Name: robotic mirror therapy system for functional recovery of hemiplegic arms
Uploaded: 2016-08-15T15:00:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Robotic Mirror Therapy System for Functional Recovery of Hemiplegic Arms at JoVE.com

Dette arbejde blev støttet af Brain Fusion Program for Seoul National University (800-20120444) og Interdisciplinært Research Initiativer Program fra Ingeniørhøjskolen og College of Medicine, Seoul National University (800-20.150.090).

Alle procedurer blev revideret og godkendt af Institutional Review Board of Seoul National University Hospital. 1. Mirror Terapi Opgaver <ol><li> Eksempler på 2-dimensional spejl terapi opgaver (figur 3) <ol><li> Frit flytte den sunde arm, mens du kigger i spejlet omkring 5 min for warm-up øvelse. BEMÆRK: Man kan anvende en metronom således at patienten kan udøve bevægelsen af ​​sund arm i en rytmisk måde. </li><li> På sunde side, drible og placere en lille bold i det valgte...

<ol>
	<li>Hamzei, F., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Functional+plasticity+induced+by+mirror+training:+the+mirror+as+the+element+connecting+both+hands+to+one+hemisphere.">Functional plasticity induced by mirror training: the mirror as the element connecting both hands to one hemisphere.</a> Neurorehabil Neural Repair. 26 (5), 484-496 (2012).</li><li>Thieme, H., Mehrholz, J., Pohl, M., Behrens, J., Dohle, C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Mirror+therapy+for+improving+motor+function+after+stroke.">Mirror therapy for improving motor function after stroke.</a> Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 3, CD008449 (2012).</li><li>Dohle, C., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Mirror+therapy+promotes+recovery+from+severe+hemiparesis:+a+randomized+controlled+trial.">Mirror therapy promotes recovery from severe hemiparesis: a randomized controlled trial.</a> Neurorehabil Neural Repair. 23 (3), 209-217 (2009).</li><li>Pervane Vural, S., Nakipoglu Yuzer, G. F., Sezgin Ozcan, D., Demir Ozbudak, S., Ozgirgin, N. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Effects+of+Mirror+Therapy+in+Stroke+Patients+With+Complex+Regional+Pain+Syndrome+Type+1:+A+Randomized+Controlled+Study.">Effects of Mirror Therapy in Stroke Patients With Complex Regional Pain Syndrome Type 1: A Randomized Controlled Study.</a> Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 97 (4), 575-581 (2016).</li><li>De Santis, D., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Robot-assisted+training+of+the+kinesthetic+sense:+enhancing+proprioception+after+stroke.">Robot-assisted training of the kinesthetic sense: enhancing proprioception after stroke.</a> Front Hum Neurosci. 8, 1037 (2015).</li><li>Smorenburg, A. R., Ledebt, A., Deconinck, F. J., Savelsbergh, G. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Practicing+a+matching+movement+with+a+mirror+in+individuals+with+spastic+hemiplegia.">Practicing a matching movement with a mirror in individuals with spastic hemiplegia.</a> Res Dev Disabil. 34 (9), 2507-2513 (2013).</li><li>Semrau, J. A., Herter, T. M., Scott, S. H., Dukelow, S. P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Robotic+identification+of+kinesthetic+deficits+after+stroke.">Robotic identification of kinesthetic deficits after stroke.</a> Stroke. 44 (12), 3414-3421 (2013).</li><li>Niku, S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Chapter+4,+Dynamic+Analysis+and+Forces.">Chapter 4, Dynamic Analysis and Forces.</a> Introduction to Robotics: Analysis, Systems, Applications. , (2001).</li><li>Sanford, J., Moreland, J., Swanson, L. R., Stratford, P. W., Gowland, C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Reliability+of+the+Fugl-Meyer+assessment+for+testing+motor+performance+in+patients+following+stroke.">Reliability of the Fugl-Meyer assessment for testing motor performance in patients following stroke.</a> Phys Ther. 73 (7), 447-454 (1993).</li><li>Bohannon, R. W., Smith, M. B. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Interrater+reliability+of+a+modified+Ashworth+scale+of+muscle+spasticity.">Interrater reliability of a modified Ashworth scale of muscle spasticity.</a> Phys Ther. 67 (2), 206-207 (1987).</li><li>Shah, S., Vanclay, F., Cooper, B. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Improving+the+sensitivity+of+the+Barthel+Index+for+stroke+rehabilitation.">Improving the sensitivity of the Barthel Index for stroke rehabilitation.</a> J Clin Epidemiol. 42 (8), 703-709 (1989).</li><li>Lo, A. C., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Robot-assisted+therapy+for+long-term+upper-limb+impairment+after+stroke.">Robot-assisted therapy for long-term upper-limb impairment after stroke.</a> N Engl J Med. 362 (19), 1772-1783 (2010).</li><li>Ho, N. S., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=An+EMG-driven+exoskeleton+hand+robotic+training+device+on+chronic+stroke+subjects:+task+training+system+for+stroke+rehabilitation.">An EMG-driven exoskeleton hand robotic training device on chronic stroke subjects: task training system for stroke rehabilitation.</a> IEEE Int Conf Rehabil Robot. , 5975340 (2011).</li><li>Hesse, S., Schulte-Tigges, G., Konrad, M., Bardeleben, A., Werner, C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Robot-assisted+arm+trainer+for+the+passive+and+active+practice+of+bilateral+forearm+and+wrist+movements+in+hemiparetic+subjects.">Robot-assisted arm trainer for the passive and active practice of bilateral forearm and wrist movements in hemiparetic subjects.</a> Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 84 (6), 915-920 (2003).</li><li>Lum, P. S., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=MIME+robotic+device+for+upper-limb+neurorehabilitation+in+subacute+stroke+subjects:+A+follow-up+study.">MIME robotic device for upper-limb neurorehabilitation in subacute stroke subjects: A follow-up study.</a> J Rehabil Res Dev. 43 (5), 631-642 (2006).</li><li>Yang, C. L., Lin, K. C., Chen, H. C., Wu, C. Y., Chen, C. L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Pilot+comparative+study+of+unilateral+and+bilateral+robot-assisted+training+on+upper-extremity+performance+in+patients+with+stroke.">Pilot comparative study of unilateral and bilateral robot-assisted training on upper-extremity performance in patients with stroke.</a> Am J Occup Ther. 66 (2), 198-206 (2012).</li><li>Nef, T., Mihelj, M., Riener, R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=ARMin:+a+robot+for+patient-cooperative+arm+therapy.">ARMin: a robot for patient-cooperative arm therapy.</a> Med Biol Eng Comput. 45 (9), 887-900 (2007).</li><li>Ozkul, F., Barkana, D. E., Demirbas, S. B., Inal, S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Evaluation+of+proprioceptive+sense+of+the+elbow+joint+with+RehabRoby.">Evaluation of proprioceptive sense of the elbow joint with RehabRoby.</a> IEEE Int Conf Rehabil Robot. , 5975466 (2011).</li><li>Pehlivan, A. U., Celik, O., O'Malley, M. K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Mechanical+design+of+a+distal+arm+exoskeleton+for+stroke+and+spinal+cord+injury+rehabilitation.">Mechanical design of a distal arm exoskeleton for stroke and spinal cord injury rehabilitation.</a> IEEE Int Conf Rehabil Robot. , 5975428 (2011).</li><li>Zhang, H., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Feasibility+studies+of+robot-assisted+stroke+rehabilitation+at+clinic+and+home+settings+using+RUPERT.">Feasibility studies of robot-assisted stroke rehabilitation at clinic and home settings using RUPERT.</a> IEEE Int Conf Rehabil Robot. , 5975440 (2011).</li></ol>

Det primære formål med dette studie var at udvikle en real-time spejl robot system til funktionel genopretning af en hemiplegisk arm ved hjælp af en automatisk kontrol algoritme. Effekten af robot-assisteret terapi på langsigtet genopretning af øverste lemmer værdiforringelse efter slagtilfælde blev bevist gavnlig i tidligere undersøgelser 12, og forskellige former for arm robotter er blevet indført 13-20. Men tidligere undersøgelser af øvre ekstremitet robotter, realiserede bilateral ar...

For patienter med slagtilfælde, har dysfunktion af en hemiplegisk arm svækkende virkning. Evnen til at udføre halvmanuelle aktiviteter er afgørende for dagligdagen, men funktionelle underskud på en hemiplegisk arm ofte forbliver endda et par år efter strokedebut. Blandt forskellige uddannelsesprogrammer på hospitalet, at en øvelse øge vifte af bevægelse eller passiv gentagelse af simple opgaver har ringe effekt på funktionel inddrivelse af en hemiplegisk arm. Af denne grund, har uddannelse af meningsfulde opgaver i forbindelse med dagligdags aktiviteter (ADLs) blevet anvendt på ergoterapi på hospitaler. Virkningerne af spejl terapi blev bevist ved tidligere undersøgelser i neurorehabilitering 1-4. Spejl terapi udføres ved at fremkalde en illusion ved anvendelse af et spejl, som om hemiplegisk arm bevæger sig i realtid under flytning af sund arm. Det kan lette hjerne neuroplasticitet ved aktivering af sensomotoriske cortex 1. Således motor magt og funktion af hemiplegisk arm kan forbedres. Imidlertid konventionel spejl terapi har en kritisk begrænsning, at den hemiplegisk arm ikke er faktisk bevæger sig. Derfor har vi udviklet en real-time 2-akse spejl robot systemet som et simpelt add-on modul til konventionel spejl terapi, ved hjælp af lukkede feedback-mekanisme. Dette kan formidle proprioceptive input til den sensoriske cortex, hvilket anses for vigtigt i neuroplasticitet og funktionel restitution af en hemiplegisk arm (figur 1 og 2) 5-7.

<table border="1" fo:keep-together.within-page="1" fo:keep-with-next.within-page="always">
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>LabVIEW</td>
			<td>National Instruments</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>System design software</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>24V power supply</td>
			<td>XP Power</td>
			<td>MHP1000PS24 24V</td>
			<td>Any 24V power supply should do</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>AHRS sensor receiver</td>
			<td>E2box</td>
			<td>EBRF24GRCV</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>AHRS sensors</td>
			<td>E2box</td>
			<td>EBIMU-9DOFV2</td>
			<td>You will need total 3 sensors. Any AHRS sensors will do</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>EC90 flat motor module</td>
			<td>Maxon</td>
			<td>323772 + 223094 + 453231</td>
			<td>Any geared motor with higher than 30Nm should do. (For our custom machined parts, you will need these particular flat motor and gear module, but the gear ratio and encoder may vary)&#160;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>EC45 flat motor module</td>
			<td>Maxon</td>
			<td>397172</td>
			<td>Any geared motor with higher than 10Nm should do (For our custom machined parts, you should use the same gear module but the gear ratio, motor, and encoder may vary)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>EPOS2 70/10 controller</td>
			<td>Maxon</td>
			<td>375711</td>
			<td>This can be replaced with EPOS 24/5 controller</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>EPOS2 24/5 controller</td>
			<td>Maxon</td>
			<td>367676</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Connector and cable set</td>
			<td>Maxon</td>
			<td>381405 + 384915 + 275934 + 354045</td>
			<td>You can also make these cables. Connectors and corresponding wire info can be found in &#34;300583-Hardware-Reference-En.pdf&#34; and &#34;300583-Cable-Starting-Set-En.pdf&#34;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Coupling- Oldham, Set Screw Type</td>
			<td>Misumi</td>
			<td>MCORK30-10-12</td>
			<td>Type may vary</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Coupling- High Rigidity, Oldham, 
			Set Screw Type</td>
			<td>Misumi</td>
			<td>MCOGRK34-12-12</td>
			<td>Type may vary</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Shaft Collars</td>
			<td>Misumi</td>
			<td>SCWDM10-B &#160;</td>
			<td>You will need 4 sets</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Shaft Collars</td>
			<td>Misumi</td>
			<td>SDBJ10-8</td>
			<td>You will need 2 sets</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Precision Linear Shaft</td>
			<td>Misumi</td>
			<td>&#160;PSSFG10-200</td>
			<td>Any straight 10mm diameter shaft with at least 200mm length should do&#160;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Bearings with housings</td>
			<td>Misumi</td>
			<td>BGRAB6801ZZ</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Elbow motor force dispersion shaft&#160;</td>
			<td>custom machined</td>
			<td>3D CAD&#160;</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Lower elbow support</td>
			<td>custom machined</td>
			<td>Part Drawings</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Elbow rooftop frame</td>
			<td>custom machined</td>
			<td>Part Drawings</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Support wall</td>
			<td>custom machined</td>
			<td>Part Drawings</td>
			<td>You will need 2 frames.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Elbow coupling hollow cylinder cover&#160;</td>
			<td>custom machined</td>
			<td>Part Drawings</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Wrist motor force dispersion shaft</td>
			<td>custom machined</td>
			<td>Part Drawings</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Wrist rooftop frame</td>
			<td>custom machined</td>
			<td>Part Drawings</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Upper wrist coupling hollow cylinder cover</td>
			<td>custom machined</td>
			<td>Part Drawings</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Lower wrist coupling hollow cylinder cover</td>
			<td>custom machined</td>
			<td>Part Drawings</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Joint movement limiter</td>
			<td>custom machined</td>
			<td>Part Drawings</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Handle</td>
			<td>3D printed</td>
			<td>Part Drawings</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Upper elbow support</td>
			<td>3D printed</td>
			<td>Part Drawings</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Friction reduction ring</td>
			<td>3D printed</td>
			<td>Part Drawings</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Acrylic mirror</td>
			<td>custom laser cutting</td>
			<td>Part Drawings</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Task table</td>
			<td>custom machined</td>
			<td>Part Drawings</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Silicone sponge</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>DOF limiter</td>
			<td>3D printed</td>
			<td>Part Drawings</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>DOF limiter lid</td>
			<td>3D printed</td>
			<td>Part Drawings</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Healthyarm handle</td>
			<td>3D printed</td>
			<td>Part Drawings</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Ball rollers - Press fit</td>
			<td>Misumi</td>
			<td>BCHA18</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Goalpost</td>
			<td>3D printed</td>
			<td>Part Drawings</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Circle trace</td>
			<td>3D printed</td>
			<td>Part Drawings</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Angled assist</td>
			<td>3D printed</td>
			<td>Part Drawings</td>
			<td>Optional</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Curved assist</td>
			<td>3D printed</td>
			<td>Part Drawings</td>
			<td>Optional</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Plain assist</td>
			<td>3D printed</td>
			<td>Part Drawings</td>
			<td>Optional</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Task board</td>
			<td>custom laser cutting</td>
			<td>Part Drawings</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

robotic mirror therapy system for functional recovery of hemiplegic arms

Mirror terapi er udført så effektiv ergoterapi i en klinisk indstilling for funktionel genopretning af en hemiplegisk arm efter slagtilfælde. Det udføres ved at fremkalde en illusion ved anvendelse af et spejl, som om hemiplegisk arm bevæger sig i realtid under flytning af sund arm. Det kan lette hjernen neuroplasticitet gennem aktivering af sensomotoriske cortex. Imidlertid konventionel spejl terapi har en kritisk begrænsning, at den hemiplegisk arm ikke er faktisk bevæger sig. Således har vi udviklet en real-time 2-akse spejl robot systemet som et simpelt add-on modul til konventionel spejl terapi ved hjælp af en lukket feedback-mekanisme, der muliggør real-time bevægelse af hemiplegisk arm. Vi brugte 3 Attitude og udgiftsområde referencesystem sensorer, to børsteløse DC-motorer til albue og håndled, og exoskeletal rammer. I en forundersøgelse på 6 raske forsøgspersoner, robot spejl terapi var sikkert og muligt. Vi udvælges yderligere opgaver er anvendelige til aktiviteter daily levende uddannelse gennem feedback fra rehabilitering læger. En kronisk slagtilfælde patient viste forbedring i Fugl-Meyer vurdering skala og albue flexor spasticitet efter en 2-ugers anvendelse af spejlet robotsystemet. Robotic spejl terapi kan forbedre proprioceptive input til den sensoriske cortex, som anses for at være vigtig i neuroplasticitet og funktionel restitution af hemiplegisk arme. Spejlet robotsystem præsenteret heri, kan let udvikles og udnyttes effektivt til at fremme ergoterapi.

Seks raske forsøgspersoner gennemførte en &quot;pen mærkning opgave« (rører de to små plader skiftevis med en pen fastgjort på den sunde hånd som vist i figur 17) 10 gange, som tog i gennemsnit 106 sek pr emne. Ingen bivirkning blev observeret, og robot spejl terapi viste sig at være mulig. Derudover blev en klinisk undersøgelse af rehabilitering læger udført. Vi anmodede ekspertudtalelser at beste...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Robotic Mirror Therapy System for Functional Recovery of Hemiplegic Arms at JoVE.com

Robotic Mirror Therapy System for Functional Recovery of Hemiplegic Arms

Vi udviklede en real-time spejl robot system til funktionel genopretning af hemiplegisk arme ved hjælp af automatisk styringsteknik, foretaget en klinisk undersøgelse af raske, og beslutsomme opgaver gennem feedback fra rehabilitering læger. Denne enkle spejl robot kan anvendes effektivt til ergoterapi i patienter med slagtilfælde med en hemiplegisk arm.

Robotic Mirror Therapy System for Funktionel Inddrivelse af hemiplegisk Arms

Mirror therapy has been performed as effective occupational therapy in a clinical setting for functional recovery of a hemiplegic arm after stroke. It is ...

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Pedicle screw implantation has excellent treatment effects and is often used by surgeons in spinal fusion surgery. However, due to the complexity of human ...

Magnetic-, Acoustic-, and Optical-Triple-Responsive Microbubbles for Magnetic Hyperthermia and Pothotothermal Combination Cancer Therapy

Magnetiske, akustiske og optisk-triple-responsive mikrobubbles til magnetisk hypertermi og pothotothermal kombinationskræftbehandling

The precision delivery of anti-cancer agents which aim for targeted and deep-penetrated delivery as well as a controlled release at the tumor site has ...

Manipulation of Single Neural Stem Cells and Neurons in Brain Slices using Robotic Microinjection

Manipulation af enkelt neurale stamceller og neuroner i hjernen skiver ved hjælp af Robotic Microinjection

A central question in developmental neurobiology is how neural stem and progenitor cells form the brain. To answer this question, one needs to label, ...

Studying Cavitation Enhanced Therapy

Undersøgelse Cavitation Forbedret Terapi

Interest in the therapeutic applications of ultrasound is significant and growing, with potential clinical targets ranging from cancer to ...

Functional Transcranial Doppler Ultrasound for Monitoring Cerebral Blood Flow

Funktionel transkranial Doppler ultralyd til overvågning af cerebral blodgennemstrømning

Functional transcranial Doppler ultrasound (fTCD) is the use of transcranial Doppler ultrasound (TCD) to study neural activation occurring during stimuli ...