Name: urinary tract infection in a small animal model: transurethral catheterization of male and female mice
Uploaded: 2017-12-01T13:00:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Urinary Tract Infection in a Small Animal Model: Transurethral Catheterization of Male and Female Mice at JoVE.com

我们感谢马修博士在本议定书和项目的发展过程中对树突免疫的手稿和实验室的批判性阅读。这项工作得到了欧洲联盟第七框架方案居里夫人行动 (PCIG11-GA-2012-3221170 和免疫肿瘤学 LabEx (马伊) 的资助。

根据éthique en expérimentation animale 巴黎中心和南方 (动物实验伦理学委员会) 批准的2012-0024 号议定书, 在应用欧洲指令2010/63 时进行了老鼠实验。欧盟.
1. 导管的制备
<ol><li>为每组被感染的小鼠准备一个儿科静脉插管。使用内置弹簧机构, 剥离其针的每个套管, 按照制造商的指示。丢弃针头, 只保留塑料静脉导管。</li>
	<li>在层流罩内消毒导管, 用于一个紫外线 (紫外线) 循环, 通常...

<ol>
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E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Diagnosis+and+treatment+of+uncomplicated+urinary+tract+infection.">Diagnosis and treatment of uncomplicated urinary tract infection.</a> Infect Dis Clin North Am. 11 (3), 551-581 (1997).</li><li>Harper, M., Fowlis, G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Management+of+urinary+tract+infections+in+men.">Management of urinary tract infections in men.</a> Trends in Urology, Gynaecology &amp; Sexual Health. 12 (1), 30-35 (2007).</li><li>Foxman, B. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+epidemiology+of+urinary+tract+infection.">The epidemiology of urinary tract infection.</a> Nat Rev Urol. 7 (12), 653-660 (2010).</li><li>Lipsky, B. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Urinary+tract+infections+in+men.+Epidemiology,+pathophysiology,+diagnosis,+and+treatment.">Urinary tract infections in men. Epidemiology, pathophysiology, diagnosis, and treatment.</a> Ann Intern Med. 110 (2), 138-150 (1989).</li><li>Conway, L. J., Carter, E. J., Larson, E. L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Risk+Factors+for+Nosocomial+Bacteremia+Secondary+to+Urinary+Catheter-Associated+Bacteriuria:+A+Systematic+Review.">Risk Factors for Nosocomial Bacteremia Secondary to Urinary Catheter-Associated Bacteriuria: A Systematic Review.</a> Urol Nurs. 35 (4), 191-203 (2015).</li><li>Markle, J. G., Fish, E. N. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=SeXX+matters+in+immunity.">SeXX matters in immunity.</a> Trends Immunol. 35 (3), 97-104 (2014).</li><li>Yu, C. Y., Whitacre, C. C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Sex,+MHC+and+complement+C4+in+autoimmune+diseases.">Sex, MHC and complement C4 in autoimmune diseases.</a> Trends Immunol. 25 (12), 694-699 (2004).</li><li>Castelao, J. E., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Gender-+and+smoking-related+bladder+cancer+risk.">Gender- and smoking-related bladder cancer risk.</a> J Natl Cancer Inst. 93 (7), 538-545 (2001).</li><li>Donsky, H., Coyle, S., Scosyrev, E., Messing, E. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Sex+differences+in+incidence+and+mortality+of+bladder+and+kidney+cancers:+national+estimates+from+49+countries.">Sex differences in incidence and mortality of bladder and kidney cancers: national estimates from 49 countries.</a> Urol Oncol. 32 (1), 40-e31 (2014).</li><li>Garg, T., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Gender+Disparities+in+Hematuria+Evaluation+and+Bladder+Cancer+Diagnosis:+A+Population-Based+Analysis.">Gender Disparities in Hematuria Evaluation and Bladder Cancer Diagnosis: A Population-Based Analysis.</a> J Urol. , (2014).</li><li>Dobruch, J., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Gender+and+Bladder+Cancer:+A+Collaborative+Review+of+Etiology,+Biology,+and+Outcomes.">Gender and Bladder Cancer: A Collaborative Review of Etiology, Biology, and Outcomes.</a> Eur Urol. , (2015).</li><li>Hsu, J. W., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Decreased+tumorigenesis+and+mortality+from+bladder+cancer+in+mice+lacking+urothelial+androgen+receptor.">Decreased tumorigenesis and mortality from bladder cancer in mice lacking urothelial androgen receptor.</a> Am J Pathol. 182 (5), 1811-1820 (2013).</li><li>El Behi, M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=An+essential+role+for+decorin+in+bladder+cancer+invasiveness.">An essential role for decorin in bladder cancer invasiveness.</a> EMBO Mol Med. 5 (12), 1835-1851 (2013).</li><li>Foxman, B. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Epidemiology+of+urinary+tract+infections:+incidence,+morbidity,+and+economic+costs.">Epidemiology of urinary tract infections: incidence, morbidity, and economic costs.</a> Am J Med. 113, 05S-13S (2002).</li><li>Ingersoll, M. A., Kline, K. A., Nielsen, H. V., Hultgren, S. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=G-CSF+induction+early+in+uropathogenic+Escherichia+coli+infection+of+the+urinary+tract+modulates+host+immunity.">G-CSF induction early in uropathogenic Escherichia coli infection of the urinary tract modulates host immunity.</a> Cell Microbiol. 10 (12), 2568-2578 (2008).</li><li>Mora-Bau, G., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Macrophages+Subvert+Adaptive+Immunity+to+Urinary+Tract+Infection.">Macrophages Subvert Adaptive Immunity to Urinary Tract Infection.</a> PLoS Pathog. 11 (7), e1005044 (2015).</li><li>Oliveira, P. A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Technical+Report:+Technique+of+Bladder+Catheterization+in+Female+Mice+and+Rats+for+Intravesical+Instillation+in+Models+of+Bladder+Cancer.">Technical Report: Technique of Bladder Catheterization in Female Mice and Rats for Intravesical Instillation in Models of Bladder Cancer.</a> (Conference Title)39th Scand-LAS and ICLAS Joint Meeting. 36, 5-9 (2009).</li><li>Seager, C. M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Intravesical+delivery+of+rapamycin+suppresses+tumorigenesis+in+a+mouse+model+of+progressive+bladder+cancer.">Intravesical delivery of rapamycin suppresses tumorigenesis in a mouse model of progressive bladder cancer.</a> Cancer Prev Res (Phila). 2 (12), 1008-1014 (2009).</li><li>Hagberg, L., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Ascending,+unobstructed+urinary+tract+infection+in+mice+caused+by+pyelonephritogenic+Escherichia+coli+of+human+origin).">Ascending, unobstructed urinary tract infection in mice caused by pyelonephritogenic Escherichia coli of human origin).</a> Infect Immun. 40 (1), 273-283 (1983).</li><li>Olson, P. D., Hruska, K. A., Hunstad, D. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Androgens+Enhance+Male+Urinary+Tract+Infection+Severity+in+a+New+Model.">Androgens Enhance Male Urinary Tract Infection Severity in a New Model.</a> J Am Soc Nephrol. , (2015).</li><li>Knipper, J. A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Interleukin-4+Receptor+alpha+Signaling+in+Myeloid+Cells+Controls+Collagen+Fibril+Assembly+in+Skin+Repair.">Interleukin-4 Receptor alpha Signaling in Myeloid Cells Controls Collagen Fibril Assembly in Skin Repair.</a> Immunity. 43 (4), 803-816 (2015).</li><li>Hung, C. S., Dodson, K. W., Hultgren, S. 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经尿道电切的雄性小鼠对膀胱黏膜疾病的影响提供了许多新的研究机会, 但也提出了一些挑战。首先, 一个限制是, 灌输可能最初证明是技术上的困难, 导致过度炎症在导管插入。技术的改进可以通过用有色溶液注入死老鼠来实现, 如埃文斯蓝染料。为了证实注入成功, 膀胱应进行视觉检查和灌输的液体的体积可以用结核菌素注射器的提取评估。缓慢的, 温和的运动的重要性不能被夸大: 不应该有阻力...

泌尿道感染是发达国家最常见的感染之一1。在新生儿和老年人中, 女性和男性的感染率相似,2。绝经前的成年女性, 但是, 有一个大大增加的发病率社区获得性尿路感染相比, 男性2,3。鉴于这一疾病主要影响妇女, 基础和临床研究压倒性地集中在女性尿路感染。然而, 在男性泌尿感染是一个重要的和理解的医疗保健挑战4。事实上, 由于男性泌尿系感染与发病率较高有关, 这些传染病通常被定义为复杂的4,5。
随着我们对性别偏见在生理学和病理学中的核心作用的理解, 我们需要新的方法来探索这一以前被忽视的疾病方面。性别差异在免疫和感染中起着至关重要的作用;女性自身免疫性疾病的发病率较高, 而男性更容易受到某些感染, 如结核病、疟疾和 HIV6,7。膀胱癌, 另一个泌尿系病理, 是显着更普遍的男性比妇女, 和几项研究显示了作用的雄激素在发展的恶性肿瘤8,9,10,11 ,12。然而, 值得注意的是, 由于无法反复 catheterize 雄性小鼠13, 对膀胱癌的膀胱灌注治疗的研究完全是在雌性动物身上进行的。
对泌尿学发病机制的研究主要依赖于啮齿动物的感染模型 (如、小鼠和大鼠)。小鼠尿路感染模型可能采用 uropathogens 最初孤立于人类传染病, 如肾炎大肠杆菌(UPEC),克雷伯杆菌,肠球菌,葡萄球菌, 或变形杆菌14。通常情况下, 细菌被引入膀胱通过导尿管的尿道。继感染后, 膀胱和肾脏可以被移除, 以评估特定的感染参数, 如细菌定植、组织损伤或宿主免疫应答15,16。然而, 普遍的, 只有雌性动物被用于泌尿的研究。事实上, 许多研究指出, 由于解剖原因, 男性小鼠的插管是不可能的13,17,18,19。最近, 对男性灌输的外科手术方法已经被描述, 在其中腹部打开, 膀胱是外部流离失所通过施加温和的压力, 在腹部的开放, 细菌被注射到膀胱20。这种方法能使男性感染, 以手术治疗为代价。因此, 这种方法的一个主要的告诫包括炎症的影响, 对感染的结果, 如潜在的诱导抗炎伤口愈合的反应的切口21。由于我们的兴趣包括对疾病的性别偏见的理解, 我们开发了一种在雄性小鼠体内进行细菌膀胱灌注的方法, 它与长期建立的非手术电切法在雌性啮齿动物中的应用更加吻合22.
我们的模型建立在一个既定的方法和提供的能力, 直接比较宿主免疫反应与泌尿系统感染的雌性和雄性动物。这种方法将允许解剖的性别差异的感染, 并可能提供分子和细胞线索的明显差异的敏感性和反应的性别感染。此外, 这一模式的价值超越了泌尿系研究, 允许建立模型, 以调查其他膀胱相关疾病, 如膀胱癌, 前列腺炎, 下或过活动膀胱综合征, 和间质性膀胱炎。

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="808">
	<tbody>
		<tr height="45">
			<td height="45" style="height:45px;width:283px;">BD Insyte Autoguard Shielded IV Catheters 24G, 0.7 mm external diameter, 14 mM long</td>
			<td style="width:131px;">BD Medical</td>
			<td style="width:135px;">381811 or 381411*</td>
			<td style="width:260px;">* catalog number is country-dependent</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:283px;">inoculating loop</td>
			<td style="width:131px;">Greiner Bio-One</td>
			<td style="width:135px;">731171</td>
			<td style="width:260px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:283px;">LB Miller broth</td>
			<td style="width:131px;">Difco</td>
			<td style="width:135px;">244620</td>
			<td style="width:260px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:283px;">LB Miller agar</td>
			<td style="width:131px;">Difco</td>
			<td style="width:135px;">244520</td>
			<td style="width:260px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:283px;">Cuvettes</td>
			<td style="width:131px;">Bio-rad</td>
			<td style="width:135px;">223-9955</td>
			<td style="width:260px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:283px;">syringes</td>
			<td style="width:131px;">B Braun</td>
			<td style="width:135px;">9166017V</td>
			<td style="width:260px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:283px;">Thumb (Adson) forceps</td>
			<td style="width:131px;">Fine Science Tools</td>
			<td style="width:135px;">11006-12</td>
			<td style="width:260px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:283px;">5 mL tubes, polypropylene</td>
			<td style="width:131px;">Falcon</td>
			<td style="width:135px;">352063</td>
			<td style="width:260px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:283px;">Tissue Ruptor disposable probes</td>
			<td style="width:131px;">Qiagen</td>
			<td style="width:135px;">990890</td>
			<td style="width:260px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:283px;">15 mL flip cap tubes</td>
			<td style="width:131px;">Thermo Scientific</td>
			<td style="width:135px;">362694</td>
			<td style="width:260px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:283px;">DNAse</td>
			<td style="width:131px;">Invitrogen</td>
			<td style="width:135px;">18047019</td>
			<td style="width:260px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:283px;">Liberase TM</td>
			<td style="width:131px;">Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:135px;">5401119001</td>
			<td style="width:260px;">should be aliquotted and stored at -20 &#176;C to avoid repeated freeze-thaw</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:283px;">100 &#181;M MACS SmartStrainers&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:131px;">Miltenyi</td>
			<td style="width:135px;">130-098-463</td>
			<td style="width:260px;">compatible with 15 mL tubes, preferred</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:283px;">100 &#181;m cell strainers&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:131px;">Falcon</td>
			<td style="width:135px;">352360</td>
			<td style="width:260px;">compatible with 50 mL tubes, if MACS Smart Strainers are not available</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:283px;">96 well plate</td>
			<td style="width:131px;">Falcon</td>
			<td style="width:135px;">353077</td>
			<td style="width:260px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:283px;">Fc block</td>
			<td style="width:131px;">BD Pharmingen</td>
			<td style="width:135px;">553142</td>
			<td style="width:260px;">anti-CD16/CD32</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:283px;">anti-mouse CD45 antibody</td>
			<td style="width:131px;">BD Biosciences</td>
			<td style="width:135px;">561487</td>
			<td style="width:260px;">many different fluorescent conjugation options are available</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:283px;">5 mL tubes polystyrene with filter cap</td>
			<td style="width:131px;">Falcon</td>
			<td style="width:135px;">352235</td>
			<td style="width:260px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:283px;">insulin syringe</td>
			<td style="width:131px;">Terumo</td>
			<td style="width:135px;">BS05M2913</td>
			<td style="width:260px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:283px;">hand held homogenizer</td>
			<td style="width:131px;">Qiagen</td>
			<td style="width:135px;">9001272</td>
			<td style="width:260px;">TissueRuptor</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:283px;">flow cytometer</td>
			<td style="width:131px;">BD Biosciences</td>
			<td style="width:135px;">N/A</td>
			<td style="width:260px;">Fortessa SORP&#160;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:283px;">Flow cytometry software</td>
			<td style="width:131px;">BD Biosciences</td>
			<td style="width:135px;">N/A</td>
			<td style="width:260px;">Diva</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

urinary tract infection in a small animal model: transurethral catheterization of male and female mice

泌尿道感染在世界范围内非常普遍, 引起严重的发病率和医疗费用。小动物模型, 准确地反映疾病的建立和进展, 允许解剖宿主-病原体相互作用和产生的免疫力感染。在小鼠, 膀胱灌注肾炎的大肠杆菌, 致病剂在85% 以上的社区获得性尿路感染, 重述的许多阶段的感染者观察到的人。然而, 直到最近, 泌尿感染只能以雌性动物为模型。这一限制阻碍了研究泌尿和其他膀胱疾病, 如癌症的性别相关的差异。在这里, 我们描述一种方法来灌输雄性小鼠, 允许直接比较雌性和雄性动物, 并提供一个详细的协议, 以评估膀胱组织的流式细胞仪作为一种手段, 更好地了解宿主对感染的反应。这些方法将有助于确定在泌尿系和其他膀胱相关疾病中所观察到的性别偏见的寄主因素。

在这个协议的发展中, 雌性和雄性 C57Bl/6 小鼠的年龄在6到8周之间被灌输, 并且细菌负担评估在膀胱在时间点范围从1小时到30天。这些研究的结果在别处 (Zychlinsky 沙夫et al., 待定) 进行了详细说明。在这里, 我们提供来自24小时感染的代表性数据。值得注意的是, 24 小时后感染的雄性和雌性小鼠的细菌负担是相等的 (图 1)。在每组24小时感染后观察到的细菌?...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Urinary Tract Infection in a Small Animal Model: Transurethral Catheterization of Male and Female Mice at JoVE.com

Urinary Tract Infection in a Small Animal Model: Transurethral Catheterization of Male and Female Mice

建立的模型, 经尿道小鼠导尿, 允许研究膀胱疾病, 包括泌尿道感染, 但只能在女性进行。一个新的男性经尿道灌注的模式, 在这里提出, 将使研究在一个地区的特点是强的临床和流行病学差异的性别。

小动物模型尿路感染的实验研究: 男性和女性的经尿道插管

Urinary tract infections (UTI) are extremely common worldwide, incurring significant morbidity and healthcare-associated expenses. Small animal models, ...

Research

JoVE Journal

Immunology and Infection

Transurethral Induction of Mouse Urinary Tract Infection

经尿道诱导小鼠尿路感染

Uropathogenic bacterial strains of interest are grown on agar. Generally, uropathogenic E. coli (UPEC) and other strains can be grown overnight on ...

科研

免疫与感染

Diagnosis of Ecto- and Endoparasites in Laboratory Rats and Mice

Ecto和实验室大鼠和小鼠体内寄生虫的诊断

Internal and external parasites remain a significant concern in laboratory rodent facilities, and many research facilities harbor some parasitized ...

4D Multimodality Imaging of Citrobacter rodentium Infections in Mice

4D Multimodality Imaging of Citrobacter rodentium Infections in Mice

4D多模态成像<em&gt;柠檬酸rodentium</em在小鼠感染

This protocol outlines the steps required to  longitudinally monitor a bioluminescent bacterial infection using composite 3D diffuse light imaging ...

Transurethral Instillation Procedure in Adult Male Mouse

成年雄性小鼠经尿道灌注术

Transurethral instillation can be used to deliver different solutions with active ingredients (e.g., drugs, chemicals, bacteria, and viruses) locally into ...

Isolation of Dendritic Cells from the Human Female Reproductive Tract for Phenotypical and Functional Studies

人雌性生殖道树突状细胞表型鉴定的分离及功能研究

The characterization of the human dendritic cells (DCs) resident in mucosal tissues is challenging due to the difficulty in obtaining samples, and the low ...

Intracranial Subarachnoidal Route of Infection for Investigating Roles of Streptococcus suis Biofilms in Meningitis in a Mouse Infection Model

Intracranial Subarachnoidal Route of Infection for Investigating Roles of Streptococcus suis Biofilms in Meningitis in a Mouse Infection Model

颅内 Subarachnoidal 感染对猪链球菌生物膜在小鼠感染模型中作用的研究

Streptococcus suis is not only a major bacterial pathogen of pigs worldwide but also an emerging zoonotic agent. In humans and pigs, meningitis is a major ...

Isolation of Single Intracellular Bacterial Communities Generated from a Murine Model of Urinary Tract Infection for Downstream Single-cell Analysis

尿道感染小鼠模型产生的单细胞内细菌群落的分离, 用于下游单细胞分析

In this article, we outline a procedure used to isolate individual intracellular bacterial communities from a mouse that has been experimentally infected ...

A Non-Coding Small RNA MicC Contributes to Virulence in Outer Membrane Proteins in Salmonella Enteritidis

A Non-Coding Small RNA MicC Contributes to Virulence in Outer Membrane Proteins in Salmonella Enteritidis

非编码小RNA MicC有助于肠炎 沙门氏菌 外膜蛋白的毒力

A non-coding small RNA (sRNA) is a new factor to regulate gene expression at the post-transcriptional level. A kind of sRNA MicC, known in Escherichia ...

Recurrent Escherichia coli Urinary Tract Infection Triggered by Gardnerella vaginalis Bladder Exposure in Mice

Recurrent Escherichia coli Urinary Tract Infection Triggered by Gardnerella vaginalis Bladder Exposure in Mice

由加德纳菌阴道膀胱暴露在小鼠中引发的复发性大肠杆菌尿路感染

Recurrent urinary tract infections (rUTI) caused by uropathogenic Escherichia coli (UPEC) are common and costly. Previous articles describing models of ...

Visualizing Lung Cellular Adaptations during Combined Ozone and LPS Induced Murine Acute Lung Injury

在合并臭氧和LPS诱导穆林急性肺损伤期间可视化肺细胞适应

Lungs are continually faced with direct and indirect insults in the form of sterile (particles or reactive toxins) and infectious (bacterial, viral or ...