Name: patch clamp recording of starburst amacrine cells in a flat-mount preparation of deafferentated mouse retina
Uploaded: 2016-10-13T14:00:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Patch Clamp Recording of Starburst Amacrine Cells in a Flat-mount Preparation of Deafferentated Mouse Retina at JoVE.com

We thank Joung Jang and Xin Guan for technical assistance. We thank Dr. Rory McQuiston of Virginia Commonwealth University for setting up our first patch clamp rig and advices on experimental procedures. We thank Dr. Samuel Wu for suggestions on voltage clamp recording. The work is supported by NIH grants EY013811, EY022228 and a vision core grant EY002520. C-KC is the Alice R. McPherson Retina Research Foundation Endowed Chair at the Baylor College of Medicine.

伦理批准 - 涉及受试动物的程序是按照规则和研究动物卫生准则的国家机构的规定进行的，所批准的机构动物护理和使用贝勒医学院的委员会。 1.外部和内部解决方案<ol><li>在视网膜剥离，并在随后电生理记录外液使用哺乳动物的林格氏液。制备哺乳动物林格氏上记录的一天从10倍原液（没有钙）溶液中，添加氯化钙2滴carbogenation的15分钟（95％O 2和5％CO 2）之后。最...

<ol>
	<li>Choi, H., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Intrinsic+bursting+of+AII+amacrine+cells+underlies+oscillations+in+the+rd1+mouse+retina.">Intrinsic bursting of AII amacrine cells underlies oscillations in the rd1 mouse retina.</a> J Neurophysiol. 112 (6), 1491-1504 (2014).</li><li>Gregg, R. G., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Nyctalopin+expression+in+retinal+bipolar+cells+restores+visual+function+in+a+mouse+model+of+complete+X-linked+congenital+stationary+night+blindness.">Nyctalopin expression in retinal bipolar cells restores visual function in a mouse model of complete X-linked congenital stationary night blindness.</a> J Neurophysiol. 98 (5), 3023-3033 (2007).</li><li>Hellmer, C. B., Ichinose, T. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Recording+light-evoked+postsynaptic+responses+in+neurons+in+dark-adapted,+mouse+retinal+slice+preparations+using+patch+clamp+techniques.">Recording light-evoked postsynaptic responses in neurons in dark-adapted, mouse retinal slice preparations using patch clamp techniques.</a> J Vis Exp. (96), (2015).</li><li>Tu, H. Y., Bang, A., McQuiston, A. R., Chiao, C. C., Chen, C. K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Increased+dendritic+branching+in+direction+selective+retinal+ganglion+cells+in+nob1+mice.">Increased dendritic branching in direction selective retinal ganglion cells in nob1 mice.</a> Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 55 (13), (2014).</li><li>Tu, H. Y., Chen, Y. J., Chiao, C. C., McQuiston, A. R., Chen, C. K. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Rhythmic+membrane+potential+fluctuations+of+cholinergic+amacrine+cells+in+mice+lacking+ERG+b-waves.">Rhythmic membrane potential fluctuations of cholinergic amacrine cells in mice lacking ERG b-waves.</a> Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 56 (7), (2015).</li><li>Demas, J., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Failure+to+maintain+eye-specific+segregation+in+nob,+a+mutant+with+abnormally+patterned+retinal+activity.">Failure to maintain eye-specific segregation in nob, a mutant with abnormally patterned retinal activity.</a> Neuron. 50 (2), 247-259 (2006).</li><li>Tu, H. Y., Chen, Y. J., McQuiston, A. R., Chiao, C. C., Chen, C. K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+Novel+Retinal+Oscillation+Mechanism+in+an+Autosomal+Dominant+Photoreceptor+Degeneration+Mouse+Model.">A Novel Retinal Oscillation Mechanism in an Autosomal Dominant Photoreceptor Degeneration Mouse Model.</a> Front Cell Neurosci. 9, 513 (2015).</li><li>Borowska, J., Trenholm, S., Awatramani, G. B. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=An+intrinsic+neural+oscillator+in+the+degenerating+mouse+retina.">An intrinsic neural oscillator in the degenerating mouse retina.</a> J Neurosci. 31 (13), 5000-5012 (2011).</li><li>Margolis, D. J., Detwiler, P. B. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Cellular+origin+of+spontaneous+ganglion+cell+spike+activity+in+animal+models+of+retinitis+pigmentosa.">Cellular origin of spontaneous ganglion cell spike activity in animal models of retinitis pigmentosa.</a> J Ophthalmol. , (2011).</li><li>Stasheff, S. F. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Emergence+of+sustained+spontaneous+hyperactivity+and+temporary+preservation+of+OFF+responses+in+ganglion+cells+of+the+retinal+degeneration+(rd1)+mouse.">Emergence of sustained spontaneous hyperactivity and temporary preservation of OFF responses in ganglion cells of the retinal degeneration (rd1) mouse.</a> J Neurophysiol. 99 (3), 1408-1421 (2008).</li><li>Trenholm, S., Awatramani, G. B. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Origins+of+spontaneous+activity+in+the+degenerating+retina.">Origins of spontaneous activity in the degenerating retina.</a> Front Cell Neurosci. 9, 277 (2015).</li><li>Trenholm, S., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Intrinsic+oscillatory+activity+arising+within+the+electrically+coupled+AII+amacrine-ON+cone+bipolar+cell+network+is+driven+by+voltage-gated+Na++channels.">Intrinsic oscillatory activity arising within the electrically coupled AII amacrine-ON cone bipolar cell network is driven by voltage-gated Na+ channels.</a> J Physiol. 590 (Pt 10), 2501-2517 (2012).</li><li>Chen, C. K. J., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Cell-autonomous+changes+in+displaced+cholinergic+amacrine+cells+lacking+Gbeta5.">Cell-autonomous changes in displaced cholinergic amacrine cells lacking Gbeta5.</a> Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 56 (7), (2015).</li><li>O'Brien, B. J., Isayama, T., Richardson, R., Berson, D. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Intrinsic+physiological+properties+of+cat+retinal+ganglion+cells.">Intrinsic physiological properties of cat retinal ganglion cells.</a> J Physiol. 538 (Pt 3), 787-802 (2002).</li><li>Lee, S., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=An+Unconventional+Glutamatergic+Circuit+in+the+Retina+Formed+by+vGluT3+Amacrine+Cells.">An Unconventional Glutamatergic Circuit in the Retina Formed by vGluT3 Amacrine Cells.</a> Neuron. 84 (4), 708-715 (2014).</li><li>Hoggarth, A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Specific+wiring+of+distinct+amacrine+cells+in+the+directionally+selective+retinal+circuit+permits+independent+coding+of+direction+and+size.">Specific wiring of distinct amacrine cells in the directionally selective retinal circuit permits independent coding of direction and size.</a> Neuron. 86 (1), 276-291 (2015).</li><li>Margolis, D. J., Gartland, A. J., Singer, J. H., Detwiler, P. B. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Network+oscillations+drive+correlated+spiking+of+ON+and+OFF+ganglion+cells+in+the+rd1+mouse+model+of+retinal+degeneration.">Network oscillations drive correlated spiking of ON and OFF ganglion cells in the rd1 mouse model of retinal degeneration.</a> PLoS One. 9 (1), e86253 (2014).</li><li>Schmidt, T. M., Kofuji, P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=An+isolated+retinal+preparation+to+record+light+response+from+genetically+labeled+retinal+ganglion+cells.">An isolated retinal preparation to record light response from genetically labeled retinal ganglion cells.</a> J Vis Exp. (47), (2011).</li><li>Ivanova, E., Yee, C. W., Sagdullaev, B. T. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Increased+phosphorylation+of+Cx36+gap+junctions+in+the+AII+amacrine+cells+of+RD+retina.">Increased phosphorylation of Cx36 gap junctions in the AII amacrine cells of RD retina.</a> Front Cell Neurosci. 9, 390 (2015).</li><li>Enoki, R., Koizumi, A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+method+of+horizontally+sliced+preparation+of+the+retina.">A method of horizontally sliced preparation of the retina.</a> Methods Mol Biol. 935, 201-205 (2013).</li><li>Akrouh, A., Kerschensteiner, D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Morphology+and+function+of+three+VIP-expressing+amacrine+cell+types+in+the+mouse+retina.">Morphology and function of three VIP-expressing amacrine cell types in the mouse retina.</a> J Neurophysiol. 114 (4), 2431-2438 (2015).</li><li>Wei, W., Elstrott, J., Feller, M. B. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Two-photon+targeted+recording+of+GFP-expressing+neurons+for+light+responses+and+live-cell+imaging+in+the+mouse+retina.">Two-photon targeted recording of GFP-expressing neurons for light responses and live-cell imaging in the mouse retina.</a> Nat Protoc. 5 (7), 1347-1352 (2010).</li></ol>

许多实验室已经从保利协鑫神经元记录台安装准备15-18，但我们的程序允许从INL神经元的记录。在此，我们强调的几个步骤是成功的日常记录的关键。 视网膜的新鲜度和平整度是有记录吸管穿透力很重要。在这方面，在视网膜的冲裁硝酸纤维素膜的牢固附着是非常重要的，并通过的溶液中，随后及时补液（步骤3.4-3.6）瞬态吸收实现的。在此短时间内，通常小于30秒，?...

As an easily accessible part of the central nervous system, the retina has for decades been a useful model in neuroscience studies. Genetic marking of neurons has allowed detailed characterization of synaptic connections in the retina. With many methodologies available to examine function and morphology of retinal neurons, the patch clamp recording technique has been instrumental in our current understanding of vertically transmitted signals in the retina. These signals are originated from photon absorption in photoreceptors and sent to brain visual centers through spiking of retinal ganglion cells (RGCs). Despite a large body of knowledge accumulated thus far, neural diversity in vascularized mammalian retina remains unsolved and obstructs the full appreciation of retinal circuits that subserve normal vision. This is in part because most recordings were performed on retinal slices to trade lateral circuit integrity for access to more proximal retinal neurons1-3. To gain a comprehensive picture on how retina computes visual signals, it is thus desirable to record neurons in flat-mounts wherein lateral connections, large and small, may be better preserved.
When synaptic transmission from photoreceptors to bipolar cells is interrupted due to a defective metabotropic glutamate receptor 6 (mGluR6) signaling pathway in depolarizing bipolar cells4-6 or simply as the result of photoreceptor loss in degenerated retinas7-10, many RGCs exhibit oscillatory activities. These oscillations originate from multiple sources, however the one involving gap junction coupling between AII amacrine cells (AII-ACs) and depolarizing cone bipolar cells (DCBCs) has received the most attention and hence is best understood1,7,11. We have found another source, which persists under pharmacological blockade of the aforementioned AII-AC/DCBC network and drives oscillation of OFF-type SACs in Rho&#916;CTA and Nob mice with deafferentated retinas7,8,12. Here we detail our protocol of preparing retinal flat-mounts for INL neuron recording. This approach uses commercial mouse lines (Jax stock no. 006410 and 007905) to mark cholinergic retinal neurons by fluorescent protein (tdTomato) expression that is identifiable under a fluorescent microscope equipped with contrast enhancing optics. Some experimental results acquired through this approach have been previously reported4,5,7,13.

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="984">
	<colgroup>
		<col />
		<col />
		<col />
		<col />
	</colgroup>
	<tbody>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:195px;">Fixed-stage fluorescent microscope with DIC</td>
			<td style="width:155px;">Olympus</td>
			<td style="width:219px;">BX51-WI</td>
			<td style="width:419px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:195px;">Micromanipulators</td>
			<td style="width:155px;">Sutter</td>
			<td style="width:219px;">MP-225</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:195px;">Patch clamp amplifier</td>
			<td style="width:155px;">A-M System</td>
			<td style="width:219px;">AM2400</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:195px;">AD converter</td>
			<td style="width:155px;">National Instrument</td>
			<td style="width:219px;">NI-USB-6221</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:195px;">Heater controller</td>
			<td style="width:155px;">Warner Instrument</td>
			<td style="width:219px;">TC-324B</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:195px;">Inline heater</td>
			<td style="width:155px;">Warner Instrument</td>
			<td style="width:219px;">SC-20</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:195px;">Peristaltic pump</td>
			<td style="width:155px;">Rainin</td>
			<td style="width:219px;">Dynamax</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:195px;">pipette puller</td>
			<td style="width:155px;">Sutter Instrument</td>
			<td style="width:219px;">P-1000</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:195px;">Glass tube with filament</td>
			<td style="width:155px;">King Precision Glass</td>
			<td style="width:219px;">Customized</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:195px;">Stimulator</td>
			<td style="width:155px;">A.M.P.I.</td>
			<td style="width:219px;">Master-8</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:195px;">Biocytin</td>
			<td style="width:155px;">Sigma</td>
			<td style="width:219px;">B4261</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:195px;">NaCl</td>
			<td style="width:155px;">Sigma</td>
			<td style="width:219px;">S6191</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:195px;">KCl</td>
			<td style="width:155px;">Sigma</td>
			<td style="width:219px;">P5405</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="25">
			<td height="25" style="height:25px;">NaHCO3</td>
			<td style="width:155px;">Fisher</td>
			<td style="width:219px;">BP328-1</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:195px;">Na2HPO4</td>
			<td style="width:155px;">Sigma</td>
			<td style="width:219px;">S0876</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:195px;">NaH2PO4</td>
			<td style="width:155px;">Sigma</td>
			<td style="width:219px;">S5011</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:195px;">CaCl2</td>
			<td style="width:155px;">Sigma</td>
			<td style="width:219px;">C5670</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:195px;">MgSO4</td>
			<td style="width:155px;">Sigma</td>
			<td style="width:219px;">M1880</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:195px;">D-glucose</td>
			<td style="width:155px;">Sigma</td>
			<td style="width:219px;">G6152</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:195px;">K-gluconate</td>
			<td style="width:155px;">Sigma</td>
			<td style="width:219px;">G4500</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:195px;">ATP-Mg</td>
			<td style="width:155px;">Sigma</td>
			<td style="width:219px;">A9187</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:195px;">Li-GTP</td>
			<td style="width:155px;">Sigma</td>
			<td style="width:219px;">G5884</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:195px;">EGTA</td>
			<td style="width:155px;">Sigma</td>
			<td style="width:219px;">E0396</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:195px;">HEPES</td>
			<td style="width:155px;">Sigma</td>
			<td style="width:219px;">H4034</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:195px;">KOH</td>
			<td style="width:155px;">Sigma</td>
			<td style="width:219px;">P5958</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:195px;">Cs-methanesulfonate</td>
			<td style="width:155px;">Sigma</td>
			<td style="width:219px;">C1426</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:195px;">CsOH</td>
			<td style="width:155px;">Sigma</td>
			<td align="right" style="width:219px;">232041</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:195px;">Syringer filter</td>
			<td style="width:155px;">Nalgene</td>
			<td align="right" style="width:219px;">171</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:195px;">1 ml syring</td>
			<td style="width:155px;">Rainin</td>
			<td align="right" style="width:219px;">17013002</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:195px;">10 ul pipette tip</td>
			<td style="width:155px;">Genesee Scientific</td>
			<td style="width:219px;">24-130RL</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:195px;">Streptavidin-488</td>
			<td style="width:155px;">ThermoFisher</td>
			<td style="width:219px;">S-11223</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:195px;">10X PBS</td>
			<td style="width:155px;">Lonza</td>
			<td style="width:219px;">17-517Q</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

patch clamp recording of starburst amacrine cells in a flat-mount preparation of deafferentated mouse retina

哺乳动物视网膜是多种神经元类型构成的分层组织。为了理解如何视觉信号的错综复杂突触网络内进行处理，电生理记录经常用于研究单个神经元之间的连接。我们已经优化了遗传标记的神经元在这两个GCL（神经节细胞层）和INL鼠标视网膜的膜片钳记录（内核层）一台安装准备。在平面支架记录INL神经元是有利的过度分片，因为纵向和横向连接在前者配置保护，这样，具有大的横向分量的视网膜电路进行研究。我们已经用这种方法来比较视网膜镜像神经元结成伙伴的反应，如胆碱能爆无长突细胞（评估中心）。

ON-和从deafferentated小鼠视网膜关型的SAC的代表性记录示于图1。在这两个GCL和INL胆碱能细胞可通过tdTomato荧光可靠地识别和DIC下针对全细胞膜片钳记录（ 图1A）以揭示其膜电位（顶部的痕迹），并推动它（底部的痕迹， 图1B）突触电流的振荡。抑制和兴奋性突触电流通过保持在分别为0毫伏和-75毫伏，单元，电压钳的条件（ 图1B，<...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Patch Clamp Recording of Starburst Amacrine Cells in a Flat-mount Preparation of Deafferentated Mouse Retina at JoVE.com

Patch Clamp Recording of Starburst Amacrine Cells in a Flat-mount Preparation of Deafferentated Mouse Retina

此协议演示了如何从一台安装在准备视网膜神经元进行全细胞膜片钳记录。

星爆无长突细胞的膜片钳在Deafferentated小鼠视网膜的平板安装准备

The mammalian retina is a layered tissue composed of multiple neuronal types. To understand how visual signals are processed within its intricate synaptic ...

Research

JoVE Journal

Neuroscience

Patch Clamp Recordings from Mouse Retinal Neurons in a Dark-adapted Slice Preparation

从一个暗适应切片制备小鼠视网膜神经细胞的膜片钳录音

Our visual experience is initiated when the visual pigment in our retinal photoreceptors absorbs photons of light energy and initiates a cascade of ...

科研

神经科学

Culturing and Electrophysiology of Cells on NRCC Patch-clamp Chips

NRCC的膜片钳芯片上细胞的培养和电

Due to its exquisite sensitivity and the ability to monitor and control individual cells at the level of ion channels, patch-clamping is the gold standard ...

F1FO ATPase Vesicle Preparation and Technique for Performing Patch Clamp Recordings of Submitochondrial Vesicle Membranes

F1FO ATPase Vesicle Preparation and Technique for Performing Patch Clamp Recordings of Submitochondrial Vesicle Membranes

<sub&gt; 1</sub&gt; F<sub&gt; O</subATP酶微囊的制备和表演膜片钳记录的Submitochondrial泡膜技术

Mitochondria are involved in many important cellular  functions including metabolism, survival1, development and, calcium signaling2. Two of the most ...

Patch Clamp Recordings from Embryonic Zebrafish Mauthner Cells

从胚胎斑马鱼的毛特纳细胞膜片钳记录

Mauthner cells (M-cells) are large  reticulospinal neurons located in the hindbrain of teleost fish. They are key  neurons involved in a characteristic ...

Recording Light-evoked Postsynaptic Responses in Neurons in Dark-adapted, Mouse Retinal Slice Preparations Using Patch Clamp Techniques

记录光诱发神经元突触后反应在暗适应，小鼠视网膜切片准备利用膜片钳技术

The retina is the gateway to the visual system. To understand visual signal processing mechanisms, we investigate retinal neural network functions. ...

Perforated Patch-clamp Recording of Mouse Olfactory Sensory Neurons in Intact Neuroepithelium: Functional Analysis of Neurons Expressing an Identified Odorant Receptor

鼠标嗅觉感官神经元的完整神经上皮穿孔膜片钳记录：神经元表达鉴定的气味受体功能分析

Analyzing the physiological responses of olfactory sensory neurons (OSN) when stimulated with specific ligands is critical to understand the basis of ...

Whole-cell Patch-clamp Recordings in Brain Slices

在脑片全细胞膜片钳记录

Whole-cell patch-clamp recording is an electrophysiological technique that allows the study of the&#160;electrical properties of a substantial part of the ...

Auditory Brainstem Response and Outer Hair Cell Whole-cell Patch Clamp Recording in Postnatal Rats

产后大鼠听觉脑干反应及外毛细胞全细胞贴片钳记录

The outer hair cell is one of the two types of sensory hair cells in the mammalian cochlea. They alter their cell length with the receptor potential to ...

Preparations and Protocols for Whole Cell Patch Clamp Recording of Xenopus laevis Tectal Neurons

Preparations and Protocols for Whole Cell Patch Clamp Recording of Xenopus laevis Tectal Neurons

爪蟾Tectal 神经元全细胞膜片钳记录的制备与协议

The Xenopus tadpole retinotectal circuit, comprised of the retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) in the eye which form synapses directly onto neurons in the optic ...

Preparation of Acute Spinal Cord Slices for Whole-cell Patch-clamp Recording in Substantia Gelatinosa Neurons

凝胶神经元全细胞斑块夹的急性脊髓切片的制备

Recent whole-cell patch-clamp studies from substantia gelatinosa (SG) neurons have provided a large body of information about the spinal mechanisms ...