Name: utilizing the ethylene-releasing compound, 2-chloroethylphosphonic acid, as a tool to study ethylene response in bacteria
Uploaded: 2016-11-10T14:00:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Utilizing the Ethylene-releasing Compound, 2-Chloroethylphosphonic Acid, as a Tool to Study Ethylene Response in Bacteria at JoVE.com

The authors thank Dr. Dario Bonetta for providing Arabidopsis thaliana seeds and for technical assistance in regards to the triple response assay, as well as Simone Quaranta for help with FT-IR. This work was supported by a Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada Discovery Grant (NSERC-DG) to JLS, an Ontario Graduate Scholarship (OGS) to RVA, and a Queen Elizabeth II Graduate Scholarship in Science and Technology (QEII-GSST) to AJV.

1.化学物質<ol><li> 500mMのCEPA（144.49グラム/モル）、及び500mMのNaCl（58.44グラム/モル）と500 mMののNaH 2 PO 4・H 2 O（137.99グラム/モル）酸性化（pHの両方からなる溶液の溶液を調製します2.5）超純水又は0.1NのHClです。解決策が明確になるまでボルテックスを用いて混合します。 </li><li>直列5 mMのと50mMのストックを得るために、同じ溶媒中で（10倍）の500mM溶液を希釈します?...

<ol>
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Sci. 88 (16), 7434-7437 (1991).</li><li>Kim, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Assessment+of+ethylene+removal+with+Pseudomonas+strains.">Assessment of ethylene removal with Pseudomonas strains.</a> J. Hazard. Mater. 131 (3), 131-136 (2006).</li><li>Kim, H. E., Shitashiro, M., Kuroda, A., Takiguchi, N., Kato, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Ethylene+chemotaxis+in+Pseudomonas+aeruginosa+and+other+Pseudomonas+species.">Ethylene chemotaxis in Pseudomonas aeruginosa and other Pseudomonas species.</a> Microbes Environ. 22 (2), 186-189 (2007).</li><li>Augimeri, R. V., Strap, J. L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+phytohormone+ethylene+enhances+bacterial+cellulose+production,+regulates+CRP/FNRKx+transcription+and+causes+differential+gene+expression+within+the+cellulose+synthesis+operon+of+Komagataeibacter+(Gluconacetobacter)+xylinus+ATCC+53582.">The phytohormone ethylene enhances bacterial cellulose production, regulates CRP/FNRKx transcription and causes differential gene expression within the cellulose synthesis operon of Komagataeibacter (Gluconacetobacter) xylinus ATCC 53582.</a> Front. Microbiol. 6, 1459 (2015).</li><li>Zhang, W., Wen, C. 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C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Ethylene+evolution+from+2-chloroethylphosphonic+acid.">Ethylene evolution from 2-chloroethylphosphonic acid.</a> Plant Physiol. 44 (1), 156-158 (1969).</li><li>Biddle, E., Kerfoot, D. G. S., Kho, Y. H., Russell, K. E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Kinetic+studies+of+the+thermal+decomposition+of+2-chloroethylphosphonic+acid+in+aqueous+solution.">Kinetic studies of the thermal decomposition of 2-chloroethylphosphonic acid in aqueous solution.</a> Plant Physiol. 58 (5), 700-702 (1976).</li><li>Klein, I., Lavee, S., Ben-Tal, Y. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Effect+of+water+vapor+pressure+on+the+thermal+decomposition+of+2-chloroethylphosphonic+acid.">Effect of water vapor pressure on the thermal decomposition of 2-chloroethylphosphonic acid.</a> Plant Physiol. 63 (3), 474-477 (1979).</li><li>Murashige, T., Skoog, F. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+revised+medium+for+rapid+growth+and+bio+assays+with+tobacco+tissue+cultures.">A revised medium for rapid growth and bio assays with tobacco tissue cultures.</a> Physiol. Plant. 15 (3), 473-497 (1962).</li><li>Schramm, M., Hestrin, S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Factors+affecting+production+of+cellulose+at+the+air/liquid+interface+of+a+culture+of+Acetobacter+xylinum.">Factors affecting production of cellulose at the air/liquid interface of a culture of Acetobacter xylinum.</a> J. Gen. Microbiol. 11 (1), 123-129 (1954).</li><li>Schneider, C. A., Rasband, W. S., Eliceiri, K. W. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=NIH+Image+to+ImageJ:+25+years+of+image+analysis.">NIH Image to ImageJ: 25 years of image analysis.</a> Nat. Methods. 9 (7), 671-675 (2012).</li><li>Ciolacu, D., Ciolacu, F., Popa, V. 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ここで説明する方法は、モデル生物、Kを用いて細菌エチレン応答の研究のためのCEPAからエチレンをその場生産に概説しますxylinus。エチレンは、CEPAは、純粋なエチレンガスや特殊な実験装置の必要性を否定すると3.5 10,11よりも高いpHを有する任意の水性媒体を補充することによって製造することができるように、この方法は非常に便利です。この方法は、?...

オレフィン、エチレン（C 2 H 4）それは、石炭ガスランプを使用し、実験室で増殖させたエンドウ苗は、（胚軸）をステムする異常な形態を示したことが観察された場合、最初1901年に植物ホルモンとして発見されたが、より短い厚かったですそして、通常のエンドウの苗に比べて横に曲がりました。表現型は、後に三重反応1,2と呼ばれます。その後の研究は、エチレンが、そのような成長、ストレス応答、果実の成熟と老化3。 シロイヌナズナ 、植物生物学研究のためのモデル生物として多数の発生過程を調節する重要な植物ホルモンは、十分にエチレンへの対応に関して検討されているであることを実証しました。いくつかのエチレン応答変異体は暗成長A.で観察されたトリプル応答表現型を利用することによって単離されていますエチレン1,4,5の存在下でのシロイヌナズナの苗。植物におけるエチレン生産のための生合成前駆体は、1-Aでありますminocyclopropaneカルボン酸（ACC）6、一般三重応答表現型1,4,5を導く内因性エチレン産生を増加させるためにトリプル応答アッセイ中に使用されます。 エチレン応答は、広く植物で研究されていますが、細菌上の外因性エチレンの影響は非常に植物と細菌の密接な関係にもかかわらず、understudiedされます。ある研究では、特定のシュードモナス株は炭素とエネルギー7の唯一の供給源としてエチレンを使用して生き残ることができることを報告しました。しかし、2つだけの研究では、細菌は、エチレンに応答することを実証しました。最初の研究は、 緑膿菌 、Pの株フルオレッセンス 、P.プチダ 、およびP. syringaeの溶融アガロース純エチレンガス8で平衡化し、走化性緩衝液と混合したアガロースプラグアッセイを使用してエチレンに向かって走化性ました。しかし、我々の知る限り、何のフュルトはなされていません特殊な装置なしに実験室でガスを扱う困難に可能性の高い細菌のエチレン応答を、特徴付けるために純粋なエチレンガスを使用して、えーレポート。細菌のエチレン応答の第二の報告書は、エチレンが9 xylinusフルーツ関連細菌、Komagataeibacter（旧グルコン ）にバクテリアセルロースの生産と影響を受けた遺伝子の発現を増加させたことを実証しました。この場合には、エチレン放出化合物は、2-クロロエチルホスホン酸（CEPA）は、純粋なエチレンガスまたは特殊な装置の必要性を迂回し、細菌増殖培地内でその場でエチレンを製造するために使用しました。 14 -塩基触媒、一次反応12を介してpHが3.5 10,11上記モル比1：CEPAは1でエチレンを生成します。 CEPAの劣化を確実にpHおよび温度13,14およびエチルの製造における結果と相関していますエン、塩化物およびリン酸。 CEPAは、ガス状のエチレンへの便利な代替手段でエチレンに対する細菌の応答を研究に興味を持って研究者に提供します。 次のプロトコルの全体的な目標は、CEPA分解を確実にするために、細菌のエチレン応答を研究するための簡単かつ効率的な方法を提供し、細菌増殖培地中CEPA分解からエチレン生産の生理的に適切なレベルの検証を含む、培養pHを分析する時に損なわれません細菌の増殖、および細菌の形態および表現型に対するエチレンの影響の評価。我々は、Kを使用して、これらのプロトコルを示しますxylinusは、しかしながら、これらのプロトコルは、適切な増殖培地を使用し、表現型解析することによって、他の細菌におけるエチレン応答を研究するために適合させることができます。

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="1018">
	<tbody>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:331px;">1-aminocyclopropane carboxylic acid (ACC)</td>
			<td style="width:136px;">Sigma</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">A3903</td>
			<td style="width:432px;">Biosynthetic precursor of ethylene in plants</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:331px;">4-sector Petri dish</td>
			<td style="width:136px;">Phoenix Biomedical</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">CA73370-022</td>
			<td>For testing triple response</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:331px;">Agar</td>
			<td style="width:136px;">BioShop</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">AGR001.1</td>
			<td>To solidify medium</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:331px;">Canon Rebel T1i DLSR camera</td>
			<td style="width:136px;">Canon</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">3818B004</td>
			<td>For pictures of pellicles</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:331px;">Cellulase from Trichoderma reesei ATCC 26921&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:136px;">Sigma</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">C2730</td>
			<td>Aqueous solution</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:331px;">Citric acid</td>
			<td style="width:136px;">BioShop</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">CIT002.500</td>
			<td>For SH medium</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:331px;">Commercial bleach</td>
			<td style="width:136px;">Life Brand</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">57800861874</td>
			<td>Bleach for seed sterilization</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:331px;">Concentrated HCl</td>
			<td style="width:136px;">BioShop</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">HCL666.500</td>
			<td>Hydrochloric acid for pH adjustment</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:331px;">Digital USB microscope</td>
			<td style="width:136px;">Plugable</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">N/A</td>
			<td>For pictures of colonies</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:331px;">Ethephon (&#8805; 96%; 2-chloroethylphosphonic acid)</td>
			<td style="width:136px;">Sigma</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">C0143</td>
			<td>Ethylene-releasing compound</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:331px;">Glucose</td>
			<td style="width:136px;">BioBasic</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">GB0219</td>
			<td>For SH medium</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:331px;">Komagataeibacter xylinus ATCC 53582</td>
			<td style="width:136px;">ATCC</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">53582</td>
			<td>Bacterial cellulose-producing alphaproteobacterium</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:331px;">Microcentrifuge tube</td>
			<td style="width:136px;">LifeGene</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">LMCT1.7B</td>
			<td>1.7 mL microcentrifuge tube</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:331px;">Murashige and Skoog (MS) basal medium&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:136px;">Sigma</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">M5519</td>
			<td>Arabidopsis thaliana growth medium</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="25">
			<td height="25" style="height:25px;width:331px;">Na2HPO4&#183;7H2O&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:136px;">BioShop</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">SPD579.500</td>
			<td>Sodium phosphate, dibasic heptahydrate for SH medium</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:331px;">NaCl</td>
			<td style="width:136px;">BioBasic</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">SOD001.1</td>
			<td>Sodium chloride for saline and control solution</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="25">
			<td height="25" style="height:25px;width:331px;">NaH2PO4&#183;H2O&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:136px;">BioShop</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">SPM306.500</td>
			<td>Sodium phosphate, monobasic monohydrate for control solution</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:331px;">NaOH</td>
			<td style="width:136px;">BioShop</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">SHY700.500</td>
			<td>Sodium hydroxide for pH adjustment</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:331px;">Paraffin film</td>
			<td style="width:136px;">Parafilm</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">PM996</td>
			<td>For sealing plates and flasks</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:331px;">Peptone (bacteriological)</td>
			<td style="width:136px;">BioShop</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">PEP403.1</td>
			<td>For SH medium</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:331px;">Petroff-Hausser counting chamber</td>
			<td style="width:136px;">Hausser scientific</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">3900</td>
			<td>Bacterial cell counting chamber</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:331px;">Polyethersulfone sterilization filter 0.2 &#181;m</td>
			<td style="width:136px;">VWR</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">28145-501</td>
			<td>For sterilizing cellulase</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:331px;">Sucrose</td>
			<td style="width:136px;">BioShop</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">SUC600.1</td>
			<td>Sucrose for MS medium</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:331px;">Yeast extract</td>
			<td style="width:136px;">BioBasic</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">G0961</td>
			<td>For SH medium</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

utilizing the ethylene-releasing compound, 2-chloroethylphosphonic acid, as a tool to study ethylene response in bacteria

Ethylene (C2H4) is a gaseous phytohormone that is involved in numerous aspects of plant development, playing a dominant role in senescence and fruit ripening. Exogenous ethylene applied during early plant development triggers the triple response phenotype; a shorter and thicker hypocotyl with an exaggerated apical hook. Despite the intimate relationship between plants and bacteria, the effect of exogenous ethylene on bacteria has been greatly overlooked. This is partly due to the difficulty of controlling gaseous ethylene within the laboratory without specialized equipment. 2-Chloroethylphosphonic acid (CEPA) is a compound that decomposes into ethylene, chlorine, and phosphate in a 1:1:1:1 molar ratio when dissolved in an aqueous medium of pH 3.5 or greater. Here we describe the use of CEPA to produce in situ ethylene for the investigation of ethylene response in bacteria using the fruit-associated, cellulose-producing bacterium Komagataeibacter xylinus as a model organism. The protocols described herein include both the verification of ethylene production from CEPA via the Arabidopsis thaliana triple response assay and the effects of exogenous ethylene on K. xylinus cellulose production, pellicle properties and colonial morphology. These protocols can be adapted to examine the effect of ethylene on other microbes using appropriate growth media and phenotype analyses. The use of CEPA provides researchers with a simple and efficient alternative to pure ethylene gas for the routine determination of bacterial ethylene response.

C -トリプル応答アッセイによるSH培地（pHは7）におけるCEPAからのエチレン放出を検証するための模式的なプレートのセットアップを図1Aに示されています。ペリクルプロトコルを示すフロー・チャートは、 図2ダーク成長したAに示されていますシロイヌナズナの苗は、ACCの存在下およびSH培地（pHは7）上ではなく、?...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Utilizing the Ethylene-releasing Compound, 2-Chloroethylphosphonic Acid, as a Tool to Study Ethylene Response in Bacteria at JoVE.com

Utilizing the Ethylene-releasing Compound, 2-Chloroethylphosphonic Acid, as a Tool to Study Ethylene Response in Bacteria

The protocols outlined herein facilitate the convenient investigation of bacterial ethylene responses by utilizing 2-chloroethylphosphonic acid (CEPA). Ethylene is produced in situ through the decomposition of CEPA in an aqueous bacterial growth medium, circumventing the requirement for pure ethylene gas.

細菌でエチレン応答を研究するためのツールとして、エチレン放出化合物、2-クロロエチルホスホン酸を利用します

Ethylene (C2H4) is a gaseous phytohormone that is involved in numerous aspects of plant development, playing a dominant role in senescence and fruit ...

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Thermostabilization, Expression, Purification, and Crystallization of the Human Serotonin Transporter Bound to S-citalopram

にバインドされた熱安定、発現、精製、およびヒトセロトニントランスポーターの結晶化<em&gt; S</em&gt; - シタロプラム

The serotonin transporter is a sodium and chloride-coupled transporter that &#34;pumps&#34; extracellular serotonin into cells. S-citalopram is a drug ...

Titration ELISA as a Method to Determine the Dissociation Constant of Receptor Ligand Interaction

受容体リガンドの相互作用の解離定数の決定法として elisa 法の滴定

The dissociation constant describes the interaction between two partners in the binding equilibrium and is a measure of their affinity. It is a crucial ...

A Colorimetric Method for Measuring Iron Content in Plants

植物の鉄含有量を測定するための比色定量法

Iron, one of the most important micronutrients in living organisms, is involved in basic processes, such as respiration and photosynthesis. Iron content ...

Small-Scale Colorimetric Assays of Intracellular Lactate and Pyruvate in the Nematode Caenorhabditis elegans

Small-Scale Colorimetric Assays of Intracellular Lactate and Pyruvate in the Nematode Caenorhabditis elegans

小規模な比色試金の細胞内乳酸と線虫の線虫のピルビン酸

Lactate and pyruvate are key intermediates of intracellular energy metabolic pathways. Monitoring the lactate/pyruvate ratio in cells helps to determine ...

Dissipative Microgravimetry to Study the Binding Dynamics of the Phospholipid Binding Protein Annexin A2 to Solid-supported Lipid Bilayers Using a Quartz Resonator

散逸の Microgravimetry 結合タンパク質アネキシン A2 への水晶振動子を用いた固相担脂質膜リン脂質の結合動態を研究するには

The dissipative quartz crystal microbalance technique is a simple and label-free approach to measure simultaneously the mass uptake and viscoelastic ...

Isolation of Lipoprotein Particles from Chicken Egg Yolk for the Study of Bacterial Pathogen Fatty Acid Incorporation into Membrane Phospholipids

細菌病原体脂肪酸を膜リン脂質に取り込む研究のための鶏卵黄からのリポタンパク質粒子の単離

Staphylococcus aureus and other Gram-positive pathogens incorporate fatty acids from the environment into membrane phospholipids. During infection, the ...

Activated Cross-linked Agarose for the Rapid Development of Affinity Chromatography Resins - Antibody Capture as a Case Study

アフィニティクロマトグラフィー樹脂の急速な発達のための活性化架橋アガロース - ケーススタディとしての抗体捕捉

The purification of monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) is commonly achieved by Protein A affinity chromatography, which can account for up to 25% of the overall ...

In Vivo Hydroxyl Radical Protein Footprinting for the Study of Protein Interactions in Caenorhabditis elegans

In Vivo Hydroxyl Radical Protein Footprinting for the Study of Protein Interactions in Caenorhabditis elegans

イン・ビボヒドロキシルラジカルプロテインフットプリントにおけるカエノハブディティス・エレガンスにおけるタンパク質相互作用の研究

Fast oxidation of proteins (FPOP) is a hydroxyl radical protein footprinting (HRPF) method used to study protein structure, protein-ligand interactions, ...

Utilizing Time-Resolved Protein-Induced Fluorescence Enhancement to Identify Stable Local Conformations One &#945;-Synuclein Monomer at a Time

Utilizing Time-Resolved Protein-Induced Fluorescence Enhancement to Identify Stable Local Conformations One ÃƒÅ½Ã‚Â±-Synuclein Monomer at a Time

時間分解タンパク質誘導蛍光強化を利用して、一度に1つのαシヌクレインモノマーの安定した局所構造を同定する

Using spectroscopic rulers to track multiple conformations of single biomolecules and their dynamics have revolutionized the understanding of structural ...