Name: genetic manipulation of the plant pathogen ustilago maydis to study fungal biology and plant microbe interactions
Uploaded: 2016-09-30T15:00:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Genetic Manipulation of the Plant Pathogen Ustilago maydis to Study Fungal Biology and Plant Microbe Interactions at JoVE.com

원고의 중요한 읽기 박사 베네딕트 Steuten 특별 감사. chitinases의 원작이 ​​박사 토르스텐 LANGNER에 의해 수행되었다. VG의 기관은 식물 과학 우수 (CEPLAS, DFG EXC 1028)과 BioSC의 클러스터에서 지원, KS의 기관은 BioSC에 의해 지원됩니다. KB는 BioSC에 의해 지원됩니다. 바이오 경제 과학 센터 (BioSC)의 과학 활동은 재정적으로 NRW Strategieprojekt BioSC (313 / 323-400-00213)의 틀 내에서 혁신, 과학 연구의 교육부에 의해 지원되었다. LF는 DFG 국제 연구 교육 그룹 1525 iGRADplant의 박사 친교에 의해 지원됩니다.

삭제를 구축 1. 생성 <ol><li> 각각 1킬로바이트 상류 측면 (UF)과 하류 측면 (DF) 각각 평활 절삭 제한 부위에 의해 측면 적절한 저항성 카세트를 포함하는 결실 구조체 (도 1)를 포함하는 플라스미드를 생성한다. 참고 : 모든 복제 전략을 우리는 플라스미드 9 골든 게이트 복제를 권장합니다 (복제에 대한 참조 22 참조)를 사용할 수 있습니다. </li><li> 삭제 (9)를</sup...

<ol>
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이 프로토콜은 미국에서 역 유전 연구에 대한 결실 돌연변이 체를 생성하는 방법에 대해 설명 maydis. 시작점은 나란히 7,9 최적화되었을 유전자의 관심에 대한 1 시작 상류 및 정지 코돈의 하류 KB뿐만 아니라 적절한 저항성 카세트의 서열을 함유 플 랭킹 서열을 포함하는 결실 구조체이며 . 구조는 개별적으로 각각의 유전자에 대해 생성 조심스럽게 유전자를 삭제하기 전에 시...

Ustilago maydis는 수십 년 1, 2에 대해 광범위하게 연구 된 식물 병원성 모델 균류이다. 그것은 두 모폴로지, 효모와 같은 비 병원성 단계와 사상, 전염성 형태 3에 존재합니다. 이러한 상동 재조합 DNA 복구 메커니즘으로서 보편적 인 획기적인 발견이 균 4 효모 유사 성장 단계에서 이루어졌다. 또한, 감염에 대한 중요한 감염 필라멘트 및 독성 요인에 대한 형태 학적 스위치 5,6를 잘 특징이다. 이 검댕 곰팡이의 생물학 및 독성에 대한 증가하는 분자 지식은 훌륭한 게놈 주석 (10)와 사용 역 유전학의 용이성, 예를 들면, 우리 연구소에서 잘 조직 된 플라스미드 컬렉션 (HTTP가 지원하는 간단한 유전자 교체 전략 7-9에 의존 : //www.mikrobiologie.hhu.de/ustilago-community.html). 옥수수의 표준화, 신속한 감염 분석eedlings는 병원성의 상세한 연구 (11) 요인을 감안. 미국의 게놈 maydis는 약 6,900 유전자 (10)를 포함한다. 그 기능을 연구하기 위해, 그들은 인해 효율적인 상동 재조합 시스템에 개별적으로 또는 조합으로 삭제 될 수있다. 완벽 상동 끝을 포함 약 1킬로바이트의 측면 영역은 50 % 이상 상동 재조합의 속도에 적합하지만, 비 동종 끝 이미 250 bp의이 구조물 (9)의 올바른 통합을 어느 정도 할 수 있습니다. 현재, 다섯 가지 저항 카세트, 하이 그로 마이신, carboxin, nourseothricin, G418 및 phleomycin에 대한 저항을 매개 hygR, cbxR, natR, G418R, 및 phleoR는 형질 전환 7,9에 대한 선택 사용된다. 또한, 하이 그로 마이신 내성 이종 FLP 재조합 효소 (12)의 일시적인 발현에 의해 제거 될 수있는 재활용 카세트 (FRT-hygR)로 개발되어왔다. 이 저항 카세트하여 이론 무제한 유전자 변형에 제거 할 수 있습니다. Phleomycin 새로운 카세트와 재활용 hygR 카세트 특히 phleoR의 사용이 감소되도록 13 돌연변이이다. 콰 드러 돌연변이 따라서 다른 네 카세트를 사용하여 생성 될 수 있으나, 배의 변이체를 들어, FRT-hygR 시스템 (14)을 추천한다. 이 일반적인 유전자 결실 전략은 성공적 Sporisorium의 reilianum 15, 미국 등의 다른 검댕 곰팡이로 전송 된 hordei (16), 또는 U. 라 esculenta 17 때문에 효율적인 상동 재조합 시스템 아직 유전자 어려운 유기체에서 상기 애플리케이션에 대한 가능성을 제공한다. 관련된 유전자의 결실에 의해 예시 된 바와 같이 또한, 상동 재조합이 결여 생물 유전 공학을 개선하기 위해 수정 될 수 비 동성 엉D-가입 뉴로 crassa의 18, 19에. 여기에서 우리는 미국에 대한 게시 된 유전자 삭제 전략을 설명 후보자의 신속하고 정확한 검증에 초점을 맞춘 실험 자세히 7,9를 maydis. 예를 들어, 우리는 진균 chitinases를 사용하여 단일 돌연변이의 발생뿐 아니라 다수의 삭제 20,21 종자 도시한다. 그들은 강성 세포벽 키틴에 작용하기 때문에 Chitinases은 흥미로운 예이다. 세포벽 리모델링이 세포 분열시 형태 변화 필요, 사상 성장과 포자 형성에 전환합니다. 따라서, 결실 돌연변이 체의 수명주기 동안 표현형을 기대할 수있다.

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="1138">
	<tbody>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:347px;">Aminobenzoeic acid (Free Acid)</td>
			<td style="width:183px;">Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:124px;">A-9878</td>
			<td style="width:485px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Bacto Agar&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:183px;">BD</td>
			<td style="width:124px;">214010</td>
			<td>alternatively use local supplier</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Bacto Peptone</td>
			<td style="width:183px;">BD</td>
			<td style="width:124px;">211677</td>
			<td>alternatively use local supplier</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Bacto Yeast Extract&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:183px;">BD</td>
			<td style="width:124px;">212750</td>
			<td>alternatively use local supplier</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="25">
			<td height="25" style="height:25px;width:347px;">CaCl2*2H2O</td>
			<td style="width:183px;">Gr&#252;ssing GmbH</td>
			<td style="width:124px;">10234</td>
			<td>alternatively use local supplier</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:347px;">Ca-pantothenat (Hemi-Ca. salt)</td>
			<td style="width:183px;">Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:124px;">P-2250</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Carboxin&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:183px;">Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:124px;">45371</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Casamino acids&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:183px;">BD</td>
			<td style="width:124px;">223050</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:347px;">Cholinchlorid</td>
			<td style="width:183px;">Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td>C-1879</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:347px;">Citric acid</td>
			<td style="width:183px;">ChemSolute</td>
			<td style="width:124px;">24,321,000</td>
			<td>alternatively use local supplier</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="25">
			<td height="25" style="height:25px;width:347px;">CuSO4*5H2O</td>
			<td style="width:183px;">Fluka</td>
			<td style="width:124px;">61240</td>
			<td>alternatively use local supplier</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:347px;">D(+)Sucrose&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:183px;">Roth</td>
			<td style="width:124px;">4621.1</td>
			<td>alternatively use local supplier</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:347px;">DNA degr. free acid&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:183px;">Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:124px;">D-3159</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:347px;">EDTA</td>
			<td style="width:183px;">Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:124px;">E4378</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="25">
			<td height="25" style="height:25px;width:347px;">FeCl3*6H2O</td>
			<td style="width:183px;">Gr&#252;ssing GmbH</td>
			<td style="width:124px;">10288</td>
			<td>alternatively use local supplier</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:347px;">Geneticin (G418) disulfate salt</td>
			<td style="width:183px;">Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:124px;">A1720</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Trichoderma lysing enzymes</td>
			<td>Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td>L1412</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:347px;">Glucose</td>
			<td style="width:183px;">Caelo</td>
			<td style="width:124px;">2580</td>
			<td>alternatively use local supplier</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:347px;">Glycerin&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:183px;">Fisher Chemical</td>
			<td style="width:124px;">G065015</td>
			<td>alternatively use local supplier</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="25">
			<td height="25" style="height:25px;width:347px;">H3BO3</td>
			<td style="width:183px;">AppliChem</td>
			<td style="width:124px;">A2940</td>
			<td>Dangerous substance. Please check manufacturer&#39;s safety instructions.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Heparin sodium salt</td>
			<td style="width:183px;">Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:124px;">H3393-50KU</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Hygromycin B-solution</td>
			<td style="width:183px;">Roth</td>
			<td style="width:124px;">1287.2</td>
			<td>Dangerous substance.&#160;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:347px;">KCl</td>
			<td style="width:183px;">VWR</td>
			<td style="width:124px;">26764298</td>
			<td>alternatively use local supplier</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="25">
			<td height="25" style="height:25px;width:347px;">KH2PO4</td>
			<td style="width:183px;">AppliChem</td>
			<td style="width:124px;">A3620</td>
			<td>alternatively use local supplier</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="25">
			<td height="25" style="height:25px;width:347px;">MgSO4 waterfree</td>
			<td style="width:183px;">Merck</td>
			<td style="width:124px;">7487-88-9</td>
			<td>Water free is critical. Alternatively use local supplier</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="25">
			<td height="25" style="height:25px;width:347px;">MnCl2*4H2O</td>
			<td style="width:183px;">AppliChem</td>
			<td style="width:124px;">A2087</td>
			<td>alternatively use local supplier</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:347px;">myo-Inositol</td>
			<td style="width:183px;">Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td>I-5125</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="25">
			<td height="25" style="height:25px;width:347px;">Na2-EDTA*2H2O</td>
			<td style="width:183px;">AppliChem</td>
			<td style="width:124px;">A2937</td>
			<td>alternatively use local supplier</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="25">
			<td height="25" style="height:25px;width:347px;">Na2MoO4*2H2O</td>
			<td style="width:183px;">Roth</td>
			<td style="width:124px;">0274.2</td>
			<td>alternatively use local supplier</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="25">
			<td height="25" style="height:25px;width:347px;">Na2SO4</td>
			<td style="width:183px;">Gr&#252;ssing GmbH</td>
			<td style="width:124px;">12174</td>
			<td>alternatively use local supplier</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:347px;">NaCl</td>
			<td style="width:183px;">Fisher Chemical</td>
			<td style="width:124px;">S316060</td>
			<td>alternatively use local supplier</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:347px;">NaOH</td>
			<td style="width:183px;">ChemSolute</td>
			<td style="width:124px;">13,751,000</td>
			<td>alternatively use local supplier</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="25">
			<td height="25" style="height:25px;width:347px;">NH4NO3</td>
			<td style="width:183px;">Roth</td>
			<td style="width:124px;">K299.1</td>
			<td>alternatively use local supplier</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Nicotinic acid (Free Acid)</td>
			<td style="width:183px;">Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:124px;">N-4126</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Nourseothricin dihydrogen sulfate&#160;&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:183px;">Werner BioAgents</td>
			<td style="width:124px;">5,001,000</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:347px;">Nutrient broth&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:183px;">Difco</td>
			<td style="width:124px;"></td>
			<td>local suppliers</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="25">
			<td height="25" style="height:25px;width:347px;">Phenol:Chloroform:Isoamyl Alcohol (25:24:1) pH 6.7</td>
			<td>Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td>P3803</td>
			<td>Dangerous substance. Please check manufacturer&#39;s safety instructions.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">polyethylene glycol (PEG)</td>
			<td style="width:183px;">Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:124px;">P-3640</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Potassium acetate</td>
			<td style="width:183px;">AppliChem</td>
			<td>121479</td>
			<td>alternatively use local supplier</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:347px;">Pyridoxin (Monohydrochlorid)</td>
			<td style="width:183px;">Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:124px;">P-9755</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:347px;">Riboflavin&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:183px;">Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:124px;">R4500</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:347px;">RNaseA</td>
			<td style="width:183px;">Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:124px;">R5503</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:347px;">SDS</td>
			<td style="width:183px;">Roth</td>
			<td style="width:124px;">Cn30.3</td>
			<td>alternatively use local supplier</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">small syringe</td>
			<td>BD</td>
			<td>300300</td>
			<td>alternatively use local supplier</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">sterile filter, 22 &#181;m</td>
			<td>VWR</td>
			<td>28145-477</td>
			<td>alternatively use local supplier</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:347px;">Sorbitol</td>
			<td style="width:183px;">Roth</td>
			<td style="width:124px;">6213.1</td>
			<td>alternatively use local supplier</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:347px;">Thiamin-Hydrochloride</td>
			<td style="width:183px;">Serva</td>
			<td style="width:124px;">36020.02</td>
			<td>alternatively use local supplier</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:347px;">tri-Na-Citrate</td>
			<td style="width:183px;">Fisher Chemical</td>
			<td style="width:124px;">S332060</td>
			<td>alternatively use local supplier</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:347px;">Tris- (hydroxymethyl) aminomethane</td>
			<td>VWR</td>
			<td style="width:124px;">103156X</td>
			<td>alternatively use local supplier</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:347px;">Tris hydrochloride</td>
			<td>Roth</td>
			<td style="width:124px;">9090.4</td>
			<td>alternatively use local supplier</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Triton X-100&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:183px;">Serva&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:124px;">37240</td>
			<td>alternatively use local supplier</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="25">
			<td height="25" style="height:25px;width:347px;">ZnCl2</td>
			<td style="width:183px;">Fluka</td>
			<td style="width:124px;">96470</td>
			<td>alternatively use local supplier</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:347px;">Name</td>
			<td style="width:183px;">Company</td>
			<td style="width:124px;">Catalog Number</td>
			<td>Comments</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Composition of solutions/preparation of material</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Composition of solutions</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Carboxin</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Stock: 5 mg/ml in methanol, final concentration: 2 &#181;g/ml</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="25">
			<td height="25" style="height:25px;">CM plates</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td>0.25 % (w/v) Casamino acids, 0.1 % (w/v) Yeast Extract, 1.0 % (v/v) Holliday vitamin solution, 6.25 % (v/v); Holliday salt solution, 0.05 % (w/v) DNA degr. free acid, 0.15 % (w/v) NH4NO3, 2.0 % (w/v) Bacto Agar; adjust to pH 7.0 using 5 M NaOH; after autoclaving add 1 % glucose&#160;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="25">
			<td height="25" style="height:25px;">Geneticin (G418)</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Stock: 50 mg/ml in H2O, final concentration: 500 &#181;g/ml</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="25">
			<td height="25" style="height:25px;">HCl-washed glass beads (0,35-0,45 mm)</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Cover glass beads with concentrated HCl (25 %, 7.8 M) and incubate for 60 min. Sway several times. Decant HCl (keep decanted liquid) and wash glass beads with 3 M HCl (keep decanted liquid). Wash glass beads several times with double distilled H2O until the pH is 7 (the liquid should not be yellow-green anymore). Aliquot the glass beads and dry them at 180 &#176;C. The decanted HCl has to be neutralized before disposal.&#160;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Heparin</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Stock: 15 mg/ml</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="25">
			<td height="25" style="height:25px;">Holliday salt solution</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td>16.0 &#8240; (w/v) KH2PO4, 4.0 &#8240; (w/v) Na2SO4, 8.0 &#8240; (w/v) KCl, 1.32 &#8240; (w/v) CaCl2*2H2O, 8.0 &#8240; (v/v) trace elements, 2.0 &#8240; (w/v) MgSO4; sterile filtrate</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Holliday vitamin solution&#160;</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td>0.1&#8240; (w/v) Thiamin, 0.05&#8240; (w/v) Riboflavin, 0.05&#8240; (w/v) Pyridoxin, 0.2&#8240; (w/v) Ca-Pantothenat, (0.05&#8240; (w/v) Aminobenzoeic acid, 0.2&#8240; (w/v) Nicotinic acid, 0.2&#8240; (w/v) Cholinchlorid, 1.0&#8240; (w/v) myo-Inositol; may be stored at -20 &#176;C</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Hygromycin</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Stock: 50 mg/ml in PBS, final concentration: 200 &#181;g/ml</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="25">
			<td height="25" style="height:25px;">Nourseothricin</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Stock: 200 mg/ml in H2O, final concentration: 150 &#181;g/ml</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">NSY-glycerol-medium</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td>0.8 % (w/v) Nutrient Broth, 0.1 % (w/v) Yeast Extract, 0.5 % (w/v) Sucrose,&#160; 80.0 % (v/v) 87% Glycerin (f.c. 69.6%)&#160;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">RegLight</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td>1.0% (w/v) Yeast Extract&#160; 0.4 % (w/v) Bacto Peptone, 0.4 % (w/v) Sucrose, 18.22 % (w/v) Sorbitol, 1.5 % (w/v) Agar</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">SCS, pH 5.8</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Solution 1: 20 mM tri-Na-citrate, 1 M Sorbitol; colution 2: 20 mM Citric acid, 1 M Sorbitol, add solution 2 into solution 1 until pH 5.8 is reached; autoclave</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="25">
			<td height="25" style="height:25px;">STC, pH 8</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td>1 M Sorbitol, 10 mM Tris-HCl pH 7.5, 100 mM CaCl2; filter sterile</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">STC/PEG</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td>40 % (v/v) PEG in STC-buffer&#160;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="25">
			<td height="25" style="height:25px;">TE buffer, pH 8</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td>1.31 mM Tris-Base, 8.69 mM Tris-HCl, 10 mM Na2-EDTA*2H2O</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">TE/RNase</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td>10 &#181;g/ml RNaseA in TE buffer</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="25">
			<td height="25" style="height:25px;">Trace elements</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td>0.06&#8240; (w/v) H3BO3, 0.14&#8240; (w/v) MnCl*4H2O, 0.4 &#8240; (w/v) ZnCl2, 0.4 &#8240; (w/v) Na2MoO4*2H2O, 0.1 &#8240; (w/v) FeCl3*6H2O, 0.04&#8240; (w/v) CuSO4*5H2O</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Trichoderma lysing enzymes solution</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td>12.5 mg/ml SCS; filter sterile; prepare shortly before use</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Tris-HCl pH 7.5</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td>806 mM Tris-HCl, 194 mM Tris-Base; check the pH and if necessary adjust with HCl; autoclave</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Usti-lysis buffer 1, pH 8</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td>10 mM Tris-HCl (pH 8.0), 10 mM NaCl, 1 % (w/v) SDS, 2 % (v/v) TritonX-100, 1 mM EDTA. Do not measure pH using pH meter.&#160;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Usti-lysis buffer 2</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td>mix Usti lysis buffer 1 with 1 x TE in a 1:1 ratio</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">YEPS-Light medium</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td>1.0% (w/v) Yeast Extract, 0.4% (w/v) Bacto Peptone, 0.4% (w/v) Sucrose, for plates: 1.5% (w/v) Bacto Agar</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

genetic manipulation of the plant pathogen ustilago maydis to study fungal biology and plant microbe interactions

유전자 결실은 유전자 기능 분석에 중요한 역할을한다. 타겟 방식으로 유전자를 방해하는 가장 효율적인 방법 중 하나는 상동 재조합을 통해 선택 마커 전체 유전자의 교체이다. 상동 재조합 동안 DNA의 교환은 유사도가 높은 순서 사이에 발생한다. 따라서, 표적 유전자를 플 랭킹 선형 게놈 서열은 특히 원하는 통합 사이트에 선별 마커를 지시하는데 사용될 수있다. 삭제 구조의 무딘 끝은 세포의 DNA 복구 시스템을 활성화하여 상동 재조합을 통해 또는 비 - 상동 - 최종 가입하여 어느 구조의 통합을 촉진한다. 효율적인 상동 재조합 유기체에서, 성공적인 유전자 결실의 비율은 50 % 이상이 전략에 유용한 유전자 파쇄 시스템하게 도달 할 수있다. Ustilago가 maydis 검댕 곰팡이는 효율적인 상동 recombinat을 나타내는 진핵 모델 미생물이다이온. 그 약 6,900 유전자 가운데 많은 기능 삭제 돌연변이의 도움으로 특징되었고, 유전자의 필수 기능에 유전자 교체 시도 포인트의 실패를 반복했다. 형광 마커 또는 예측 도메인의 돌연변이 태그에 의해 유전자 기능의 후속 특성은 상동 재조합을 통해 DNA 교환에 의존합니다. 여기, 우리는 미국이 제시 가장 간단한 예를 들어, 유전자 결실을 이용하여 상세히 maydis 변형 생성 전략.

미국으로 인코딩 네 chitinolytic 유전자의 삭제 구조 maydis 게놈 cts1의 삭제에 대한 hygR 카세트를 사용하여 골든 게이트 복제에 의해 생성 된의 natR cts2의 삭제, cts3의 삭제 및 cts4 (20)의 삭제를위한 cbxR에 대한 G418R 카세트. 유전자 치환 전략의 일반적인 개요는 cts3의 삭제 (도 1)에 의...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Genetic Manipulation of the Plant Pathogen Ustilago maydis to Study Fungal Biology and Plant Microbe Interactions at JoVE.com

Genetic Manipulation of the Plant Pathogen Ustilago maydis to Study Fungal Biology and Plant Microbe Interactions

유전자 Ustilago이 maydis 검댕 곰팡이 조작에 우리는 강력한 유전자 교체 전략을 설명합니다. 이 프로토콜은 감염 표현형을 조사하기 위해 삭제 돌연변이를 생성하는 방법에 대해 설명합니다. 형광 표지 단백질을 코딩하는 서열을 추가하여, 예를 들어, 임의의 방법으로 유전자를 수정하도록 확장 될 수있다.

플랜트 병원체의 유전자 조작<em&gt; Ustilago maydis</em&gt; 곰팡이 생물과 식물 미생물 상호 작용을 연구하는

Gene deletion plays an important role in the analysis of gene function. One of the most efficient methods to disrupt genes in a targeted manner is the ...

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JoVE Journal

Genetics

Genetic Manipulation of the Plant Pathogen Ustilago maydis to Study Fungal Biology and Plant Microbe Interactions

Assessment of DNA Contamination in RNA Samples Based on Ribosomal DNA

Ribosomal DNA에 따라 RNA 샘플에서 DNA 오염 평가

One method extensively used for the quantification of gene expression changes and transcript abundances is reverse-transcription quantitative real-time ...

연구

유전학

Purification of High Molecular Weight Genomic DNA from Powdery Mildew for Long-Read Sequencing

긴 읽기 시퀀싱에 대한 흰가루병에서 높은 분자량의 게놈의 DNA의 정제

The powdery mildew fungi are a group of economically important fungal plant pathogens. Relatively little is known about the molecular biology and genetics ...

The Nematode Caenorhabditis Elegans - A Versatile In Vivo Model to Study Host-microbe Interactions

The Nematode Caenorhabditis Elegans - A Versatile In Vivo Model to Study Host-microbe Interactions

선 충 꼬마 선 충-모델을 다양 한 비보에 호스트-미생물 상호작용 연구

We demonstrate a method using Caenorhabditis elegans as a model host to study microbial interaction. Microbes are introduced via the diet making the ...

Robust DNA Isolation and High-throughput Sequencing Library Construction for Herbarium Specimens

강력한 DNA 고립과 표 본관 표본에 대 한 높은 처리량 시퀀싱 도서관 건축

Herbaria are an invaluable source of plant material that can be used in a variety of biological studies. The use of herbarium specimens is associated with ...

Exploring the Root Microbiome: Extracting Bacterial Community Data from the Soil, Rhizosphere, and Root Endosphere

루트 미생물 탐색: 토양, Rhizosphere, 및 루트 Endosphere에서 세균성 지역 사회 데이터 추출

The intimate interaction between plant host and associated microorganisms is crucial in determining plant fitness, and can foster improved tolerance to ...

Maintaining Biological Cultures and Measuring Gene Expression in Aphis nerii: A Non-model System for Plant-insect Interactions

Maintaining Biological Cultures and Measuring Gene Expression in Aphis nerii: A Non-model System for Plant-insect Interactions

생물 학적 문화와 진딧물 nerii에 유전자 발현 측정 유지: 식물 곤충 상호 작용에 대 한 비-모델 시스템

Aphids are excellent experimental models for a variety of biological questions ranging from the evolution of symbioses and the development of polyphenisms ...

Plant Growth and Agrobacterium-mediated Floral-dip Transformation of the Extremophyte Schrenkiella parvula

Plant Growth and Agrobacterium-mediated Floral-dip Transformation of the Extremophyte Schrenkiella parvula

식물 성장 및 Extremophyte Schrenkiella parvula 의 꽃-딥 변환 Agrobacterium 중재

Schrenkiella parvula is an extremophyte adapted to various abiotic stresses, including multiple ion toxicity stresses. Despite high-quality genomic ...

Using Ustilago maydis as a Trojan Horse for In Situ Delivery of Maize Proteins

Using Ustilago maydis as a Trojan Horse for In Situ Delivery of Maize Proteins

원래의 배달 옥수수 단백질에 대 한 Ustilago maydis 트로이 목마 사용 하

Inspired by Homer&#180;s Trojan horse myth, we engineered the maize pathogen Ustilago maydis to deliver secreted proteins into the maize apoplast ...

CRISPR-mediated Genome Editing of the Human Fungal Pathogen Candida albicans

CRISPR-mediated Genome Editing of the Human Fungal Pathogen Candida albicans

Candida albicans 인간의 곰 팡이 병원 체 게놈 편집 CRISPR 중재

This method describes the efficient CRISPR mediated genome editing of the diploid human fungal pathogen Candida albicans. CRISPR-mediated genome editing ...

A Bioinformatics Pipeline to Accurately and Efficiently Analyze the MicroRNA Transcriptomes in Plants

식물의 MicroRNA 전사체를 정확하고 효율적으로 분석하는 생물정보학 파이프라인

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are 20- to 24-nucleotide (nt) endogenous small RNAs (sRNAs) extensively existing in plants and animals that play potent roles in ...