Name: flow cytometry-based assay for the monitoring of nk cell functions
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Authors were supported by the German Cancer Aid (Max Eder Nachwuchsgruppe, Deutsche Krebshilfe; EU), the LOEWE Center for Cell and Gene Therapy Frankfurt (EU, ST) funded by the Hessian Ministry of Higher Education, Research and the Arts, Germany (III L 4- 518/17.004) and by the "Alfred- und Angelika Gutermuth-Stiftung", Frankfurt, Germany (EU). BJ was funded by a Mildred Scheel postdoctoral scholarship from the Dr. Mildred Scheel Foundation for Cancer Research. ST was founded by a GO-IN postdoctoral fellowship (PCOFUND-GA-2011-291776). The authors thank Becton Dickinson (BD) for providing the FACSCanto II and Canto10c Flow Cytometry Analyzers used in this study.

Diese Studie wurde in Übereinstimmung mit den Empfehlungen der Ethikkommission der Universität Frankfurt durchgeführt. 1. Anzucht von K562-Zellen <ol><li> Kultur K562 Zellen in R10 Medium (RPMI1640 - Medium mit Glutamin, 1% Penicillin / Streptomycin, 10% fötales Kälberserum) bei einer Dichte von 0,5-1 x 10 6 Zellen pro ml in einem Zellkulturkolben bei 37 ° C und 5% CO 2. </li><li> Ernte-K562-Zellen 24 Stunden vor dem Beginn einer neuen Experiment. <ol><li> Entfernen des Zellkulturko...

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Das beschriebene Verfahren ist eine einfache, schnelle und zuverlässige Ansatz NK-Zell-Funktionen aus Vollblut von gesunden Spendern oder Patienten zu untersuchen. Dieses Verfahren bietet den großen Vorteil, direkt NK - Zellen aus Vollblut zu reinigen, die Vermeidung der zeitraub Dichtegradientenzentrifugation, die für viele andere Reinigungsverfahren 15 vorgeschrieben ist. Außerdem erfordert es eine kleinere Größe Probe im Vergleich zu &quot;klassischen&quot; NK-Zell-Isolation / Anreicherungsverfahren,...

Als Teil beitragen des angeborenen Immunsystems natürlichen Killerzellen (NK) in die erste Verteidigungslinie gegen virusinfizierten oder bösartig transformierten Zellen. Ein System von hemmenden und aktivierenden Rezeptoren ermöglicht es ihnen, zwischen gesunden und transformierten Zellen ohne vorherige Antigen Priming im Gegensatz zu T-Zellen zu unterscheiden. Bei der Zielzelle Begegnung lösen NK - Zellen , den Inhalt ihrer zytotoxischen Granula (zB Perforin, Granzyme) in die Immunsynapse ihr Ziel zu töten. Außerdem produzieren NK - Zellen und sekretieren verschiedene Arten von Cytokinen ( zum Beispiel Interferon γ: IFN-γ, Tumor - Nekrose - Faktor-α: TNF-α) und Chemokine ( zum Beispiel Makrophagen - Entzündungsprotein-1β: MIP-1β) , auf Zielzelle Interaktion oder Zytokinstimulation 1. Eine ausreichende NK-Zell-Funktionen wie Zytotoxizität, Chemokin und Zytokin-Produktion haben einen wichtigen Einfluss auf das Schicksal verschiedener diserleichtert. Leukämie - Patienten zeigen Rezidivraten erhöht , wenn sie ein defektes NK - Zell - Profil bei der Diagnose , bestehend aus reduzierten IFN-γ Produktion und eine verminderte Expression von aktivierenden NK - Zell - Rezeptoren 2 aufweisen. Eine frühe Erholung der NK - Zellzahlen und Funktion einschließlich Cytokin - Produktion bei der Zielzelle Interaktion mit einem reduzierten Rückfall und eine verbesserte Überlebensrate bei Patienten mit allogener Stammzelltransplantation 3 verbunden. Außerdem können zu Beginn einer Interferon - Therapie in hepatitis C virus-infizierten Patienten die Degranulation peripherer Kapazität NK - Zellen ist stärker in frühen als Responder in Non-Responder 4. NK - Zellzahlen (&gt; 80 / ul) am Tag 15 nach autologer Stammzelltransplantation (autoSCT) bei Patienten mit Lymphom oder Multiplem Myelom leiden , sind prädiktiv für eine verbesserte progressionsfreie und das Gesamtüberleben 5. In Melanom-Patienten die Expression des T-Zell-Immunglobulin und Mucin-domain-mit deg Molekül-3 (TIM-3), ein Immun-Regulationsprotein auf NK - Zellen korreliert mit dem Krankheitsstadium und Prognose 6. Wissenschaftler haben in den letzten Jahrzehnten NK-Zell-Funktionen überwacht. Die erste Analyse der NK - Zell - Zytotoxizität gegen Tumorzellen ohne vorherige Grundierung wurde eine 51 Cr-Freisetzungstest 7 angesprochen. In jüngerer Zeit entwickelte Wissenschaftler eine nicht-radioaktive Verfahren die Zytotoxizität von NK - Zellen erweitert 8 zu bewerten. Zytokin und Chemokin Herstellung häufig bewertet wurde 9,10 enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) Techniken. Während der letzten Jahrzehnte haben sich diese Methoden durch Durchflusszytometrie basierenden Assays ergänzt. Die Verwendung von Protein - Transport - Inhibitoren (beispielsweise Brefeldin A und Monensin) und Zellpermeabilisierung Methoden in Kombination mit konventionellen Oberflächen Färbeprotokollen haben Wissenschaftler aktiviert Chemokin und Cytokin - Produktion in verschiedenen spezifischen Lymphe zu studierenocyte Teilmengen (beispielsweise T, B oder NK Zellen) 11. Außerdem verschiedene Durchflusszytometrie basierenden Assays wurden entwickelt, T und NK-Zell-Cytotoxizität zu überwachen. 2004 Alter et al. Beschrieben , um die Oberflächenexpression des Lysosom-assoziiertes Protein CD107a (Lamp1) auf NK - Zellen auf Zielzellen - Treffen als Marker für die Degranulation von zytotoxischen Granula 12. Da eine breite Palette von unterschiedlichen Fluorochromen und Multi-Channel-Durchflusszytometer in unseren Tagen zur Verfügung stehen, ist es möglich geworden, gleichzeitig diverse NK-Zell-Funktionen (Zytotoxizität, Zytokin und Chemokin-Produktion) in verschiedenen NK-Zell-Subpopulationen zu überwachen. Dies wird besonders wichtig in Situationen , in denen Probengröße begrenzt ist, beispielsweise in Biopsien oder Blutproben von Patienten mit Leukopenie leiden. Um zu testen, Funktionen global NK-Zellen, die verschiedenen Durchflusszytometrie basierende Tests effizient kombiniert werden. Theorell et al. Stimulierte NK - Zellen aus HEAlthy Spender mit der Tumorzelllinie K562 und analysiert NK - Zell - Degranulation, inside-out - Signal und Chemokin - Produktion über die Durchflusszytometrie 13. Kürzlich NK-Zell-Untergruppen, Phänotypen und Funktionen in Tumorpatienten während autoSCT wurden mittels Durchflusszytometrie analysiert basierte Assays. Es konnte gezeigt werden, dass NK - Zellen in der Lage waren Zytokinen / Chemokinen auf Tumorzellerkennung in sehr frühen Zeitpunkten nach der autoSCT 11 bis degranulieren und produzieren. Hier ist ein Protokoll beschrieben NK Zellfunktionen bei Wechselwirkung mit Tumorzellen einschließlich Degranulation Kapazität, Chemokin und Cytokin-Produktion unter Verwendung einer Durchflusszytometrie-basierten Assays zu bewerten, die es möglich macht, NK-Zell-Funktionen in verschiedenen Teilmengen gleichzeitig zu überwachen.

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	<tbody>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">RPMI 1640 + glutamine</td>
			<td style="width:135px;">Invitrogen</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">6187-044</td>
			<td style="width:167px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">penicilin/streptomycin</td>
			<td style="width:135px;">Invitrogen</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">15140-122</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">BD Falcon Round Bottom Tube</td>
			<td style="width:135px;">BD</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">352008</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:216px;">fetal calf serum</td>
			<td style="width:135px;">Invitrogen</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">10270-106</td>
			<td style="width:167px;">heat inactivated before use</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">T-flask</td>
			<td style="width:135px;">Greiner Bio-One</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">690195</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">K562 tumor cell line</td>
			<td style="width:135px;">DSMZ GmbH</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">ACC 10</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:216px;">ammonium-chloride-potassium (ACK) lysis buffer</td>
			<td style="width:135px;">made in house</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">/</td>
			<td style="width:167px;">components are listed in the text</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:216px;">Distilled water: Ampuwa Sp&#252;ll&#246;sung 1000ml Plastipur</td>
			<td style="width:135px;">Fresenius Kabi</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">1088813</td>
			<td style="width:167px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Megafuge 40R Centrifuge</td>
			<td>Heraeus</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">/</td>
			<td style="width:167px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:216px;">EDTA blood collector tubes</td>
			<td style="width:135px;">Sarstedt</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">386453</td>
			<td style="width:167px;">S-Monovette 7,5 ml, K3 EDTA</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">UltraPure 0.5M EDTA, pH 8.0</td>
			<td>Life Technologies</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">15575-020</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Hematopoietic media (XVIVO)</td>
			<td>Lonza Group Ltd</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">BE04-743Q</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="63">
			<td height="63" style="height:63px;width:216px;">human serum</td>
			<td style="width:135px;">DRK Blutspendedienst, Frankfurt/M&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">/</td>
			<td style="width:167px;">healthy donors with blood type AB; heat inactivated before use</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:216px;">Neubauer-improved counting chamber, bright line</td>
			<td style="width:135px;">Marienfeld superior/ LO-Laboroptik Ltd.</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">0640030/ 1110000</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">trypan blue solution (0,4%)</td>
			<td>Invitrogen</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">15250-061</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:216px;">3% acetic acid with methylene blue</td>
			<td style="width:135px;">Stemcell Technologies&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">07060</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:216px;">Corning 96 Well Clear V-Bottom TC-treated Microplates</td>
			<td style="width:135px;">Corning&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">3894</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:216px;">Falcon 96 Well Round Bottom Not Treated Microplates</td>
			<td style="width:135px;">Corning&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">351177</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="25">
			<td height="25" style="height:25px;width:216px;">DPBS (Ca2+- and Mg2+-free)</td>
			<td style="width:135px;">Gibco Invitrogen</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">14190-169</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">BSA</td>
			<td style="width:135px;">Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">A2153-100G</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="25">
			<td height="25" style="height:25px;width:216px;">NaN3</td>
			<td style="width:135px;">Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">08591-1ML-F</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:216px;">phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA)&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:135px;">Merck</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">524400-1MG</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:216px;">ionomycin&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:135px;">PromoKine</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">PK-CA577-1566-5</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">interleukin 15 (IL-15)</td>
			<td>PeproTech</td>
			<td>200-15</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Proleukin S (IL-2)&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:135px;">Novartis Pharma</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">730523</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="126">
			<td height="126" style="height:126px;width:216px;">Golgi Stop, Protein Transport Inhibitor (containing Monensin)</td>
			<td style="width:135px;">BD Biosciences</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">554724</td>
			<td style="width:167px;">This product can be used in combination or instead of Golgi Plug. The best combination for the wished experimental setting has to be tested.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:216px;">Golgi Plug, Protein Transport Inhibitor (containing Brefeldin A)</td>
			<td style="width:135px;">BD Biosciences</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">555029</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">paraformaldehyde</td>
			<td style="width:135px;">AppliChem</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">UN2209</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">saponin</td>
			<td style="width:135px;">Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">47036</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">flow cytometer: Canto10C</td>
			<td style="width:135px;">BD Biosciences</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">/</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">FlowJo</td>
			<td style="width:135px;">TreeStar Inc.</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">/</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Graph Pad</td>
			<td style="width:135px;">Graph Pad Inc.</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">/</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">MACSxpress Separator</td>
			<td style="width:135px;">Miltenyi Biotec&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">130-098-308</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">MACSxpress NK isolation kit</td>
			<td style="width:135px;">Miltenyi Biotec&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">130-098-185</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:216px;">MACSxpress Erythrocyte Depletion Kit, human</td>
			<td style="width:135px;">Miltenyi Biotec&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">130-098-196</td>
			<td style="width:167px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">MACSmix Tube Rotator&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:135px;">Miltenyi Biotec&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">130-090-753</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">anti-human CD3 APC</td>
			<td style="width:135px;">Biolegend</td>
			<td>300412</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">anti-human CD3 V450</td>
			<td style="width:135px;">BD Biosciences</td>
			<td>560366</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">anti-human CD14 PerCP</td>
			<td style="width:135px;">Miltenyi Biotec&#160;</td>
			<td>130-094-969</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">anti-human CD14 V450</td>
			<td style="width:135px;">BD Biosciences</td>
			<td>560349</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">anti-human CD16 PE</td>
			<td style="width:135px;">Biolegend</td>
			<td>302008</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">anti-human CD16 PerCP</td>
			<td style="width:135px;">Biolegend</td>
			<td>302029</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">anti-human CD19 PE-Cy7</td>
			<td style="width:135px;">Biolegend</td>
			<td>302216</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">anti-human CD19 V450</td>
			<td style="width:135px;">BD Biosciences</td>
			<td>560353</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">anti-human CD45 BV510</td>
			<td style="width:135px;">BD Biosciences</td>
			<td>563204</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">anti-human CD56 FITC</td>
			<td style="width:135px;">Biolegend</td>
			<td>345811</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">anti-human CD107a PE</td>
			<td style="width:135px;">Biolegend</td>
			<td>328608</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">anti-human IFN-&#947; AF-647</td>
			<td style="width:135px;">BD Biosciences</td>
			<td>557729</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">anti-human MIP-1&#946; APC-H7</td>
			<td style="width:135px;">BD Biosciences</td>
			<td>561280</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">DAPI</td>
			<td style="width:135px;">Biolegend</td>
			<td>422801</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Zombie Violet Fixable Viability Kit</td>
			<td>Biolegend</td>
			<td>423113</td>
			<td>fixable dead cell marker</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

flow cytometry-based assay for the monitoring of nk cell functions

Natural killer (NK) cells are an important part of the human tumor immune surveillance system. NK cells are able to distinguish between healthy and virus-infected or malignantly transformed cells due to a set of germline encoded inhibitory and activating receptors. Upon virus or tumor cell recognition a variety of different NK cell functions are initiated including cytotoxicity against the target cell as well as cytokine and chemokine production leading to the activation of other immune cells. It has been demonstrated that accurate NK cell functions are crucial for the treatment outcome of different virus infections and malignant diseases. Here a simple and reliable method is described to analyze different NK cell functions using a flow cytometry-based assay. NK cell functions can be evaluated not only for the whole NK cell population, but also for different NK cell subsets. This technique enables scientists to easily study NK cell functions in healthy donors or patients in order to reveal their impact on different malignancies and to further discover new therapeutic strategies.

<html> Die Gating - Strategie zur Analyse der Degranulation, Zytokin und Chemokin Herstellung der gesamten NK - Zellpopulation und drei verschiedene NK - Zelluntergruppen sind in Abbildung 1 dargestellt. Repräsentative Ergebnisse eines gesunden Spenders sind in Abbildung 2 dargestellt. NK - Zellen ohne Stimulus erzeugt weder IFN-γ oder MIP-1β und nicht CD107a auf ihrer Oberfläche (2...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Flow Cytometry-based Assay for the Monitoring of NK Cell Functions at JoVE.com

Flow Cytometry-based Assay for the Monitoring of NK Cell Functions

Eine einfache und zuverlässige Methode wird hier beschrieben eine Reihe von NK-Zellfunktionen wie Degranulierung, Zytokin und Chemokin-Produktion in verschiedenen NK-Zelluntergruppen zu analysieren.

Durchflusszytometrie-basierte Assay zur Überwachung von NK-Zell-Funktionen

Natural killer (NK) cells are an important part of the human tumor immune surveillance system. NK cells are able to distinguish between healthy and ...

Research

JoVE Journal

Immunology and Infection

Monitoring Dendritic Cell Migration using 19F / 1H Magnetic Resonance Imaging

Monitoring Dendritic Cell Migration using 19F / 1H Magnetic Resonance Imaging

Überwachung dendritische Zellen mit Migration<sup&gt; 19</sup&gt; F /<sup&gt; 1</sup&gt; H Magnetic Resonance Imaging

Continuous  advancements in noninvasive imaging modalities such as magnetic resonance  imaging (MRI) have greatly improved our ability to study ...

Forschung

Immunologie und Infektion

Cell-based Flow Cytometry Assay to Measure Cytotoxic Activity

Cytolytic activity of CD8+ T cells is rarely evaluated. We describe here a new cell-based assay to measure the capacity of antigen-specific CD8+ T cells ...

Analyzing the Functions of Mast Cells In Vivo Using 'Mast Cell Knock-in' Mice

Analyzing the Functions of Mast Cells In Vivo Using 'Mast Cell Knock-in' Mice

Analysieren der Funktionen von Mastzellen in Vivo mit ' MastCell Knock-in' Mäuse

Mast cells (MCs) are hematopoietic cells which reside in various tissues, and are especially abundant at sites exposed to the external environment, such ...

Isolation and Flow Cytometric Analysis of Immune Cells from the Ischemic Mouse Brain

Isolation und Analyse über Durchflusszytometrie von Immunzellen aus dem ischämischen Gehirn der Maus

Ischemic stroke initiates a robust inflammatory response that starts in the intravascular compartment and involves rapid activation of brain resident ...

Fluorescence-activated Cell Sorting for Purification of Plasmacytoid Dendritic Cells from the Mouse Bone Marrow

Fluoreszenz-aktivierte Zellsortierung zur Reinigung von Plasmazytoide dendritischer Zellen aus dem Knochenmark der Maus

Fluorescence-activated cell sorting (FACS) is a technique to purify specific cell populations based on phenotypes detected by flow cytometry. This method ...

Assessing Retinal Microglial Phagocytic Function In Vivo Using a Flow Cytometry-based Assay

Assessing Retinal Microglial Phagocytic Function In Vivo Using a Flow Cytometry-based Assay

Die Beurteilung Retinal Microglial Phagozytische Funktion<em&gt; In Vivo</em&gt; Mit einem Durchfluss-Zytometrie basierten Assay

Microglia are the tissue resident macrophages of the central nervous system (CNS) and they perform a variety of functions that support CNS homeostasis, ...

Dextran Enhances the Lentiviral Transduction Efficiency of Murine and Human Primary NK Cells

Dextran erhöht die Effizienz der Lentivirale Transduktion von murinen und menschliche primäre NK-Zellen

The efficient transduction of specific genes into natural killer (NK) cells has been a major challenge. Successful transductions are critical to defining ...

A Flow Cytometry-Based Cytotoxicity Assay for the Assessment of Human NK Cell Activity

Ein Flow Cytometry-basierte Zytotoxizität Assay für die Beurteilung der menschlichen NK-Zell-Aktivität

Within the innate immune system, effector lymphocytes known as natural killer (NK) cells play an essential role in host defense against aberrant cells, ...

A Simple Flow Cytometry Based Assay to Determine In Vitro Antibody Dependent Enhancement of Dengue Virus Using Zika Virus Convalescent Serum

A Simple Flow Cytometry Based Assay to Determine In Vitro Antibody Dependent Enhancement of Dengue Virus Using Zika Virus Convalescent Serum

Eine einfache Durchflusszytometrie basierten Test um festzustellen, In-vitro- Antikörper abhängige Verbesserung des Dengue-Virus mit Zika-Virus genesenden Serum

Antibody dependent enhancement of infection has been shown to play a major role in Dengue viral pathogenesis. Traditional assays that measure the capacity ...

Multicolor Flow Cytometry-based Quantification of Mitochondria and Lysosomes in T Cells

Multicolor Flow Cytometry-basierte Quantifizierung der Mitochondrien, Lysosomen in T-Zellen

T cells utilize different metabolic programs to match their functional needs during differentiation and proliferation. Mitochondria are crucial cellular ...