Name: genetic manipulation of the plant pathogen ustilago maydis to study fungal biology and plant microbe interactions
Uploaded: 2016-09-30T15:00:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Genetic Manipulation of the Plant Pathogen Ustilago maydis to Study Fungal Biology and Plant Microbe Interactions at JoVE.com

Um agradecimento especial ao Dr. Benedikt Steuten para a leitura crítica do manuscrito. O trabalho original sobre as quitinases foi realizada pelo Dr. Thorsten Langner. O laboratório de VG é suportado pelo Cluster de Excelência em Ciências Vegetais (CEPLAS, DFG EXC 1028) e BioSC, o laboratório de KS é suportado por BioSC. KB é suportado por BioSC. As atividades científicas do Science Center Bioeconomy (BioSC) foram apoiadas financeiramente pelo Ministério da Inovação, Ciência e Investigação no âmbito do NRW Strategieprojekt BioSC (No. 313 / 323-400-00213). LF é apoiado por uma bolsa de doutoramento da DFG International Research Training Group 1525 iGRADplant.

1. Geração de deleção Construções <ol><li> Gerar um plasmídeo contendo a construção de eliminação (Figura 1) que compreende um respectivo flanco de 1 kb a montante (UF) e flanco a jusante (DF) cada e a cassete de resistência adequada flanqueada por locais de restrição de corte brusco. NOTA: Qualquer estratégia de clonagem pode ser utilizada (para clonagem ver referência 22) recomendamos Golden Gate clonagem de tais plasmídeos 9. </li><li> Excisar o deleç?...

<ol>
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Este protocolo descreve como gerar mutantes de deleção para estudos de genética inversa em U. maydis. O ponto de partida é uma construção de deleção que contém sequências que flanqueiam o gene de interesse que contém sequências de cerca de 1 kb a montante do início e a jusante do codão stop, assim como uma cassete de resistência adequada, tal como foi previamente optimizado 7,9 . As construções têm que ser gerados individualmente para cada gene e cuidadosamente verificada por erros ...

Ustilago maydis é um fungo fitopatogénico modelo que tem sido estudada extensivamente durante décadas 1,2. Ela existe em duas morfologias,, um estágio não-patogênica do tipo levedura e uma filamentosos, forma infecciosa 3. Descobertas revolucionárias universais, tais como mecanismos de recombinação e reparo de DNA homólogas foram feitas na fase de crescimento do tipo levedura do fungo 4. Além disso, o interruptor morfológico ao filamento e virulência infecciosas factores importantes para a infecção são bem caracterizado 5,6. O conhecimento molecular crescente sobre a biologia e virulência do fungo ferrugem se baseia em uma estratégia de substituição de genes simples 7-9 apoiado por uma excelente genoma anotação 10 e a facilidade de genética reversa usando, por exemplo, a coleção plasmídeo bem organizado pelo nosso instituto (http : //www.mikrobiologie.hhu.de/ustilago-community.html). Padronizados, ensaios de infecção rápidas no milho seedlings permitem estudos detalhados de patogenicidade Fatores de 11. O genoma de U. maydis contém cerca de 6900 genes 10. Para estudar a sua função, eles podem ser suprimidos individualmente ou em combinação, devido a um sistema de recombinação homóloga eficiente. Regiões de f lanqueamento de cerca de 1 kb contendo extremidades perfeitamente homólogas são ideais para as taxas de recombinação homóloga maior do que 50%, mas já de 250 pb com extremidades não homólogas permitir um certo grau de integração correcta da construção 9. Atualmente, cinco cassetes de resistência diferentes, hygR, cbxR, NATR, G418R, e phleor mediar resistência contra higromicina, carboxin, nourseothricin, G418 e fleomicina, são utilizados para seleccionar os transformantes 7,9. Além disso, a resistência à higromicina foi desenvolvido em uma cassete reciclável (FRT-hygR) que pode ser removido por a expressão transiente de uma recombinase FLP heterólogo 12. Isto permite a remoção da cassete de resistência e, portanto, em teoria modificações genéticas ilimitadas. Fleomicina é mutagénica 13, de modo que, com as novas cassetes, em particular, a cassete hygR reciclável, o uso de phleor está a diminuir. Quádruplos mutantes podem, portanto, ser geradas utilizando as outras quatro cassetes, mas para os mutantes quíntuplo, o sistema de DRF-hygR é recomendado 14. Esta estratégia geral deleção do gene foi transferido com sucesso para outros fungos obscenidade como Sporisorium reilianum 15, U. hordei 16, ou U. esculenta 17 e, portanto, oferece o potencial para futuras aplicações em organismos geneticamente ainda intratáveis com um sistema de recombinação homóloga eficiente. Além disso, os organismos que carecem de recombinação homóloga pode ser modificado para melhorar a engenharia genética, tal como exemplificado pela deleção de genes envolvidos em não-homóloga-end-unindo em Neurospora crassa 18,19. Aqui nós descrevemos a estratégia de deleção do gene publicada por U. maydis 7,9 em detalhe experimental com foco na verificação rápida e precisa dos candidatos. Como um exemplo, usamos as quitinases de fungos e descrevem a geração de mutantes individuais, bem como a eliminação múltiplas estirpes 20,21. Quitinases são exemplos interessantes, porque actuam sobre quitina na parede celular rígida. remodelação da parede celular é necessária para modificações morfológicas durante a divisão celular, mudar para o crescimento filamentoso, e a formação de esporos. Assim, em fenótipos mutantes de deleção em todo o ciclo de vida pode ser esperado.

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		</tr>
		<tr height="25">
			<td height="25" style="height:25px;width:347px;">H3BO3</td>
			<td style="width:183px;">AppliChem</td>
			<td style="width:124px;">A2940</td>
			<td>Dangerous substance. Please check manufacturer&#39;s safety instructions.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Heparin sodium salt</td>
			<td style="width:183px;">Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:124px;">H3393-50KU</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Hygromycin B-solution</td>
			<td style="width:183px;">Roth</td>
			<td style="width:124px;">1287.2</td>
			<td>Dangerous substance.&#160;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:347px;">KCl</td>
			<td style="width:183px;">VWR</td>
			<td style="width:124px;">26764298</td>
			<td>alternatively use local supplier</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="25">
			<td height="25" style="height:25px;width:347px;">KH2PO4</td>
			<td style="width:183px;">AppliChem</td>
			<td style="width:124px;">A3620</td>
			<td>alternatively use local supplier</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="25">
			<td height="25" style="height:25px;width:347px;">MgSO4 waterfree</td>
			<td style="width:183px;">Merck</td>
			<td style="width:124px;">7487-88-9</td>
			<td>Water free is critical. Alternatively use local supplier</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="25">
			<td height="25" style="height:25px;width:347px;">MnCl2*4H2O</td>
			<td style="width:183px;">AppliChem</td>
			<td style="width:124px;">A2087</td>
			<td>alternatively use local supplier</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:347px;">myo-Inositol</td>
			<td style="width:183px;">Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td>I-5125</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="25">
			<td height="25" style="height:25px;width:347px;">Na2-EDTA*2H2O</td>
			<td style="width:183px;">AppliChem</td>
			<td style="width:124px;">A2937</td>
			<td>alternatively use local supplier</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="25">
			<td height="25" style="height:25px;width:347px;">Na2MoO4*2H2O</td>
			<td style="width:183px;">Roth</td>
			<td style="width:124px;">0274.2</td>
			<td>alternatively use local supplier</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="25">
			<td height="25" style="height:25px;width:347px;">Na2SO4</td>
			<td style="width:183px;">Gr&#252;ssing GmbH</td>
			<td style="width:124px;">12174</td>
			<td>alternatively use local supplier</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:347px;">NaCl</td>
			<td style="width:183px;">Fisher Chemical</td>
			<td style="width:124px;">S316060</td>
			<td>alternatively use local supplier</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:347px;">NaOH</td>
			<td style="width:183px;">ChemSolute</td>
			<td style="width:124px;">13,751,000</td>
			<td>alternatively use local supplier</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="25">
			<td height="25" style="height:25px;width:347px;">NH4NO3</td>
			<td style="width:183px;">Roth</td>
			<td style="width:124px;">K299.1</td>
			<td>alternatively use local supplier</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Nicotinic acid (Free Acid)</td>
			<td style="width:183px;">Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:124px;">N-4126</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Nourseothricin dihydrogen sulfate&#160;&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:183px;">Werner BioAgents</td>
			<td style="width:124px;">5,001,000</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:347px;">Nutrient broth&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:183px;">Difco</td>
			<td style="width:124px;"></td>
			<td>local suppliers</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="25">
			<td height="25" style="height:25px;width:347px;">Phenol:Chloroform:Isoamyl Alcohol (25:24:1) pH 6.7</td>
			<td>Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td>P3803</td>
			<td>Dangerous substance. Please check manufacturer&#39;s safety instructions.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">polyethylene glycol (PEG)</td>
			<td style="width:183px;">Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:124px;">P-3640</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Potassium acetate</td>
			<td style="width:183px;">AppliChem</td>
			<td>121479</td>
			<td>alternatively use local supplier</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:347px;">Pyridoxin (Monohydrochlorid)</td>
			<td style="width:183px;">Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:124px;">P-9755</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:347px;">Riboflavin&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:183px;">Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:124px;">R4500</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:347px;">RNaseA</td>
			<td style="width:183px;">Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:124px;">R5503</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:347px;">SDS</td>
			<td style="width:183px;">Roth</td>
			<td style="width:124px;">Cn30.3</td>
			<td>alternatively use local supplier</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">small syringe</td>
			<td>BD</td>
			<td>300300</td>
			<td>alternatively use local supplier</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">sterile filter, 22 &#181;m</td>
			<td>VWR</td>
			<td>28145-477</td>
			<td>alternatively use local supplier</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:347px;">Sorbitol</td>
			<td style="width:183px;">Roth</td>
			<td style="width:124px;">6213.1</td>
			<td>alternatively use local supplier</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:347px;">Thiamin-Hydrochloride</td>
			<td style="width:183px;">Serva</td>
			<td style="width:124px;">36020.02</td>
			<td>alternatively use local supplier</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:347px;">tri-Na-Citrate</td>
			<td style="width:183px;">Fisher Chemical</td>
			<td style="width:124px;">S332060</td>
			<td>alternatively use local supplier</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:347px;">Tris- (hydroxymethyl) aminomethane</td>
			<td>VWR</td>
			<td style="width:124px;">103156X</td>
			<td>alternatively use local supplier</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:347px;">Tris hydrochloride</td>
			<td>Roth</td>
			<td style="width:124px;">9090.4</td>
			<td>alternatively use local supplier</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Triton X-100&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:183px;">Serva&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:124px;">37240</td>
			<td>alternatively use local supplier</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="25">
			<td height="25" style="height:25px;width:347px;">ZnCl2</td>
			<td style="width:183px;">Fluka</td>
			<td style="width:124px;">96470</td>
			<td>alternatively use local supplier</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:347px;">Name</td>
			<td style="width:183px;">Company</td>
			<td style="width:124px;">Catalog Number</td>
			<td>Comments</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Composition of solutions/preparation of material</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Composition of solutions</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Carboxin</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Stock: 5 mg/ml in methanol, final concentration: 2 &#181;g/ml</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="25">
			<td height="25" style="height:25px;">CM plates</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td>0.25 % (w/v) Casamino acids, 0.1 % (w/v) Yeast Extract, 1.0 % (v/v) Holliday vitamin solution, 6.25 % (v/v); Holliday salt solution, 0.05 % (w/v) DNA degr. free acid, 0.15 % (w/v) NH4NO3, 2.0 % (w/v) Bacto Agar; adjust to pH 7.0 using 5 M NaOH; after autoclaving add 1 % glucose&#160;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="25">
			<td height="25" style="height:25px;">Geneticin (G418)</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Stock: 50 mg/ml in H2O, final concentration: 500 &#181;g/ml</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="25">
			<td height="25" style="height:25px;">HCl-washed glass beads (0,35-0,45 mm)</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Cover glass beads with concentrated HCl (25 %, 7.8 M) and incubate for 60 min. Sway several times. Decant HCl (keep decanted liquid) and wash glass beads with 3 M HCl (keep decanted liquid). Wash glass beads several times with double distilled H2O until the pH is 7 (the liquid should not be yellow-green anymore). Aliquot the glass beads and dry them at 180 &#176;C. The decanted HCl has to be neutralized before disposal.&#160;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Heparin</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Stock: 15 mg/ml</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="25">
			<td height="25" style="height:25px;">Holliday salt solution</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td>16.0 &#8240; (w/v) KH2PO4, 4.0 &#8240; (w/v) Na2SO4, 8.0 &#8240; (w/v) KCl, 1.32 &#8240; (w/v) CaCl2*2H2O, 8.0 &#8240; (v/v) trace elements, 2.0 &#8240; (w/v) MgSO4; sterile filtrate</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Holliday vitamin solution&#160;</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td>0.1&#8240; (w/v) Thiamin, 0.05&#8240; (w/v) Riboflavin, 0.05&#8240; (w/v) Pyridoxin, 0.2&#8240; (w/v) Ca-Pantothenat, (0.05&#8240; (w/v) Aminobenzoeic acid, 0.2&#8240; (w/v) Nicotinic acid, 0.2&#8240; (w/v) Cholinchlorid, 1.0&#8240; (w/v) myo-Inositol; may be stored at -20 &#176;C</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Hygromycin</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Stock: 50 mg/ml in PBS, final concentration: 200 &#181;g/ml</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="25">
			<td height="25" style="height:25px;">Nourseothricin</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Stock: 200 mg/ml in H2O, final concentration: 150 &#181;g/ml</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">NSY-glycerol-medium</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td>0.8 % (w/v) Nutrient Broth, 0.1 % (w/v) Yeast Extract, 0.5 % (w/v) Sucrose,&#160; 80.0 % (v/v) 87% Glycerin (f.c. 69.6%)&#160;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">RegLight</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td>1.0% (w/v) Yeast Extract&#160; 0.4 % (w/v) Bacto Peptone, 0.4 % (w/v) Sucrose, 18.22 % (w/v) Sorbitol, 1.5 % (w/v) Agar</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">SCS, pH 5.8</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Solution 1: 20 mM tri-Na-citrate, 1 M Sorbitol; colution 2: 20 mM Citric acid, 1 M Sorbitol, add solution 2 into solution 1 until pH 5.8 is reached; autoclave</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="25">
			<td height="25" style="height:25px;">STC, pH 8</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td>1 M Sorbitol, 10 mM Tris-HCl pH 7.5, 100 mM CaCl2; filter sterile</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">STC/PEG</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td>40 % (v/v) PEG in STC-buffer&#160;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="25">
			<td height="25" style="height:25px;">TE buffer, pH 8</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td>1.31 mM Tris-Base, 8.69 mM Tris-HCl, 10 mM Na2-EDTA*2H2O</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">TE/RNase</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td>10 &#181;g/ml RNaseA in TE buffer</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="25">
			<td height="25" style="height:25px;">Trace elements</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td>0.06&#8240; (w/v) H3BO3, 0.14&#8240; (w/v) MnCl*4H2O, 0.4 &#8240; (w/v) ZnCl2, 0.4 &#8240; (w/v) Na2MoO4*2H2O, 0.1 &#8240; (w/v) FeCl3*6H2O, 0.04&#8240; (w/v) CuSO4*5H2O</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Trichoderma lysing enzymes solution</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td>12.5 mg/ml SCS; filter sterile; prepare shortly before use</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Tris-HCl pH 7.5</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td>806 mM Tris-HCl, 194 mM Tris-Base; check the pH and if necessary adjust with HCl; autoclave</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Usti-lysis buffer 1, pH 8</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td>10 mM Tris-HCl (pH 8.0), 10 mM NaCl, 1 % (w/v) SDS, 2 % (v/v) TritonX-100, 1 mM EDTA. Do not measure pH using pH meter.&#160;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Usti-lysis buffer 2</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td>mix Usti lysis buffer 1 with 1 x TE in a 1:1 ratio</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">YEPS-Light medium</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td>1.0% (w/v) Yeast Extract, 0.4% (w/v) Bacto Peptone, 0.4% (w/v) Sucrose, for plates: 1.5% (w/v) Bacto Agar</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

genetic manipulation of the plant pathogen ustilago maydis to study fungal biology and plant microbe interactions

Deleção do gene desempenha um papel importante na análise da função dos genes. Um dos métodos mais eficazes para interromper genes de forma direcionada, é a substituição de todo o gene com um marcador seleccionável através de recombinação homóloga. Durante a recombinação homóloga, a troca de DNA ocorre entre sequências com alta similaridade. Portanto, sequências genómicas flanqueadoras lineares um gene alvo podem ser utilizados para dirigir especificamente um marcador seleccionável para o local de integração desejada. extremidades rombas do construto eliminação activar sistemas de reparação do ADN da célula e, assim, promover a integração da construção, quer através de recombinação homóloga ou por não-homóloga-fim de aderir. Em organismos com recombinação homóloga eficiente, a taxa de supressão de gene bem sucedida pode chegar a mais de 50%, tornando esta estratégia de um sistema de interrupção de genes valioso. O fungo smut Ustilago maydis é um microorganismo modelo eucariótica mostrando como recombinat homóloga eficienteíon. Fora dos seus cerca de 6900 genes, muitos foram funcionalmente caracterizados com a ajuda dos mutantes de deleção, e repetiu falha de pontos de tentativas de substituição de genes em função essencial do gene. posterior caracterização da função gênica por marcação com marcadores fluorescentes ou mutações de domínios previstos também se baseia na troca de ADN através de recombinação homóloga. Aqui, apresentamos o U. maydis estratégia de geração de tensão em detalhe utilizando o exemplo mais simples, a deleção do gene.

As construções de deleção para todos os quatro genes codificados no quitinolíticas U. maydis genoma foram gerados pela Golden Gate clonagem de utilizar a cassete hygR para eliminação de cts1, o NATR para eliminação de CTS2, a cassete G418R pela exclusão de cts3 eo cbxR para eliminação de cts4 20. Um visão geral da estratégia de substituição genética é exemplificada pela eliminaç...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Genetic Manipulation of the Plant Pathogen Ustilago maydis to Study Fungal Biology and Plant Microbe Interactions at JoVE.com

Genetic Manipulation of the Plant Pathogen Ustilago maydis to Study Fungal Biology and Plant Microbe Interactions

Descrevemos uma estratégia de substituição de genes robusta para manipular geneticamente o fungo Ustilago maydis smut. Este protocolo explica como gerar mutantes de deleção para investigar fenótipos de infecção. Ele pode ser estendido para modificar os genes de qualquer forma desejada, por exemplo, através da adição de uma sequência que codifica uma etiqueta de proteína fluorescente.

Manipulação genética do patógeno de planta<em&gt; Ustilago maydis</em&gt; Estudar Biologia fúngicos e vegetais Microbe Interactions

Gene deletion plays an important role in the analysis of gene function. One of the most efficient methods to disrupt genes in a targeted manner is the ...

Research

JoVE Journal

Genetics

Genetic Manipulation of the Plant Pathogen Ustilago maydis to Study Fungal Biology and Plant Microbe Interactions

Assessment of DNA Contamination in RNA Samples Based on Ribosomal DNA

Avaliação da contaminação de DNA em amostras de RNA com base no ADN ribossómico

One method extensively used for the quantification of gene expression changes and transcript abundances is reverse-transcription quantitative real-time ...

Genética

Purification of High Molecular Weight Genomic DNA from Powdery Mildew for Long-Read Sequencing

Purificação de DNA de alto peso molecular genômico de oídio de longo Read Sequencing

The powdery mildew fungi are a group of economically important fungal plant pathogens. Relatively little is known about the molecular biology and genetics ...

The Nematode Caenorhabditis Elegans - A Versatile In Vivo Model to Study Host-microbe Interactions

The Nematode Caenorhabditis Elegans - A Versatile In Vivo Model to Study Host-microbe Interactions

O nemátode Caenorhabditis Elegans - um modelo versátil na Vivo para estudar interações do anfitrião-micróbio

We demonstrate a method using Caenorhabditis elegans as a model host to study microbial interaction. Microbes are introduced via the diet making the ...

Robust DNA Isolation and High-throughput Sequencing Library Construction for Herbarium Specimens

Isolamento do DNA robusto e construção de biblioteca de sequenciamento de alto rendimento para espécimes de herbário

Herbaria are an invaluable source of plant material that can be used in a variety of biological studies. The use of herbarium specimens is associated with ...

Exploring the Root Microbiome: Extracting Bacterial Community Data from the Soil, Rhizosphere, and Root Endosphere

Explorando o microbioma da raiz: extraindo dados da comunidade bacteriana do solo

The intimate interaction between plant host and associated microorganisms is crucial in determining plant fitness, and can foster improved tolerance to ...

Maintaining Biological Cultures and Measuring Gene Expression in Aphis nerii: A Non-model System for Plant-insect Interactions

Maintaining Biological Cultures and Measuring Gene Expression in Aphis nerii: A Non-model System for Plant-insect Interactions

Manutenção de culturas biológicas e medição de expressão gênica em Aphis nerii: um sistema Non-modelo de interações inseto-planta

Aphids are excellent experimental models for a variety of biological questions ranging from the evolution of symbioses and the development of polyphenisms ...

Plant Growth and Agrobacterium-mediated Floral-dip Transformation of the Extremophyte Schrenkiella parvula

Plant Growth and Agrobacterium-mediated Floral-dip Transformation of the Extremophyte Schrenkiella parvula

Planta de crescimento e transformação de Floral-mergulho mediada por Agrobacterium do Extremophyte Schrenkiella parvula

Schrenkiella parvula is an extremophyte adapted to various abiotic stresses, including multiple ion toxicity stresses. Despite high-quality genomic ...

Using Ustilago maydis as a Trojan Horse for In Situ Delivery of Maize Proteins

Using Ustilago maydis as a Trojan Horse for In Situ Delivery of Maize Proteins

Usando o Ustilago maydis como um cavalo de Troia para em Situ entrega de milho proteínas

Inspired by Homer&#180;s Trojan horse myth, we engineered the maize pathogen Ustilago maydis to deliver secreted proteins into the maize apoplast ...

CRISPR-mediated Genome Editing of the Human Fungal Pathogen Candida albicans

CRISPR-mediated Genome Editing of the Human Fungal Pathogen Candida albicans

Mediada por CRISPR genoma edição do patógeno humano fungo Candida albicans

This method describes the efficient CRISPR mediated genome editing of the diploid human fungal pathogen Candida albicans. CRISPR-mediated genome editing ...

A Bioinformatics Pipeline to Accurately and Efficiently Analyze the MicroRNA Transcriptomes in Plants

Um pipeline de bioinformática para analisar com precisão e eficiência os transcriptomas de MicroRNA em plantas

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are 20- to 24-nucleotide (nt) endogenous small RNAs (sRNAs) extensively existing in plants and animals that play potent roles in ...