xenograft (PDX) and cell-derived tumor xenograft (CDX) are important techniques for preclinical assessment, medication guidance and ...

A Melanoma Patient-Derived Xenograft Model

黒色腫患者由来異種移植片モデル

Accumulating evidence suggests that molecular and biological properties differ in melanoma cells grown in traditional two-dimensional tissue culture ...

Establishment of Gastric Cancer Patient-derived Xenograft Models and Primary Cell Lines

胃癌患者由来異種移植片モデルおよび原発細胞株の確立

The use of preclinical models to advance our understanding of tumor biology and investigate the efficacy of therapeutic agents is key to cancer research. ...