Name: the drosophila imaginal disc tumor model: visualization and quantification of gene expression and tumor invasiveness using genetic mosaics
Uploaded: 2016-10-06T14:00:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about The Drosophila Imaginal Disc Tumor Model: Visualization and Quantification of Gene Expression and Tumor Invasiveness Using Genetic Mosaics at JoVE.com

We thank the Bloomington Stock Center (Bloomington, USA), Dirk Bohmann, Katja Br&#252;ckner and Istvan Ando for fly stocks, and antibodies. We thank Marek Jindra and Colin Donohoe for comments on the manuscript. This work was supported by the Sofja Kovalevskaja Award to M.U. from the Alexander von Humboldt Foundation and DFG project UH243/1-1 to M.U. from the German Research Foundation.

注：この作品はeyFLP1を利用します。行為&gt; Y +&gt;のGal4、UAS-GFP; FRT82B、浴槽-GAL80 MARCM 82Bグリーンテスターライン11。 W等の菌株の男性にMARCM 82Bグリーンテスターの処女を渡ります。 UAS-; UAS-B のRNAi、FRT82B CのMUT遺伝子型は、有糸分裂組換えが第3相同染色体の右アームの間に生じるであろうに子孫を得られます。このようにして、FRT82B部位の遠?...

<ol>
	<li>Miles, W. O., Dyson, N. J., Walker, J. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Modeling+tumor+invasion+and+metastasis+in+Drosophila.">Modeling tumor invasion and metastasis in Drosophila.</a> Dis Model Mech. 4 (6), 753-761 (2011).</li><li>Stefanatos, R. K. A., Vidal, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Tumor+invasion+and+metastasis+in+Drosophila:+a+bold+past,+a+bright+future.">Tumor invasion and metastasis in Drosophila: a bold past, a bright future.</a> J Genet Genomics. 38 (10), 431-438 (2011).</li><li>Patel, P. H., Edgar, B. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Tissue+design:+How+Drosophila+tumors+remodel+their+neighborhood.">Tissue design: How Drosophila tumors remodel their neighborhood.</a> Semin Cell Dev Biol. 28, 86-95 (2014).</li><li>Gonzalez, C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Drosophila+melanogaster:+a+model+and+a+tool+to+investigate+malignancy+and+identify+new+therapeutics.">Drosophila melanogaster: a model and a tool to investigate malignancy and identify new therapeutics.</a> Nat Rev Cancer. 13 (3), 172-183 (2013).</li><li>Lee, T., Luo, L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Mosaic+analysis+with+a+repressible+cell+marker+(MARCM)+for+Drosophila+neural+development.">Mosaic analysis with a repressible cell marker (MARCM) for Drosophila neural development.</a> Trends Neurosci. 24 (5), 251-254 (2001).</li><li>Xu, T., Rubin, G. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Analysis+of+genetic+mosaics+in+developing+and+adult+Drosophila+tissues.">Analysis of genetic mosaics in developing and adult Drosophila tissues.</a> Development. 117 (4), 1223-1237 (1993).</li><li>Struhl, G., Basler, K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Organizing+activity+of+wingless+protein+in+Drosophila.">Organizing activity of wingless protein in Drosophila.</a> Cell. 72 (4), 527-540 (1993).</li><li>Brand, A. H., Perrimon, N. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Targeted+gene+expression+as+a+means+of+altering+cell+fates+and+generating+dominant+phenotypes.">Targeted gene expression as a means of altering cell fates and generating dominant phenotypes.</a> Development. 118 (2), 401-415 (1993).</li><li>Wu, J. S., Luo, L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+protocol+for+mosaic+analysis+with+a+repressible+cell+marker+(MARCM)+in+Drosophila.">A protocol for mosaic analysis with a repressible cell marker (MARCM) in Drosophila.</a> Nat Protoc. 1 (6), 2583-2589 (2006).</li><li>Brumby, A. M., Richardson, H. E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=scribble+mutants+cooperate+with+oncogenic+Ras+or+Notch+to+cause+neoplastic+overgrowth+in+Drosophila.">scribble mutants cooperate with oncogenic Ras or Notch to cause neoplastic overgrowth in Drosophila.</a> EMBO J. 22 (21), 5769-5779 (2003).</li><li>Pagliarini, R. A., Xu, T. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+genetic+screen+in+Drosophila+for+metastatic+behavior.">A genetic screen in Drosophila for metastatic behavior.</a> Science (New York, NY). 302 (5648), 1227-1231 (2003).</li><li>Uhlirova, M., Bohmann, D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=JNK-+and+Fos-regulated+Mmp1+expression+cooperates+with+Ras+to+induce+invasive+tumors+in+Drosophila.">JNK- and Fos-regulated Mmp1 expression cooperates with Ras to induce invasive tumors in Drosophila.</a> EMBO J. 25 (22), 5294-5304 (2006).</li><li>Turkel, N., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+BTB-zinc+finger+transcription+factor+abrupt+acts+as+an+epithelial+oncogene+in+Drosophila+melanogaster+through+maintaining+a+progenitor-like+cell+state.">The BTB-zinc finger transcription factor abrupt acts as an epithelial oncogene in Drosophila melanogaster through maintaining a progenitor-like cell state.</a> PLoS Genet. 9 (7), e1003627 (2013).</li><li>Cordero, J. B., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Oncogenic+Ras+Diverts+a+Host+TNF+Tumor+Suppressor+Activity+into+Tumor+Promoter.">Oncogenic Ras Diverts a Host TNF Tumor Suppressor Activity into Tumor Promoter.</a> Dev Cell. 18 (6), 999-1011 (2010).</li><li>Khoo, P., Allan, K., Willoughby, L., Brumby, A. M., Richardson, H. E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=In+Drosophila,+RhoGEF2+cooperates+with+activated+Ras+in+tumorigenesis+through+a+pathway+involving+Rho1-Rok-Myosin-II+and+JNK+signalling.">In Drosophila, RhoGEF2 cooperates with activated Ras in tumorigenesis through a pathway involving Rho1-Rok-Myosin-II and JNK signalling.</a> Dis Model Mech. 6, 661-678 (2013).</li><li>Jiang, Y., Scott, K. L., Kwak, S. J., Chen, R., Mardon, G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Sds22/PP1+links+epithelial+integrity+and+tumor+suppression+via+regulation+of+myosin+II+and+JNK+signaling.">Sds22/PP1 links epithelial integrity and tumor suppression via regulation of myosin II and JNK signaling.</a> Oncogene. 30 (29), 3248-3260 (2011).</li><li>Figueroa-Clarevega, A., Bilder, D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Malignant+Drosophila+Tumors+Interrupt+Insulin+Signaling+to+Induce+Cachexia-like+Wasting.">Malignant Drosophila Tumors Interrupt Insulin Signaling to Induce Cachexia-like Wasting.</a> Dev Cell. 33 (1), 47-55 (2015).</li><li>Newsome, T. P., Asling, B., Dickson, B. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Analysis+of+Drosophila+photoreceptor+axon+guidance+in+eye-specific+mosaics.">Analysis of Drosophila photoreceptor axon guidance in eye-specific mosaics.</a> Development. 127 (4), 851-860 (2000).</li><li>Quiring, R., Walldorf, U., Kloter, U., Gehring, W. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Homology+of+the+eyeless+gene+of+Drosophila+to+the+Small+eye+gene+in+mice+and+Aniridia+in+humans.">Homology of the eyeless gene of Drosophila to the Small eye gene in mice and Aniridia in humans.</a> Science. 265 (5173), 785-789 (1994).</li><li>K&#252;lshammer, E., Uhlirova, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+actin+cross-linker+Filamin/Cheerio+mediates+tumor+malignancy+downstream+of+JNK+signaling.">The actin cross-linker Filamin/Cheerio mediates tumor malignancy downstream of JNK signaling.</a> J Cell Sci. 126 (Pt 4), 927-938 (2013).</li><li>North, A. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Seeing+is+believing?+A+beginners'+guide+to+practical+pitfalls+in+image+acquisition.">Seeing is believing? A beginners' guide to practical pitfalls in image acquisition.</a> J Cell Biol. 172 (1), 9-18 (2006).</li><li>Waters, J. C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Accuracy+and+precision+in+quantitative+fluorescence+microscopy.">Accuracy and precision in quantitative fluorescence microscopy.</a> J Cell Biol. 185 (7), 1135-1148 (2009).</li><li>Igaki, T., Pagliarini, R. A., Xu, T. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Loss+of+cell+polarity+drives+tumor+growth+and+invasion+through+JNK+activation+in+Drosophila.">Loss of cell polarity drives tumor growth and invasion through JNK activation in Drosophila.</a> Curr Biol. 16 (11), 1139-1146 (2006).</li><li>K&#252;lshammer, E., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Interplay+among+Drosophila+transcription+factors+Ets21c,+Fos+and+Ftz-F1+drives+JNK-mediated+tumor+malignancy.">Interplay among Drosophila transcription factors Ets21c, Fos and Ftz-F1 drives JNK-mediated tumor malignancy.</a> Dis Model Mech. 8 (10), 1279-1293 (2015).</li><li>Pastor-Pareja, J. C., Wu, M., Xu, T. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=An+innate+immune+response+of+blood+cells+to+tumors+and+tissue+damage+in+Drosophila.">An innate immune response of blood cells to tumors and tissue damage in Drosophila.</a> Dis Model Mech. 1 (2-3), 144-154 (2008).</li><li>Chatterjee, N., Bohmann, D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+versatile+&#934;C31+based+reporter+system+for+measuring+AP-1+and+Nrf2+signaling+in+Drosophila+and+in+tissue+culture.">A versatile &#934;C31 based reporter system for measuring AP-1 and Nrf2 signaling in Drosophila and in tissue culture.</a> PloS One. 7 (4), e34063 (2012).</li><li>Petraki, S., Alexander, B., Br&#252;ckner, K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Assaying+Blood+Cell+Populations+of+the+Drosophila+melanogaster+Larva.">Assaying Blood Cell Populations of the Drosophila melanogaster Larva.</a> J Vis Exp. (105), (2015).</li><li>Makhijani, K., Alexander, B., Tanaka, T., Rulifson, E., Bruckner, K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+peripheral+nervous+system+supports+blood+cell+homing+and+survival+in+the+Drosophila+larva.">The peripheral nervous system supports blood cell homing and survival in the Drosophila larva.</a> Development. 138 (24), 5379-5391 (2011).</li><li>Kurucz, E., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Hemese,+a+hemocyte-specific+transmembrane+protein,+affects+the+cellular+immune+response+in+Drosophila.">Hemese, a hemocyte-specific transmembrane protein, affects the cellular immune response in Drosophila.</a> Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 100 (5), 2622-2627 (2003).</li><li>Andersen, D. S., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+Drosophila+TNF+receptor+Grindelwald+couples+loss+of+cell+polarity+and+neoplastic+growth.">The Drosophila TNF receptor Grindelwald couples loss of cell polarity and neoplastic growth.</a> Nature. 522 (7557), 482-486 (2015).</li><li>Srivastava, A., Pastor-Pareja, J. C., Igaki, T., Pagliarini, R., Xu, T. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Basement+membrane+remodeling+is+essential+for+Drosophila+disc+eversion+and+tumor+invasion.">Basement membrane remodeling is essential for Drosophila disc eversion and tumor invasion.</a> Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 104 (8), 2721-2726 (2007).</li><li>Larionov, A., Krause, A., Miller, W. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+standard+curve+based+method+for+relative+real+time+PCR+data+processing.">A standard curve based method for relative real time PCR data processing.</a> BMC Bioinformatics. 6 (1), (2005).</li><li>Blair, S. S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Genetic+mosaic+techniques+for+studying+Drosophila+development.">Genetic mosaic techniques for studying Drosophila development.</a> Development. 130 (21), 5065-5072 (2003).</li><li>Mirth, C. K., Shingleton, A. W. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Integrating+body+and+organ+size+in+Drosophila:+recent+advances+and+outstanding+problems.">Integrating body and organ size in Drosophila: recent advances and outstanding problems.</a> Front Endocrinol. 3 (49), (2012).</li><li>French, V., Feast, M., Partridge, L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Body+size+and+cell+size+in+Drosophila:+the+developmental+response+to+temperature.">Body size and cell size in Drosophila: the developmental response to temperature.</a> J Insect Physiol. 44 (11), 1081-1089 (1998).</li><li>Ashburner, M., Bonner, J. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+induction+of+gene+activity+in+drosophila+by+heat+shock.">The induction of gene activity in drosophila by heat shock.</a> Cell. 17 (2), 241-254 (1979).</li><li>Frazier, M. R., Woods, H. A., Harrison, J. F. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Interactive+effects+of+rearing+temperature+and+oxygen+on+the+development+of+Drosophila+melanogaster.">Interactive effects of rearing temperature and oxygen on the development of Drosophila melanogaster.</a> Physiol Biochem Zool. 74 (5), 641-650 (2001).</li><li>Lai, S. L., Lee, T. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Genetic+mosaic+with+dual+binary+transcriptional+systems+in+Drosophila.">Genetic mosaic with dual binary transcriptional systems in Drosophila.</a> Nat Neurosci. 9 (5), 703-709 (2006).</li><li>Potter, C. J., Tasic, B., Russler, E. V., Liang, L., Luo, L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+Q+system:+a+repressible+binary+system+for+transgene+expression,+lineage+tracing,+and+mosaic+analysis.">The Q system: a repressible binary system for transgene expression, lineage tracing, and mosaic analysis.</a> Cell. 141 (3), 536-548 (2010).</li><li>del Valle Rodr&#236;guez, A., Didiano, D., Desplan, C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Power+tools+for+gene+expression+and+clonal+analysis+in+Drosophila.">Power tools for gene expression and clonal analysis in Drosophila.</a> Nature Methods. 9 (1), 47-55 (2011).</li><li>Rynes, J., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Activating+Transcription+Factor+3+Regulates+Immune+and+Metabolic+Homeostasis.">Activating Transcription Factor 3 Regulates Immune and Metabolic Homeostasis.</a> Mol Cell Biol. 32 (19), 3949-3962 (2012).</li><li>Claudius, A. K., Romani, P., Lamkemeyer, T., Jindra, M., Uhlirova, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Unexpected+role+of+the+steroid-deficiency+protein+ecdysoneless+in+pre-mRNA+splicing.">Unexpected role of the steroid-deficiency protein ecdysoneless in pre-mRNA splicing.</a> PLoS Genet. 10 (4), e1004287 (2014).</li><li>Basu, S., Campbell, H. M., Dittel, B. N., Ray, A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Purification+of+Specific+Cell+Population+by+Fluorescence+Activated+Cell+Sorting+(FACS).">Purification of Specific Cell Population by Fluorescence Activated Cell Sorting (FACS).</a> J Vis Exp. (41), (2010).</li><li>Tauc, H. M., Tasdogan, A., Pandur, P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Isolating+intestinal+stem+cells+from+adult+Drosophila+midguts+by+FACS+to+study+stem+cell+behavior+during+aging.">Isolating intestinal stem cells from adult Drosophila midguts by FACS to study stem cell behavior during aging.</a> J Vis Exp. (94), (2014).</li></ol>

ショウジョウバエにおける遺伝的モザイクを生成するための技術は、遺伝子機能33を解析し、操作するための最も洗練されたツールの一つです。それはアイレスエンハンサーは9,18アクティブになっている組織では、空間的に制限された方法で視覚的にマークされ、遺伝学的に定義されたクローン、 すなわちの誘導を可能にするようeyFLP-MARCMシステムは、?...

がんは発症率と死亡率の劇的全世界、特に高齢者の間で、増加している疾患の最も遺伝的に不均質なグループの1つを表します。がんは、固有の腫瘍抑制メカニズムを脱出し、制御不能に分割し、腫瘍開始細胞からクローン由来します。死と分化を抑制しつつ、協働の成長、増殖および運動性を促進する遺伝子病変の段階的な蓄積は非常に、悪性の転移性と致命的な腫瘍に初期良性の異常増殖を変換します。これは、遺伝的変化に加えて、腫瘍の進行は、その微小環境における腫瘍と複数の細胞型（ 例えば 、線維芽細胞、免疫細胞および内皮細胞）の間、周囲の間質とのクロストークの変化を必要とすることが明らかになりました。腫瘍 - 間質相互作用を含む悪性形質転換の根底にある分子の原則を理解することはプリベンを開発するために非常に重要です化と早期スクリーニング戦略だけでなく、癌の転移と薬剤耐性に対抗するための新しい効果的な治療法。 フルーツフライキイロショウジョウバエは、その高速な世代時間に起因する癌研究1-4のための魅力的なシステム、ハエと人間の間のノードのシグナリング顕著保全、のほぼすべての遺伝子の操作を容易に高度な遺伝子ツールの限られた遺伝的冗長性と豊富になってきています一時的および空間的に制限された方法。変化する悪性腫瘍の遺伝的に定義された腫瘍が再現MARCM技術5を用いて、そうでなければ、野生型組織における前駆細胞のサブセットにおいてgain-及び機能喪失変異を導入することにより、ショウジョウバエで操作することができます。 MARCMツールは、FLP / FRT（FLPリコンビナーゼ/ FLP認識ターゲット）はFLPアウト7およびGAL4 / UAS（上流活性化配列）8標的遺伝子との有糸分裂組換え6を媒介組み合わせ発現系9。 dsRNAを誘導される遺伝子サイレンシングのための癌遺伝子または蛍光タンパク質のcDNAまたは反転DNA反復を含む任意のUASベースの導入遺伝子のこのメソッド式で、特定の遺伝子座と組み換えによるGal4のリプレッサーを失った細胞のクローンに制限されます（ 図1A）。クローンパッチは緑色蛍光（GFP）または赤色蛍光タンパク質でマークされた（ 例えば、RFP、DsRedを、mCherryを）を容易に開発し、単離し、分析を通じて追跡することができます。重要なことには、それらの動作は、直接隣接し、野生型組織と比較することができます。このように、遺伝的病変の細胞自律的かつ非自律的効果に関連する質問が便利に研究することができます。哺乳動物に類似し、唯一の複数の発癌性病変が組み合わされたクローンは、 ショウジョウバエにおいて、悪性になると、哺乳動物の癌の主要な特徴を再現します。彼らは、アポトーシスを回避炎症を誘発し、不滅とINVAになり、過剰に増殖しますSIVEは、最終的にホスト10-17を殺します。 ここでは、MARCM技術を用いたショウジョウバエの幼虫の目/触角と脳組織に遺伝学的に定義されたクローン性腫瘍を生成するためのプロトコルについて説明します。この方法は、 アイレスエンハンサー（eyFLP）18,19の制御下で酵母FLPリコンビナーゼを発現するMARCMテスター株に依存しています。このように、GFP標識クローンはperipodial柱状EADの上皮および胚および幼生期（ 図1A、Bおよび参照20）を通じて、脳の神経上皮の両方で生成されます。神経上皮が差別視葉ニューロンを産生する神経芽細胞を生じさせるながらEADは、大人の目、アンテナと頭部カプセルに発展するにつれクローンは、簡単に成人期まで続くことができます。 モザイク組織の大規模な、分子の機能的および表現型の特徴付けを容易にするために、我々デスクライブ3齢幼虫からEADと脳の解剖のためのプロトコルは、3つの異なるアプリケーションのためにそれらを処理する方法を示しています。（ⅰ）トランスジェニック蛍光レポーターおよび免疫染色の検出、腫瘍侵襲性との（iii）の分析の（ii）の定量化遺伝子発現は、定量的リアルタイムPCR（QRT-PCR）またはハイスループットのmRNA配列（mRNAの-SEQ）（ 図1C）を用いて変更します。 免疫プロトコルは、特定の抗体と目的の任意のタンパク質を可視化するために使用することができます。トランスジェニック蛍光の転写レポーターは、特定のシグナル伝達経路の活性に便利で正確な時空間情報を提供します。細胞系統特異的レポーターは、他の一方で、モザイク組織内および個別の遺伝子型の腫瘍のうち、細胞集団における定性的および定量的変化を反映します。侵襲的な行動の定量化は、遺伝子型間の腫瘍の悪性度の比較が容易秒。最後に、RNA単離のためにモザイクEADの収集と処理を説明するプロトコルは、それぞれ定量RT-PCRおよびゲノムワイドのmRNA-seqの、続いて逆転写などの小型の両方大規模なダウンストリームアプリケーションに適しています。これらのアッセイから得られた定性的および定量的なデータは、クローン性腫瘍の社会的行動への新たな洞察を提供します。さらに、それらは個々の遺伝子、遺伝子ネットワークと異なる段階における腫瘍微小環境と腫瘍形成の側面の役割に関する機能研究のための強固な基盤を作り出します。

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="1019">
	<colgroup>
		<col />
		<col />
		<col />
		<col />
	</colgroup>
	<tbody>
		<tr height="84">
			<td height="84" style="height:84px;width:216px;">Agar</td>
			<td style="width:177px;">Gew&#252;rzm&#252;hle Brecht, Eggenstein, Germany</td>
			<td style="width:151px;">00262-0500</td>
			<td style="width:476px;">Fly food recipe: Prepare 20 L fly food with 160 g agar, 360 g yeast, 200 g soy flour, 1.6 kg yellow cornmeal, 1.2 L malt extract, 300 ml light corn syrup, 130 ml propionic acid and 200 ml 15% nipagin. Fly food should be cooked for 1 hour at 85&#176;C.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="63">
			<td height="63" style="height:63px;width:216px;">Corn syrup</td>
			<td style="width:177px;">Grafschafter Krautfabrik Josef Schmitz KG, Meckenheim, Germany</td>
			<td style="width:151px;">01939</td>
			<td style="width:476px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:216px;">Propionic acid</td>
			<td style="width:177px;">Carl Roth GmbH, Karlsruhe, Germany</td>
			<td style="width:151px;">6026.1</td>
			<td style="width:476px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:216px;">Cornmeal</td>
			<td style="width:177px;">ReformKontor GmbH, Zarrentin, Germany</td>
			<td style="width:151px;">4010155063948</td>
			<td style="width:476px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:216px;">Malt extract</td>
			<td style="width:177px;">CSM Deutschland GmbH, Bremen, Germany</td>
			<td style="width:151px;">728985</td>
			<td style="width:476px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:216px;">Soy flour</td>
			<td style="width:177px;">Stockmeier Food GmbH, Herford, Germany</td>
			<td style="width:151px;">1000246441010</td>
			<td style="width:476px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:216px;">Yeast</td>
			<td style="width:177px;">Werner Ramspeck GmbH, Schwabach, Germany</td>
			<td style="width:151px;">210099K</td>
			<td style="width:476px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:216px;">Methyl-4-benzoate/ Nipagin</td>
			<td style="width:177px;">Sigma-Aldrich, Deisenhofen, Germany</td>
			<td style="width:151px;">H5501</td>
			<td style="width:476px;">Prepare a 15% stock solution with 70% EtOH</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:216px;">Drosophila fly food vials</td>
			<td style="width:177px;">Kisker Biotech, Steinfurt, Germany</td>
			<td style="width:151px;">789008</td>
			<td style="width:476px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:216px;">Vial plugs</td>
			<td style="width:177px;">K-TK e.K., Retzstadt, Germany</td>
			<td style="width:151px;">1002</td>
			<td style="width:476px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:216px;">Drosophila fly food bottles</td>
			<td style="width:177px;">Greiner Bio-One, Frickenhausen, Germany</td>
			<td style="width:151px;">960177</td>
			<td style="width:476px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:216px;">Bottle plugs</td>
			<td style="width:177px;">K-TK e.K., Retzstadt, Germany</td>
			<td style="width:151px;">1002 S</td>
			<td style="width:476px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="105">
			<td height="105" style="height:105px;width:216px;">Poly(vinyl alcohol) 4-88/[-CH2CHOH-]n</td>
			<td style="width:177px;">Sigma-Aldrich, Deisenhofen, Germany</td>
			<td style="width:151px;">81381</td>
			<td style="width:476px;">Mounting medium recipe: Dissolve 6 g Poly(vinyl alcohol) 4-88 in 39 ml Millipore H2O, 6 ml 1 M Tris (pH 8.5) and 12.5 ml glycerol. Stir overnight at 50&#176;C and centrifuge 20 min at 5000 rpm. Add DABCO to the supernatant to get a final concentration of 2.5%. Store aliquots at -20&#176;C.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:216px;">1,4-Diazabicyclo[2.2.2]octane/ DABCO&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:177px;">Sigma-Aldrich, Deisenhofen, Germany</td>
			<td style="width:151px;">D2522</td>
			<td style="width:476px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:216px;">Triton X-100</td>
			<td style="width:177px;">Sigma-Aldrich, Deisenhofen, Germany</td>
			<td style="width:151px;">9002-93-1</td>
			<td style="width:476px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:216px;">Phosphate-buffered saline/ PBS</td>
			<td style="width:177px;"></td>
			<td style="width:151px;"></td>
			<td style="width:476px;">137 mM NaCl, 2.7 mM KCl, 10 mM Na2HPO4 and 1.8 mM KH2PO4, pH 7.4 in Millipore H2O</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">PBST</td>
			<td style="width:177px;"></td>
			<td style="width:151px;"></td>
			<td style="width:476px;">0.1% Triton X-100 in PBS</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="168">
			<td height="168" style="height:168px;width:216px;">Paraformaldehyde/ PFA</td>
			<td style="width:177px;">Sigma-Aldrich, Deisenhofen, Germany</td>
			<td style="width:151px;">158127</td>
			<td style="width:476px;">4% PFA fixative recipe: Dissolve 4 g PFA in 80 ml Millipore H2O on a magnetic stirrer plate heated to 55 &#176;C. Add 1M NaOH dropwise until all PFA particles are dissolved. Add 10 ml 10X PBS and adjust the pH to 7.4 with 1M HCl. Mix in 100 &#181;l Triton X-100 and fill up with Millipore H2O to 100 ml. Store aliquots at -20&#176;C. Avoid repeated thawing. (CAUTION: PFA is highly toxic. Prepare the PFA fixative in a fume hood. Wear a self-contained breathing apparatus, gloves and clothing. Avoid contact with skin, eyes or mucous membranes)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:216px;">Bovine Serum Albumin/ BSA</td>
			<td style="width:177px;">Sigma-Aldrich, Deisenhofen, Germany</td>
			<td style="width:151px;">A3059</td>
			<td style="width:476px;">Blocking solution recipe: Dissolve 0.3% BSA in PBST</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="63">
			<td height="63" style="height:63px;width:216px;">4&#8217;,6-Diamidino-2-phenylindol Dihydrochlorid/ DAPI</td>
			<td style="width:177px;">Carl Roth GmbH, Karlsruhe, Germany</td>
			<td style="width:151px;">6335</td>
			<td style="width:476px;">DAPI staining solution: Prepare a stock solution of 5 mg/ml in Millipore H2O and store aliquots at 4&#176;C. Used in dilution 1:1000 in PBST.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:216px;">Alexa Flour 546 Phalloidin</td>
			<td style="width:177px;">Invitrogen, Karlsruhe, Germany</td>
			<td style="width:151px;">A22283</td>
			<td style="width:476px;">Used in dilution 1:500 in PBST.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Mouse anti-H2 antibody</td>
			<td style="width:177px;">Kurucz et al., 2003</td>
			<td style="width:151px;"></td>
			<td style="width:476px;">Used in dilution 1:500 in blocking solution</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="63">
			<td height="63" style="height:63px;width:216px;">Cy5 AffiniPure Donkey Anti-Mouse IgG (H+L)</td>
			<td style="width:177px;">Jackson ImmunoResearch, Suffolk, UK</td>
			<td style="width:151px;">715-175-151</td>
			<td style="width:476px;">Used in dilution 1:500 in blocking solution</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:216px;">Dumont #5 forceps</td>
			<td style="width:177px;">Fine Science Tools, Heidelberg, Germany</td>
			<td style="width:151px;">11295-10</td>
			<td style="width:476px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:216px;">Glass embryo dish (30 mm)</td>
			<td style="width:177px;">Thermo Scientific, Schwerte, Germany</td>
			<td style="width:151px;">E90</td>
			<td style="width:476px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:216px;">Tungsten needles</td>
			<td style="width:177px;">Fine Science Tools, Heidelberg, Germany</td>
			<td style="width:151px;">10130-20</td>
			<td style="width:476px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:216px;">Nickel Plated Pin Holder</td>
			<td style="width:177px;">Fine Science Tools, Heidelberg, Germany</td>
			<td style="width:151px;">26018-17</td>
			<td style="width:476px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:216px;">Microscope slides</td>
			<td style="width:177px;">VWR, Darmstadt, Germany</td>
			<td style="width:151px;">631-1553</td>
			<td style="width:476px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:216px;">Coverslips 22 x 22 mm (#1 Menzel-Gl&#228;ser)</td>
			<td style="width:177px;">VWR, Darmstadt, Germany</td>
			<td style="width:151px;">631-1336</td>
			<td style="width:476px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:216px;">Coverslips 24 x 50 mm (0.13-0.16 mm)</td>
			<td style="width:177px;">Thermo Scientific, Schwerte, Germany</td>
			<td style="width:151px;">1076371</td>
			<td style="width:476px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:216px;">Kimtech Science Precision Wipes</td>
			<td style="width:177px;">Thermo Scientific, Schwerte, Germany</td>
			<td style="width:151px;">06-677-70</td>
			<td style="width:476px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:216px;">Dissecting stereomicroscope</td>
			<td style="width:177px;">Olympus, Hamburg, Germany</td>
			<td style="width:151px;">SZX7 (DF PLAPO 1X-4 Japan)</td>
			<td style="width:476px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="126">
			<td height="126" style="height:126px;width:216px;">Fluorescent stereomicroscope</td>
			<td style="width:177px;">Olympus, Hamburg, Germany</td>
			<td style="width:151px;">SZX16 (SDF PLAPO 0.8X Japan) with DP72 CCD camera</td>
			<td style="width:476px;">Equipped with the narrow blue bandpass filter set for excitation of GFP other blue excitable fluorochromes (excitation filter BP460-480 nm, barrier filter BA495-540 nm) and narrow green excitation and longpass barrier filter for RFP and other green excitable fluorochromes (excitation filter BP530-550, barrier filter BA575IF). Software: Olympus cellSens Standard 1.11.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="126">
			<td height="126" style="height:126px;width:216px;">Confocal microscope</td>
			<td style="width:177px;">Olympus, Hamburg, Germany</td>
			<td style="width:151px;">FV1000</td>
			<td style="width:476px;">Equipped with inverted IX81 microscope. Objectives: 20&#215; UPlan S-Apo (NA 0.85), 40&#215; UPlanFL (NA 1.30) and 60&#215; UPlanApo (NA 1.35). Lasers: UV laser Diode LD405 (50mW), Argon laser, multi-line 457/(476)/ 488/515 (40mW), Yellow/Green laser diode LD560 (15mW) and Red Laser diode 635 (20mW). Software: Fluoview 2.1c Software</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="63">
			<td height="63" style="height:63px;width:216px;">Drosophila cooled incubator</td>
			<td style="width:177px;">Ewald Innovationstechnik GmbH, Bad Nenndorf, Germany</td>
			<td style="width:151px;">&#160;Sanyo MIR553</td>
			<td style="width:476px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:216px;">Squirt bottle</td>
			<td style="width:177px;">VWR, Darmstadt, Germany</td>
			<td style="width:151px;">215-8105</td>
			<td style="width:476px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:216px;">BD Clay Adams Nutator Mixer</td>
			<td style="width:177px;">VWR, Darmstadt, Germany</td>
			<td style="width:151px;">15172-203</td>
			<td style="width:476px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:216px;">ELMI Digital Rocking Shaker</td>
			<td style="width:177px;">VWR, Darmstadt, Germany</td>
			<td style="width:151px;">DRS-12</td>
			<td style="width:476px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="63">
			<td height="63" style="height:63px;width:216px;">5 PRIME Isol-RNA Lysis Reagent</td>
			<td style="width:177px;">VWR, Darmstadt, Germany</td>
			<td style="width:151px;">2302700</td>
			<td style="width:476px;">The protocol is compatible with other TRIzol-based reagents e.g. TRIreagent from Sigma (Cat. Nr.T9424), TRIzol reagent from Thermofisher (Cat. Nr. 15596).</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:216px;">Diethyl pyrocarbonate/ DEPC</td>
			<td style="width:177px;">Sigma-Aldrich, Deisenhofen, Germany</td>
			<td style="width:151px;">D5758</td>
			<td style="width:476px;">Dilute DEPC 1:1000 in Millipore H2O, stir overnight and autoclave.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="63">
			<td height="63" style="height:63px;width:216px;">UltraPure Phenol:Chloroform:Isoamyl Alcohol (25:24:1)</td>
			<td style="width:177px;">ThermoFischer Scientific, Invitrogen, Karlsruhe, Germany</td>
			<td style="width:151px;">15593-031</td>
			<td style="width:476px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:216px;">Chloroform</td>
			<td style="width:177px;">Merck, Darmstadt, Germany</td>
			<td style="width:151px;">102445</td>
			<td style="width:476px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:216px;">TURBO DNase (2 U/&#181;l)</td>
			<td style="width:177px;">Thermo Scientific, Schwerte, Germany</td>
			<td style="width:151px;">AM2238</td>
			<td style="width:476px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="63">
			<td height="63" style="height:63px;width:216px;">Invitrogen UltraPure Glycogen</td>
			<td style="width:177px;">ThermoFischer Scientific, Invitrogen, Karlsruhe, Germany</td>
			<td>10-814-010</td>
			<td style="width:476px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;">Sodium acetate trihydrate</td>
			<td style="width:177px;">VWR, Darmstadt, Germany</td>
			<td style="width:151px;">27652.232</td>
			<td style="width:476px;">Prepare a 3M Sodium acetate solution with DEPC-H2O and adjust the pH to 5.2</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:216px;">2-Propanol</td>
			<td style="width:177px;">Merck, Darmstadt, Germany</td>
			<td style="width:151px;">109634</td>
			<td style="width:476px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:216px;">Ethanol</td>
			<td style="width:177px;">Merck, Darmstadt, Germany</td>
			<td style="width:151px;">100983</td>
			<td style="width:476px;">Prepare a 75% EtOH dilution with DEPC-H2O.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:216px;">UV/Vis-Spectrophotometre NanoDrop ND-8000</td>
			<td style="width:177px;">Thermo Scientific, Schwerte, Germany</td>
			<td style="width:151px;">ND-8000</td>
			<td style="width:476px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:216px;">Eppendorf Microcentrifuge (Refrigerated)</td>
			<td style="width:177px;">Thermo Scientific, Schwerte, Germany</td>
			<td style="width:151px;">5417R</td>
			<td style="width:476px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="63">
			<td height="63" style="height:63px;width:216px;">Experion RNA StdSens Analysis Kit</td>
			<td style="width:177px;">Bio-Rad Laboratories GmbH, M&#252;nchen, Germany</td>
			<td style="width:151px;">7007103</td>
			<td style="width:476px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="63">
			<td height="63" style="height:63px;width:216px;">Experion Automated Electrophoresis Station</td>
			<td style="width:177px;">Bio-Rad Laboratories GmbH, M&#252;nchen, Germany</td>
			<td style="width:151px;">7007010</td>
			<td style="width:476px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:216px;">SuperScript III Reverse Transcriptase</td>
			<td style="width:177px;">Thermo Scientific, Schwerte, Germany</td>
			<td style="width:151px;">18080044</td>
			<td style="width:476px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="63">
			<td height="63" style="height:63px;width:216px;">Oligo d(T) Primer</td>
			<td style="width:177px;">Integrated DNA Technologies, Leuven, Belgium</td>
			<td style="width:151px;"></td>
			<td style="width:476px;">Prepare 100 &#181;M stock solutions in DEPC-H20 and store at -20&#176;C</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="63">
			<td height="63" style="height:63px;width:216px;">dNTP Mixture</td>
			<td style="width:177px;">Takara Bio Europe/Clonetech, Saint-Germain-en-Laye, France</td>
			<td style="width:151px;">4030</td>
			<td style="width:476px;">Store aliquots of 25 &#181;l at -20&#176;C</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="63">
			<td height="63" style="height:63px;width:216px;">CFX96 Touch Real-Time PCR Detection System</td>
			<td style="width:177px;">Bio-Rad Laboratories GmbH, M&#252;nchen, Germany</td>
			<td style="width:151px;">1855195</td>
			<td style="width:476px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="63">
			<td height="63" style="height:63px;width:216px;">iQ SYBR Green Supermix</td>
			<td style="width:177px;">Bio-Rad Laboratories GmbH, M&#252;nchen, Germany</td>
			<td style="width:151px;">170-8882</td>
			<td style="width:476px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="63">
			<td height="63" style="height:63px;width:216px;">Hard-Shell PCR Plates 96-well, thin wall</td>
			<td style="width:177px;">Bio-Rad Laboratories GmbH, M&#252;nchen, Germany</td>
			<td style="width:151px;">HSP9601</td>
			<td style="width:476px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="63">
			<td height="63" style="height:63px;width:216px;">Microseal &#39;B&#39; Film</td>
			<td style="width:177px;">Bio-Rad Laboratories GmbH, M&#252;nchen, Germany</td>
			<td style="width:151px;">MSB1001</td>
			<td style="width:476px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="63">
			<td height="63" style="height:63px;">rp49 Forward primer</td>
			<td style="width:177px;">Integrated DNA Technologies, Leuven, Belgium</td>
			<td style="width:151px;"></td>
			<td>5&#39; TCCTACCAGCTTCAAGATGAC 3&#39;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="63">
			<td height="63" style="height:63px;">rp49 Reverse primer</td>
			<td style="width:177px;">Integrated DNA Technologies, Leuven, Belgium</td>
			<td style="width:151px;"></td>
			<td>5&#39; CACGTTGTGCACCAGGAACT 3&#39;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="63">
			<td height="63" style="height:63px;">mmp1 Forward primer</td>
			<td style="width:177px;">Integrated DNA Technologies, Leuven, Belgium</td>
			<td style="width:151px;"></td>
			<td>5&#39; AGGGCGACAAGTACTACAAGCTGA 3&#39;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="63">
			<td height="63" style="height:63px;">mmp1 Reverse primer</td>
			<td style="width:177px;">Integrated DNA Technologies, Leuven, Belgium</td>
			<td style="width:151px;"></td>
			<td>5&#39; ACGTCTTGCCGTTCTTGTAGGTGA 3&#39;</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

the drosophila imaginal disc tumor model: visualization and quantification of gene expression and tumor invasiveness using genetic mosaics

Drosophila melanogaster has emerged as a powerful experimental system for functional and mechanistic studies of tumor development and progression in the context of a whole organism. Sophisticated techniques to generate genetic mosaics facilitate induction of visually marked, genetically defined clones surrounded by normal tissue. The clones can be analyzed through diverse molecular, cellular and omics approaches. This study describes how to generate fluorescently labeled clonal tumors of varying malignancy in the eye/antennal imaginal discs (EAD) of Drosophila larvae using the Mosaic Analysis with a Repressible Cell Marker (MARCM) technique. It describes procedures how to recover the mosaic EAD and brain from the larvae and how to process them for simultaneous imaging of fluorescent transgenic reporters and antibody staining. To facilitate molecular characterization of the mosaic tissue, we describe a protocol for isolation of total RNA from the EAD. The dissection procedure is suitable to recover EAD and brains from any larval stage. The fixation and staining protocol for imaginal discs works with a number of transgenic reporters and antibodies that recognize Drosophila proteins. The protocol for RNA isolation can be applied to various larval organs, whole larvae, and adult flies. Total RNA can be used for profiling of gene expression changes using candidate or genome-wide approaches. Finally, we detail a method for quantifying invasiveness of the clonal tumors. Although this method has limited use, its underlying concept is broadly applicable to other quantitative studies where cognitive bias must be avoided.

クローンの3種類が誘導されたショウジョウバエ EADで定義された遺伝子型のGFP-マークされたパッチを生成するために、eyFLP-MARCM技術の可能性を実証するために：（1）コントロールのみGFPを発現する、（2）悪性腫瘍が小さいの発癌性型を発現します腫瘍抑制遺伝子の落書きのホモ接合損失（ のScrib 1）の背景には、Gタンパク質のRas（ラス<sup...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about The Drosophila Imaginal Disc Tumor Model: Visualization and Quantification of Gene Expression and Tumor Invasiveness Using Genetic Mosaics at JoVE.com

The Drosophila Imaginal Disc Tumor Model: Visualization and Quantification of Gene Expression and Tumor Invasiveness Using Genetic Mosaics

このプロトコルは、 ショウジョウバエの眼/触角成虫（EAD）に蛍光マークされ、遺伝的に定義されたクローンの腫瘍を生成する方法を示します。なお、第3齢幼虫とどのように遺伝子発現の変化と腫瘍侵襲性を可視化し、定量化するためにそれらを処理するからEADと脳を分析する方法について説明します。

ザ<em&gt;ショウジョウバエ</em&gt;成虫盤腫瘍モデル：遺伝的モザイクを用いた遺伝子発現と腫瘍侵襲性の可視化と定量化

Drosophila melanogaster has emerged as a powerful experimental system for functional and mechanistic studies of tumor development and progression in the ...

Research

JoVE Journal

Cancer Research

The Drosophila Imaginal Disc Tumor Model: Visualization and Quantification of Gene Expression and Tumor Invasiveness Using Genetic Mosaics

A Murine Orthotopic Bladder Tumor Model and Tumor Detection System

マウス同所性膀胱腫瘍モデルおよび腫瘍検出システム

This protocol describes the generation of bladder tumors in female C57BL/6J mice using the murine bladder cancer cell line MB49, which has been modified ...

Induction and Diagnosis of Tumors in Drosophila Imaginal Disc Epithelia

Induction and Diagnosis of Tumors in Drosophila Imaginal Disc Epithelia

腫瘍の誘導および診断<em&gt;ショウジョウバエ</em&gt; Imaginal Disc Epithelia

In the early stages of cancer, transformed mutant cells show cytological abnormalities, begin uncontrolled overgrowth, and progressively disrupt tissue ...

Conditional Knockdown of Gene Expression in Cancer Cell Lines to Study the Recruitment of Monocytes/Macrophages to the Tumor Microenvironment

単球/マクロファージにおける腫瘍微小環境の採用を検討する癌細胞株における遺伝子発現の条件付きのノックダウン

siRNA and shRNA-mediated knock down (KD) methods of regulating gene expression are invaluable tools for understanding gene and protein function. However, ...

The Establishment of a Lung Colonization Assay for Circulating Tumor Cell Visualization in Lung Tissues

肺組織に腫瘍のセルの視覚化を循環させるため肺植民地化アッセイの確立

Metastasis is the major cause of cancer death. The role of circulating tumor cells (CTCs) in promoting cancer metastasis, in which lung colonization by ...

Radionuclide-fluorescence Reporter Gene Imaging to Track Tumor Progression in Rodent Tumor Models

放射性核種蛍光レポーターの遺伝子齧歯動物腫瘍モデルで腫瘍の進行を追跡するイメージング

Metastasis is responsible for most cancer deaths. Despite extensive research, the mechanistic understanding of the complex processes governing metastasis ...

Acellular and Cellular Lung Model to Study Tumor Metastasis

無細胞性と細胞の肺転移モデル

It is difficult to isolate tumor cells at different points of tumor progression. We created an ex vivo lung model that can show the interaction of tumor ...

Digital Polymerase Chain Reaction Assay for the Genetic Variation in a Sporadic Familial Adenomatous Polyposis Patient Using the Chip-in-a-tube Format

チップ チューブ形式を使用して散発的な家族性大腸腺腫症患者の遺伝的変異のデジタル ポリメラーゼ連鎖反応分析

The quantitative analysis of human genetic variation is crucial for understanding the molecular characteristics of serious medical conditions, such as ...

Investigation of Genetic Dependencies Using CRISPR-Cas9-based Competition Assays

CRISPR ベース Cas9 の競争の試金を使用して遺伝的依存関係の調査

Gene perturbation studies have been extensively used to investigate the role of individual genes in AML pathogenesis. For achieving complete gene ...

The Clinical Application of Tumor Treating Fields Therapy in Glioblastoma

腫瘍神経膠芽腫でフィールド療法を治療の臨床応用

Glioblastoma is the most common and lethal form of brain cancer, with a median survival of 15 months after diagnosis and a 5 year survival rate of only 5% ...