Name: utilizing the ethylene-releasing compound, 2-chloroethylphosphonic acid, as a tool to study ethylene response in bacteria
Uploaded: 2016-11-10T14:00:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Utilizing the Ethylene-releasing Compound, 2-Chloroethylphosphonic Acid, as a Tool to Study Ethylene Response in Bacteria at JoVE.com

The authors thank Dr. Dario Bonetta for providing Arabidopsis thaliana seeds and for technical assistance in regards to the triple response assay, as well as Simone Quaranta for help with FT-IR. This work was supported by a Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada Discovery Grant (NSERC-DG) to JLS, an Ontario Graduate Scholarship (OGS) to RVA, and a Queen Elizabeth II Graduate Scholarship in Science and Technology (QEII-GSST) to AJV.

1. Kimyasallar <ol><li> 500 mM NaH 2 PO 4 · asitleştirildi içinde H2O (137,99 g / Mol) (pH 500 mM CEPA (144.49 gr / mol) ihtiva eden bir çözelti, ve her ikisi de, 500 mM NaCI (58.44 g / mol) &#39;den oluşan bir çözelti hazırlamak 2.5) ultra saf su ve 0.1 N HCI. çözümler açıktır kadar vorteks ile karıştırın. </li><li> Seri olarak 5 mM ve 50 mM stok elde etmek için aynı çözücü (10 x) 500 mM seyreltik çözeltiler. </li><li> Ultra saf su içinde 1-aminosiklopropan...

<ol>
	<li>Guzm&#225;n, P., Ecker, J. R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Exploiting+the+triple+response+of+Arabidopsis+to+identify+ethylene-related+mutants.">Exploiting the triple response of Arabidopsis to identify ethylene-related mutants.</a> Plant Cell. 2 (6), 513-523 (1990).</li><li>Bakshi, A., Shemansky, J. M., Chang, C., Binder, B. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=History+of+research+on+the+plant+hormone+ethylene.">History of research on the plant hormone ethylene.</a> J. Plant Growth Regul. 34 (4), 809-827 (2015).</li><li>Schaller, G. E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Ethylene+and+the+regulation+of+plant+development.">Ethylene and the regulation of plant development.</a> BMC Biol. 10 (1), (2012).</li><li>Hua, J., Sakai, H., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=EIN4+and+ERS2+are+members+of+the+putative+ethylene+receptor+gene+family+in+Arabidopsis.">EIN4 and ERS2 are members of the putative ethylene receptor gene family in Arabidopsis.</a> Plant Cell. 10 (8), 1321-1332 (1998).</li><li>Bleecker, A. B., Estelle, M. A., Somerville, C., Kende, H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Insensitivity+to+ethylene+conferred+by+a+dominant+Mutation+in+Arabidopsis+thaliana.">Insensitivity to ethylene conferred by a dominant Mutation in Arabidopsis thaliana.</a> Science. 241 (4869), 1086-1089 (1988).</li><li>Hamilton, A. J., Bouzayen, M., Grierson, D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Identification+of+a+tomato+gene+for+the+ethylene-forming+enzyme+by+expression+in+yeast.">Identification of a tomato gene for the ethylene-forming enzyme by expression in yeast.</a> Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 88 (16), 7434-7437 (1991).</li><li>Kim, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Assessment+of+ethylene+removal+with+Pseudomonas+strains.">Assessment of ethylene removal with Pseudomonas strains.</a> J. Hazard. Mater. 131 (3), 131-136 (2006).</li><li>Kim, H. E., Shitashiro, M., Kuroda, A., Takiguchi, N., Kato, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Ethylene+chemotaxis+in+Pseudomonas+aeruginosa+and+other+Pseudomonas+species.">Ethylene chemotaxis in Pseudomonas aeruginosa and other Pseudomonas species.</a> Microbes Environ. 22 (2), 186-189 (2007).</li><li>Augimeri, R. V., Strap, J. L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+phytohormone+ethylene+enhances+bacterial+cellulose+production,+regulates+CRP/FNRKx+transcription+and+causes+differential+gene+expression+within+the+cellulose+synthesis+operon+of+Komagataeibacter+(Gluconacetobacter)+xylinus+ATCC+53582.">The phytohormone ethylene enhances bacterial cellulose production, regulates CRP/FNRKx transcription and causes differential gene expression within the cellulose synthesis operon of Komagataeibacter (Gluconacetobacter) xylinus ATCC 53582.</a> Front. Microbiol. 6, 1459 (2015).</li><li>Zhang, W., Wen, C. K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Preparation+of+ethylene+gas+and+comparison+of+ethylene+responses+induced+by+ethylene,+ACC,+and+ethephon.">Preparation of ethylene gas and comparison of ethylene responses induced by ethylene, ACC, and ethephon.</a> Plant Physiol. Biochem. 48 (1), 45-53 (2010).</li><li>Zhang, W., Hu, W., Wen, C. K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Ethylene+preparation+and+its+application+to+physiological+experiments.">Ethylene preparation and its application to physiological experiments.</a> Plant Signal. Behav. 5 (4), 453-457 (2010).</li><li>Warner, H. L., Leopold, A. C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Ethylene+evolution+from+2-chloroethylphosphonic+acid.">Ethylene evolution from 2-chloroethylphosphonic acid.</a> Plant Physiol. 44 (1), 156-158 (1969).</li><li>Biddle, E., Kerfoot, D. G. S., Kho, Y. H., Russell, K. E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Kinetic+studies+of+the+thermal+decomposition+of+2-chloroethylphosphonic+acid+in+aqueous+solution.">Kinetic studies of the thermal decomposition of 2-chloroethylphosphonic acid in aqueous solution.</a> Plant Physiol. 58 (5), 700-702 (1976).</li><li>Klein, I., Lavee, S., Ben-Tal, Y. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Effect+of+water+vapor+pressure+on+the+thermal+decomposition+of+2-chloroethylphosphonic+acid.">Effect of water vapor pressure on the thermal decomposition of 2-chloroethylphosphonic acid.</a> Plant Physiol. 63 (3), 474-477 (1979).</li><li>Murashige, T., Skoog, F. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+revised+medium+for+rapid+growth+and+bio+assays+with+tobacco+tissue+cultures.">A revised medium for rapid growth and bio assays with tobacco tissue cultures.</a> Physiol. Plant. 15 (3), 473-497 (1962).</li><li>Schramm, M., Hestrin, S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Factors+affecting+production+of+cellulose+at+the+air/liquid+interface+of+a+culture+of+Acetobacter+xylinum.">Factors affecting production of cellulose at the air/liquid interface of a culture of Acetobacter xylinum.</a> J. Gen. Microbiol. 11 (1), 123-129 (1954).</li><li>Schneider, C. A., Rasband, W. S., Eliceiri, K. W. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=NIH+Image+to+ImageJ:+25+years+of+image+analysis.">NIH Image to ImageJ: 25 years of image analysis.</a> Nat. Methods. 9 (7), 671-675 (2012).</li><li>Ciolacu, D., Ciolacu, F., Popa, V. I. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Amorphous+cellulose-structure+and+characterization.">Amorphous cellulose-structure and characterization.</a> Cellul. Chem. Technol. 45 (1), 13-21 (2011).</li></ol>

Burada tarif edilen yöntemler modeli organizma, K. kullanılarak bakteriyel etilen tepkisinin incelenmesi için CEPA etilenin in situ üretimini anahat xylinus. Etilen bir pH&#39;a CEPA saf etilen gazı veya özel laboratuar ekipmanı ihtiyacını ortadan sahip daha büyük 3.5 10,11 sahip herhangi bir sulu ortam ilave üretilebilir Bu yöntem çok yararlıdır. Bu yöntem, bakterilerin Cepa türetilmiş Etilenin etkilerini incelemek ile sınırlı değildir, aynı zamanda ökaryot...

Olefin (C2 lH 4) havagazı lambaları kullanılan bir laboratuarda yetiştirilir bezelye fide, (hipokotiller) daha kısa olduğu gövde olan bir anormal morfoloji sergilemiş olduğu gözlemlenmiştir, birinci 1901, bir bitki hormonu olarak tespit edilmiştir, daha kalın ve normal bezelye fide ile karşılaştırıldığında yan bükülmüş; Bir fenotip sonra üçlü cevap 1,2 olarak nitelendirdi. Daha sonraki çalışmalar, etilen gibi büyüme, stres yanıtı, meyve olgunlaşma ve yaşlanma 3. Arabidopsis thaliana, bitki biyolojisi araştırma için bir model organizma olarak çok sayıda gelişimsel süreçleri düzenleyen önemli bir fitohormondur, iyi etilen verdiği yanıtta açısından incelenmiştir olduğunu göstermiştir. Çeşitli etilen tepki mutantlar koyu yetişkin A&#39;da görülen üçlü cevap fenotip istismar ederek izole edilmiştir etilen 1,4,5 mevcudiyetinde thaliana fideleri. bitkilerdeki etilen üretimi için biyosentetik ön-madde 1-a,minocyclopropane karboksilik asit (ACC) 6 ve yaygın olarak üç karşılık fenotipi 1,4,5 neden endojen, etilen üretimini geliştirmek için üçlü cevap deneyi sırasında kullanılır. Etilen yanıtı yaygın bitkilerde çalışılan olmasına rağmen, bakteriler üzerinde eksojen etilen etkisi büyük ölçüde bitkiler ile bakterilerin yakın ilişki rağmen understudied edilir. Bir çalışmada, belirli Pseudomonas suşları karbon ve enerji 7&#39;nin tek kaynağı olarak etilen kullanarak hayatta olduğunu bildirdi. Ancak, yalnızca iki çalışma bakteri etilen yanıt göstermiştir. İlk çalışma göstermiştir ki Pseudomonas aeruginosa, P. suşları fluorescens, P. putida ve P. syringae eriyik agaroz, saf etilen gazı 8 ile dengelenmiş bir kemotaksis tampon maddesi ile karıştırıldı olan bir agaroz tıkayıcı deneyi kullanılarak, etilen bakımından kemotaktik edildi. Ancak, bildiğimiz kadarıyla, hiçbir Furth olmuşturSaf etilen gazı kullanılarak er raporları nedeniyle özel ekipman olmadan laboratuvarda gazların sevkinde güçlüğüne muhtemel bakteriyel etilen tepkisini, karakterize etmek. Bakteriyel etilen tepkisinin ikinci rapor etilen 9 xylinus meyve ilişkili bakteri Komagataeibacter (eski Gluconacetobacter) bakteriyel selüloz üretimi ve etkisinde gen ifadesini arttığını gösterdi. Bu durumda, etilen-salan bileşik, 2-chloroethylphosphonic asit (İEKB) saf etilen gazı ve özel ekipman ihtiyaç kalmaz, bakteriyel büyüme ortamında in situ etilen meydana getirmek üzere kullanıldı. - 14, bir baz katalizörlü, birinci dereceden reaksiyon 12 boyunca pH 3.5 10,11 Yukarıdaki: 1 molar oranında İEHB 1 etilen üretir. CEPA bozunması pozitif Etil pH ve sıcaklık 13,14 ve sonuçlar ile ilişkilidiren, klorür ve fosfat. CEPA gaz etilen için uygun bir alternatif etilen bakteriyel yanıtları okuyan ilgilenen araştırmacılar sağlar. Aşağıdaki protokoller genel amacı bakteriyel etilen tepkisini incelemek için basit ve etkili bir yöntem sağlamaktır ve bakteriyel büyüme ortamında CEPA&#39;nın ayrışma etilen üretiminin fizyolojik olarak uygun seviyelerinin doğrulaması içerir, kültür pH analizi CEPA ayrışma sırasında zarar görmemesini sağlamak için bakteri üremesi ve bakteriyel morfoloji ve fenotip üzerindeki etilen etkisi değerlendirilmesi. Biz K. kullanarak bu protokolleri göstermek xylinus, bununla birlikte, bu protokoller uygun büyüme ortamı kullanılarak ve fenotip analizi diğer bakterilerde etilen tepkisini incelemek için adapte edilebilir.

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="1018">
	<tbody>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:331px;">1-aminocyclopropane carboxylic acid (ACC)</td>
			<td style="width:136px;">Sigma</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">A3903</td>
			<td style="width:432px;">Biosynthetic precursor of ethylene in plants</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:331px;">4-sector Petri dish</td>
			<td style="width:136px;">Phoenix Biomedical</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">CA73370-022</td>
			<td>For testing triple response</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:331px;">Agar</td>
			<td style="width:136px;">BioShop</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">AGR001.1</td>
			<td>To solidify medium</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:331px;">Canon Rebel T1i DLSR camera</td>
			<td style="width:136px;">Canon</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">3818B004</td>
			<td>For pictures of pellicles</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:331px;">Cellulase from Trichoderma reesei ATCC 26921&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:136px;">Sigma</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">C2730</td>
			<td>Aqueous solution</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:331px;">Citric acid</td>
			<td style="width:136px;">BioShop</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">CIT002.500</td>
			<td>For SH medium</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:331px;">Commercial bleach</td>
			<td style="width:136px;">Life Brand</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">57800861874</td>
			<td>Bleach for seed sterilization</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:331px;">Concentrated HCl</td>
			<td style="width:136px;">BioShop</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">HCL666.500</td>
			<td>Hydrochloric acid for pH adjustment</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:331px;">Digital USB microscope</td>
			<td style="width:136px;">Plugable</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">N/A</td>
			<td>For pictures of colonies</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:331px;">Ethephon (&#8805; 96%; 2-chloroethylphosphonic acid)</td>
			<td style="width:136px;">Sigma</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">C0143</td>
			<td>Ethylene-releasing compound</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:331px;">Glucose</td>
			<td style="width:136px;">BioBasic</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">GB0219</td>
			<td>For SH medium</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:331px;">Komagataeibacter xylinus ATCC 53582</td>
			<td style="width:136px;">ATCC</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">53582</td>
			<td>Bacterial cellulose-producing alphaproteobacterium</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:331px;">Microcentrifuge tube</td>
			<td style="width:136px;">LifeGene</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">LMCT1.7B</td>
			<td>1.7 mL microcentrifuge tube</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:331px;">Murashige and Skoog (MS) basal medium&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:136px;">Sigma</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">M5519</td>
			<td>Arabidopsis thaliana growth medium</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="25">
			<td height="25" style="height:25px;width:331px;">Na2HPO4&#183;7H2O&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:136px;">BioShop</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">SPD579.500</td>
			<td>Sodium phosphate, dibasic heptahydrate for SH medium</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:331px;">NaCl</td>
			<td style="width:136px;">BioBasic</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">SOD001.1</td>
			<td>Sodium chloride for saline and control solution</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="25">
			<td height="25" style="height:25px;width:331px;">NaH2PO4&#183;H2O&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:136px;">BioShop</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">SPM306.500</td>
			<td>Sodium phosphate, monobasic monohydrate for control solution</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:331px;">NaOH</td>
			<td style="width:136px;">BioShop</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">SHY700.500</td>
			<td>Sodium hydroxide for pH adjustment</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:331px;">Paraffin film</td>
			<td style="width:136px;">Parafilm</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">PM996</td>
			<td>For sealing plates and flasks</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:331px;">Peptone (bacteriological)</td>
			<td style="width:136px;">BioShop</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">PEP403.1</td>
			<td>For SH medium</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:331px;">Petroff-Hausser counting chamber</td>
			<td style="width:136px;">Hausser scientific</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">3900</td>
			<td>Bacterial cell counting chamber</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:331px;">Polyethersulfone sterilization filter 0.2 &#181;m</td>
			<td style="width:136px;">VWR</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">28145-501</td>
			<td>For sterilizing cellulase</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:331px;">Sucrose</td>
			<td style="width:136px;">BioShop</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">SUC600.1</td>
			<td>Sucrose for MS medium</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:331px;">Yeast extract</td>
			<td style="width:136px;">BioBasic</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">G0961</td>
			<td>For SH medium</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

utilizing the ethylene-releasing compound, 2-chloroethylphosphonic acid, as a tool to study ethylene response in bacteria

Ethylene (C2H4) is a gaseous phytohormone that is involved in numerous aspects of plant development, playing a dominant role in senescence and fruit ripening. Exogenous ethylene applied during early plant development triggers the triple response phenotype; a shorter and thicker hypocotyl with an exaggerated apical hook. Despite the intimate relationship between plants and bacteria, the effect of exogenous ethylene on bacteria has been greatly overlooked. This is partly due to the difficulty of controlling gaseous ethylene within the laboratory without specialized equipment. 2-Chloroethylphosphonic acid (CEPA) is a compound that decomposes into ethylene, chlorine, and phosphate in a 1:1:1:1 molar ratio when dissolved in an aqueous medium of pH 3.5 or greater. Here we describe the use of CEPA to produce in situ ethylene for the investigation of ethylene response in bacteria using the fruit-associated, cellulose-producing bacterium Komagataeibacter xylinus as a model organism. The protocols described herein include both the verification of ethylene production from CEPA via the Arabidopsis thaliana triple response assay and the effects of exogenous ethylene on K. xylinus cellulose production, pellicle properties and colonial morphology. These protocols can be adapted to examine the effect of ethylene on other microbes using appropriate growth media and phenotype analyses. The use of CEPA provides researchers with a simple and efficient alternative to pure ethylene gas for the routine determination of bacterial ethylene response.

Üçlü cevap testi ile SH ortamında CEPA etilen kurtuluş (pH 7) doğrulanması için bir şematik plaka kurulum Şekil 1A gösterilmiştir - C. Zar protokolünü gösteren bir akış şeması Şekil 2&#39;de Koyu-yetişkin A. gösterilir thaliana fideler ACC mevcudiyetinde ve SH ortamı Cepa ayrışma yoluyla üretilen etilen (pH 7) varlığında üçlü cevap fenotipi (abartılı apikal kancalı daha kısa ve daha k...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Utilizing the Ethylene-releasing Compound, 2-Chloroethylphosphonic Acid, as a Tool to Study Ethylene Response in Bacteria at JoVE.com

Utilizing the Ethylene-releasing Compound, 2-Chloroethylphosphonic Acid, as a Tool to Study Ethylene Response in Bacteria

The protocols outlined herein facilitate the convenient investigation of bacterial ethylene responses by utilizing 2-chloroethylphosphonic acid (CEPA). Ethylene is produced in situ through the decomposition of CEPA in an aqueous bacterial growth medium, circumventing the requirement for pure ethylene gas.

Aracı Olarak Etilen serbest Bileşik, 2-chloroethylphosphonic acid, kullanan Bakterilerin Etilen Yanıtı Eğitim için

Ethylene (C2H4) is a gaseous phytohormone that is involved in numerous aspects of plant development, playing a dominant role in senescence and fruit ...

Research

JoVE Journal

Biochemistry

Fluorescence Anisotropy as a Tool to Study Protein-protein Interactions

Protein-protein etkileşimleri çalışmak için aracı olarak floresan Anizotropi

Protein-protein interactions play an essential role in the function of a living organism. Once an interaction has been identified and validated it is ...

Thermostabilization, Expression, Purification, and Crystallization of the Human Serotonin Transporter Bound to S-citalopram

Thermostabilization, Expression, Purification, and Crystallization of the Human Serotonin Transporter Bound to S-citalopram

Termo, İfade, saflaştırılması, ve İnsan serotonin Transporter Kristalizasyon Bound<em&gt; S</em&gt; -citalopram

The serotonin transporter is a sodium and chloride-coupled transporter that &#34;pumps&#34; extracellular serotonin into cells. S-citalopram is a drug ...

Titration ELISA as a Method to Determine the Dissociation Constant of Receptor Ligand Interaction

Titrasyon ELISA reseptör Ligand etkileşim ayrışma sabiti belirlemek için bir yöntem olarak

The dissociation constant describes the interaction between two partners in the binding equilibrium and is a measure of their affinity. It is a crucial ...

A Colorimetric Method for Measuring Iron Content in Plants

Demir içeriği tesislerinde ölçme kolorimetrik yöntemi

Iron, one of the most important micronutrients in living organisms, is involved in basic processes, such as respiration and photosynthesis. Iron content ...

Small-Scale Colorimetric Assays of Intracellular Lactate and Pyruvate in the Nematode Caenorhabditis elegans

Small-Scale Colorimetric Assays of Intracellular Lactate and Pyruvate in the Nematode Caenorhabditis elegans

Küçük ölçekli Renkölçer deneyleri, intrasellüler laktat ve Pyruvate nematodunun Caenorhabditis elegans içinde

Lactate and pyruvate are key intermediates of intracellular energy metabolic pathways. Monitoring the lactate/pyruvate ratio in cells helps to determine ...

Dissipative Microgravimetry to Study the Binding Dynamics of the Phospholipid Binding Protein Annexin A2 to Solid-supported Lipid Bilayers Using a Quartz Resonator

A2 bir kuvars rezonatör kullanarak katı destekli Lipid Bilayers için Annexin Protein bağlayıcı fosfolipid bağlama dinamikleri çalışmaya dissipative Microgravimetry

The dissipative quartz crystal microbalance technique is a simple and label-free approach to measure simultaneously the mass uptake and viscoelastic ...

Isolation of Lipoprotein Particles from Chicken Egg Yolk for the Study of Bacterial Pathogen Fatty Acid Incorporation into Membrane Phospholipids

Membran fosfolipidler içine bakteriyel patojen yağ asidi kuruluş çalışması için tavuk yumurtası sarısı lipoprotein parçacıklarının yalıtım

Staphylococcus aureus and other Gram-positive pathogens incorporate fatty acids from the environment into membrane phospholipids. During infection, the ...

Activated Cross-linked Agarose for the Rapid Development of Affinity Chromatography Resins - Antibody Capture as a Case Study

Affinity Kromatografi Reçiyatlarının Hızlı Gelişimi İçin Aktif Çapraz Bağlantılı Agarose - Örnek Olay Olarak Antikor Yakalama

The purification of monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) is commonly achieved by Protein A affinity chromatography, which can account for up to 25% of the overall ...

In Vivo Hydroxyl Radical Protein Footprinting for the Study of Protein Interactions in Caenorhabditis elegans

In Vivo Hydroxyl Radical Protein Footprinting for the Study of Protein Interactions in Caenorhabditis elegans

In Vivo Hidroksil Radikal Protein Ayak İzi Caenorhabditis elegans Protein Etkileşimleri Çalışması için

Fast oxidation of proteins (FPOP) is a hydroxyl radical protein footprinting (HRPF) method used to study protein structure, protein-ligand interactions, ...

Utilizing Time-Resolved Protein-Induced Fluorescence Enhancement to Identify Stable Local Conformations One &#945;-Synuclein Monomer at a Time

Utilizing Time-Resolved Protein-Induced Fluorescence Enhancement to Identify Stable Local Conformations One ÃƒÅ½Ã‚Â±-Synuclein Monomer at a Time

Kararlı Yerel Konformasyonları Belirlemek için Zaman Çözümlenmiş Protein Kaynaklı Floresan Geliştirmeyi Kullanmak Bir Seferde Bir α-Synuclein Monomer

Using spectroscopic rulers to track multiple conformations of single biomolecules and their dynamics have revolutionized the understanding of structural ...