Name: a novel technique for generating and observing chemiluminescence in a biological setting
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Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about A Novel Technique for Generating and Observing Chemiluminescence in a Biological Setting at JoVE.com

The authors thank Prof. Jan Grimm and Mr. Travis Shaffer for their helpful discussions and Mr. David Gregory for editing the manuscript. Technical services provided by the MSK Animal Imaging Core Facility, supported in part by NIH Cancer Center Support Grant P30CA008748-48, are gratefully acknowledged. The authors thank the NIH (K25 EB016673 and R21 CA191679, T.R. and 4R00CA178205-02, B.M.Z.), the MSK Center for Molecular Imaging and Nanotechnology (T.R.), the Tow Foundation (B.C.), and the National Science Foundation Integrative Graduate Education and Research Traineeship (IGERT 0965983 at Hunter College for B.C. and T.M.S.) for their generous support. The research reported in this publication was supported by funding from the King Abdullah University of Science and Technology.

بيان الأخلاق: كل من التجارب على الحيوانات في الجسم الحي وصفها أجريت وفقا لبروتوكول المعتمدة وفقا للمبادئ التوجيهية الأخلاقية للمركز ميموريال سلون كيترينج للسرطان (MSK) رعاية الحيوان المؤسسية واللجنة الاستخدام (IACUC). 1. بناء جها...

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هنا، قدمنا ​​التكنولوجيا التي هي قادرة على ترسيم بصريا الأنسجة عن طريق انبعاث الفوتونات التي أنشأتها مراسل chemiluminescent. وعلى النقيض من الآخر، أكثر رسوخا والتكنولوجيات 4، 5، 6، 7، 8?...

في العقود الأخيرة، أحدثت ثورة في تقنيات التصوير الطريقة التي الأطباء في تشخيص ومراقبة المرض. هذه تقنيات التصوير، ومع ذلك، كانت محدودة إلى حد كبير لنظم التصوير الجسم كله، مثل التصوير المقطعي بالإصدار البوزيتروني (PET)، واحد الفوتون الانبعاثات التصوير المقطعي (SPECT)، التصوير المقطعي (CT)، والتصوير بالرنين المغناطيسي (MRI). وقد تم إيلاء اهتمام خاص للسرطان، واختراقات التصوير التكنولوجية قد تحسنت بشكل كبير الطريقة أن هذا المرض يتم تشخيص وعلاج. وعلى الرغم من هذا التقدم، هناك مكان واحد حيث هذه التقنيات التصوير فقط لا تناسب: غرفة العمليات. بينما تقنيات تصوير الجسم كله يمكن أن تساعد في تخطيط العمليات الجراحية، أنهم يفتقرون عادة قرارات مكانية عالية بما فيه الكفاية لمساعدة الأطباء على تحديد في الوقت الحقيقي عما إذا كانت جميع أنسجة الورم تمت إزالته أو أنسجة الورم المتبقية لا تزال مخبأة على هامش الجراحية 1. التأكد من أن أي إختراقيوتترك هوامش ورم خلف هو واحد من الأهداف الجراحية الأكثر أهمية، ويجب أن الجراحين يسيرون على حبل محكم بين استئصال الأنسجة صرامة وحذرا. إذا تمت إزالة أكثر من اللازم، وتتفاقم الآثار الجانبية غير المرغوب فيها بالنسبة للمريض. إذا القليل جدا هو إزالتها، وزادت معدلات تكرار 2، 3. لذلك، من الأهمية بمكان لتحديد هوامش ورم دقيقة، ونحن نعتقد أن التصوير أثناء العملية chemiluminescent يمكن أن تساعد على تحسين دقة تحديد هوامش الورم من خلال مساعدة الجراحين على تصور الأنسجة الخبيثة التي يمكن أن تبقى على خلاف ذلك لم يتم كشفها مع التقنيات المعمول بها. هناك العديد من تقنيات التصوير يجري التحقيق حاليا لفائدة ممكنة من حيث نظم التصوير أثناء العملية. وتشمل هذه بيتا وانبعاث γ والاشعاعات وتحقيقات 4، مضان بصري 5، رامان الطيفي 6 </sup&gt; و 7 و Cherenkov التلألؤ 8 و 9. حتى الآن، ومع ذلك، فقد أصبح إنشاء أيا من هذه كأدوات السريرية القياسية. التصوير مضان البصرية وقد ثبت حتى الآن أن تكون واعدة أكثر من هذه التقنيات، وبالتالي هو الأكثر استكشافها. في حين سبق أن ثبت أن تكون أداة قيمة للعديد من التطبيقات، فإنه لا يخلو من حدودها. في الواقع، العيب الرئيسي هو مضان الخلفية التي تولدها الأنسجة البيولوجية autofluorescent بطبيعتها. هذه إشارة الخلفية autofluorescent هي نتاج استثارة الأنسجة المحيطة بها، بالإضافة إلى fluorophore، من مصدر الضوء الخارجي اللازم لتوليد إشارة الفلورسنت. من منظور عملي، وهذا يمكن تألق ذاتي يحتمل أن يؤدي إلى انخفاض نسبة الإشارة إلى الضوضاء، والتي يمكن أن تحد من جدوى هذه التقنية في غرفة العمليات. مدير المدرسةميزة التصوير التوهج على التصوير مضان هو أنه لا يوجد ضوء الإثارة ضروري. ونتيجة لذلك، ليس هناك تألق ذاتي الخلفية. في التصوير التوهج، وبدلا من ذلك إنشاء طاقة الإثارة كيميائيا. وتنتج هذه العملية أي إشارة الخلفية غير مقصودة، وبالتالي يمكن أن يؤدي إلى ارتفاع نسب الإشارة إلى الضوضاء. وهذا يمكن أن يؤدي في نهاية المطاف إلى الكشف عن أكثر دقة ودقة من هوامش الجراحية. إلى حد ما يثير الدهشة، ظلت جدوى هذا النهج باعتباره تقنية التصوير أثناء العملية غير مستكشفة 10. في الواقع، وأقرب مثال لهذه التقنية هو أكسدة مينول التي كتبها الميلوبيروكسيديز في الفئران 11 و 12 و 13. لذا التصوير الطبي الحيوي Chemiluminescent هي منطقة غير مستكشفة بدلا من الأبحاث التي يمكن أن تقدم المزايا التالية: (1) تألق ذاتي الحد الأدنى مما أدى إلى إشارة خلفية منخفضة مع مرحباgher نسب الإشارة إلى الضوضاء. (2) موجات الانضباطي من انبعاثات chemiluminescent تتراوح ما بين مرئية للبالقرب من الأشعة تحت الحمراء. و (3) مجمعات chemiluminescent functionalizable أنه عندما جنبا إلى جنب مع تقنيات رابط والجزيئات الحيوية الموجودة بالفعل المستهدفة، وتوفير الوصول إلى مكتبات كاملة من تحقيقات التصوير الجزيئي المستهدفة 14. وتوضح هذه الدراسة إثبات صحة مبدأ الفائدة المحتملة من التصوير chemiluminescent في الإعداد الطب الحيوي باستخدام عامل التصوير القائم على الروثينيوم. خصائص chemiluminescent من هذا المركب ومدروسة، مع التحقيقات التي يعود تاريخها إلى منتصف 1960s 15. عند التنشيط الكيميائي، وكيل وتنتج الضوء في حوالي 600 نانومتر 16، والتي هي مناسبة تماما لأغراض التصوير الطبي. يتم توفير طاقة التنشيط خلال تفاعل الأكسدة التي تؤدي إلى متحمس للدولة التي لديها حياة 650 نانو ثانية في الماء 17 -follالمستحقة على جيل من الفوتونات على تخفيف هذه الحالة المثارة. من خلال استخدام البخاخات عن بعد مصممة خصيصا لهذا الغرض، وكنا قادرين على اكتشاف مركب على حد سواء خارج الحي وفي الجسم الحي. نتائج التجارب الأولية واعدة جدا، مما يشير إلى مزيد من التحقيق في هذه التكنولوجيا.

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="542">
	<tbody>
		<tr height="144">
			<td height="144" style="height:144px;width:215px;">Wood part A (12.5&#215;2.5&#215;1.8 cm)</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">&#160;Woodcraft</td>
			<td style="width:87px;">131404</td>
			<td style="width:121px;">Cut from a 3/4&#8221; x 24&#8221; x 30&#8221; birch plywood sheet</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="64">
			<td height="64" style="height:64px;width:215px;">Wood part B (12.7&#215;10.7&#215;1.8cm)</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">Woodcraft</td>
			<td style="width:87px;">131404</td>
			<td style="width:121px;">Cut from a 3/4&#8221; x 24&#8221; x 30&#8221; birch plywood sheet</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="64">
			<td height="64" style="height:64px;width:215px;">Wood part C (11&#215;2.5&#215;1.8cm)</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">Woodcraft</td>
			<td style="width:87px;">131404</td>
			<td style="width:121px;">Cut from a 3/4&#8221; x 24&#8221; x 30&#8221; birch plywood sheet</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="22">
			<td height="22" style="height:22px;width:215px;">Screws (4&#215;25 mm)</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">Screwfix</td>
			<td style="width:87px;">79939</td>
			<td style="width:121px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="41">
			<td height="41" style="height:41px;width:215px;">Harmon Face Values 3oz mini sprayer</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">Bed, Bath and Beyond</td>
			<td style="width:87px;"></td>
			<td style="width:121px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="43">
			<td height="43" style="height:43px;width:215px;">stainless steel rod (10 cm of 1/16&#8221; steel)</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">Metals Depot Int. Inc.</td>
			<td style="width:87px;">2192</td>
			<td style="width:121px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="22">
			<td height="22" style="height:22px;width:215px;">Pencil Classic HB</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">Papermate</td>
			<td style="width:87px;">58592</td>
			<td style="width:121px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="22">
			<td height="22" style="height:22px;width:215px;">Paper clip</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">Office Depot</td>
			<td style="width:87px;">221720</td>
			<td style="width:121px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="22">
			<td height="22" style="height:22px;width:215px;">speaker cable</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">RCA Inc.</td>
			<td style="width:87px;">AH1650SN</td>
			<td style="width:121px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="39">
			<td height="39" style="height:39px;width:215px;">Energizer 9V alkaline battery</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">Energizer Holdings Inc.</td>
			<td style="width:87px;">EN22</td>
			<td style="width:121px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="61">
			<td height="61" style="height:61px;width:215px;">Hitech HS-82MG Micro Servo Motor, 3.4kg/cm output torque @ 6V</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">Hitech RCD USA Inc.</td>
			<td style="width:87px;">32082S</td>
			<td style="width:121px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="43">
			<td height="43" style="height:43px;width:215px;">Name</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">Company</td>
			<td style="width:87px;">Catalog Number</td>
			<td style="width:121px;">Comments</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="39">
			<td height="39" style="height:39px;width:215px;">28 cm plastic cable ties</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">General Electric Inc.</td>
			<td style="width:87px;">50725</td>
			<td style="width:121px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="22">
			<td height="22" style="height:22px;width:215px;">Duct tape</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">3M Inc.</td>
			<td style="width:87px;">3939</td>
			<td style="width:121px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="22">
			<td height="22" style="height:22px;width:215px;">littleBits w1 wire</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">littleBits Inc.</td>
			<td style="width:87px;">w1 wire</td>
			<td style="width:121px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="22">
			<td height="22" style="height:22px;width:215px;">littleBits p1 power</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">littleBits Inc.</td>
			<td style="width:87px;">p1 power</td>
			<td style="width:121px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="39">
			<td height="39" style="height:39px;width:215px;">littleBits i2 toggle switch</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">littleBits Inc.</td>
			<td style="width:87px;">i2 toggle switch</td>
			<td style="width:121px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="22">
			<td height="22" style="height:22px;width:215px;">littleBits 011 servo</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">littleBits Inc.</td>
			<td style="width:87px;">011 servo</td>
			<td style="width:121px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="41">
			<td height="41" style="height:41px;width:215px;">20 cm plastic covered wire twist ties</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">Four Star Plastics</td>
			<td style="width:87px;">71TIE8000</td>
			<td style="width:121px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="112">
			<td height="133" rowspan="2" style="height:133px;width:215px;">Tris(2,2&#8242;-bipyridyl)dichlororuthenium(II) hexahydrate</td>
			<td rowspan="2" style="width:119px;">Sigma-Aldrich Inc.</td>
			<td rowspan="2" style="width:87px;">224758</td>
			<td rowspan="2" style="width:121px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
		</tr>
		<tr height="43">
			<td height="43" style="height:43px;width:215px;">Ammonium cerium(IV) nitrate</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">Sigma-Aldrich Inc.</td>
			<td style="width:87px;">22249</td>
			<td style="width:121px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="39">
			<td height="39" style="height:39px;width:215px;">Isofluorane</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">Baxter Healthcare</td>
			<td style="width:87px;">1001936060</td>
			<td style="width:121px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="22">
			<td height="22" style="height:22px;width:215px;">PBS</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:87px;">PBS1</td>
			<td style="width:121px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="22">
			<td height="22" style="height:22px;width:215px;">Ethanol</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:87px;">2854</td>
			<td style="width:121px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="43">
			<td height="43" style="height:43px;width:215px;">Triethylamine</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">Sigma-Aldrich Inc.</td>
			<td style="width:87px;">T0886</td>
			<td style="width:121px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="97">
			<td height="97" style="height:97px;width:215px;">Water</td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td style="width:87px;"></td>
			<td style="width:121px;">Water was purified using a Milipore Mili-Q (R &#8805; 18 M&#937;)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:215px;">Female nude (outbred) mice</td>
			<td rowspan="2" style="width:119px;">Jackson Laboratories</td>
			<td rowspan="2" style="width:87px;">1929</td>
			<td rowspan="2" style="width:121px;">age 5 - 6 weeks</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:215px;">Strain C57BL/6J&#160;&#160;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="39">
			<td height="39" style="height:39px;width:215px;">NU/J male mice at&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">Jackson Laboratories</td>
			<td style="width:87px;">2019</td>
			<td style="width:121px;">age 6 &#8211; 8 weeks</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="41">
			<td height="41" style="height:41px;width:215px;">IVIS 200 bioluminescence reader</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">Caliper Live Science</td>
			<td style="width:87px;"></td>
			<td style="width:121px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="22">
			<td height="22" style="height:22px;width:215px;">Live Image 4.2 software</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">Perkin-Elmer</td>
			<td style="width:87px;">128165</td>
			<td style="width:121px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="22">
			<td height="22" style="height:22px;width:215px;">Microscope slides</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">ThermoScientific</td>
			<td style="width:87px;">4951PLUS4</td>
			<td style="width:121px;"></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

a novel technique for generating and observing chemiluminescence in a biological setting

Intraoperative imaging techniques have the potential to make surgical interventions safer and more effective; for these reasons, such techniques are quickly moving into the operating room. Here, we present a new approach that utilizes a technique not yet explored for intraoperative imaging: chemiluminescent imaging. This method employs a ruthenium-based chemiluminescent reporter along with a custom-built nebulizing system to produce ex vivo or in vivo images with high signal-to-noise ratios. The ruthenium-based reporter produces light following exposure to an aqueous oxidizing solution and re-reduction within the surrounding tissue. This method has allowed us to detect reporter concentrations as low as 6.9 pmol/cm2. In this work, we present a visual guide to our proof-of-concept in vivo studies involving subdermal and intravenous injections in mice. The results suggest that this technology is a promising candidate for further preclinical research and might ultimately become a useful tool in the operating room.

نظام البخاخات الموضحة في قسم البروتوكول 1 يمكن بناؤها من مواد يسهل المتاحة بتكلفة منخفضة. الغرض منه هو أن يكون أقحم للرش من الحد / عامل مؤكسد داخل قارئ للإضاءة الحيوية التي نجمت عن بعد (الشكل 1). لدينا تصميم يسمح للتشغيل الآمن من البخاخات داخل...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about A Novel Technique for Generating and Observing Chemiluminescence in a Biological Setting at JoVE.com

A Novel Technique for Generating and Observing Chemiluminescence in a Biological Setting

This protocol describes a new intraoperative imaging technique that uses a ruthenium complex as a source of chemiluminescent light emission, thereby producing high signal-to-noise ratios during in vivo imaging. Intraoperative imaging is an expanding field that could revolutionize the way that surgical procedures are performed.

تقنية جديدة لتوليد ومراقبة التوهج في إعداد البيولوجي

Intraoperative imaging techniques have the potential to make surgical interventions safer and more effective; for these reasons, such techniques are ...

The overall goal of this protocol is to offer a new preclinical, interoperative, chemiluminescent imaging technique that can provide benefits over existing optical techniques in terms of signal-to-noise ratios and detections limits. This method can help answer key questions that have not been accessible by traditional optical imaging techniques in many fields related to the biological sciences. The main advantages of this technique are that it has a high signal-to-noise ratio and that it requires neither instant light nor radiation.So what we found is that the implications of this technique really extends towards interoperative imaging of multiple disease states including cancer because of the high signal-to-noise ratios that this technique has to offer. As incident light is not needed for this technique there are no issues with incident light absorption. Further, there is a large chemical tool box available to functionalize the chemiluminescent core molecule.To begin the procedure prepare 100 microliter standard solutions of tris(bypiridine)ruthenium(II)chloride in reverse osmosis water. Then, combine each standard with 100 microliters of a 25 millimolar solution of ammonium cerium nitrate in reverse osmosis water on a microscope slide. Open the bioluminescence reader imaging software and click initialize.In imaging mode, ensure that luminescent and photograph are checked and florescent is unchecked. Set the luminescent exposure time, binning, f/stop and emission filter parameters. Set the photograph exposure time, binning and f/stop parameters.Then set the subject height accordingly to the sample to be imaged. Set the field of view to B for a 14-centimeter distance between the camera and the sample stage. Cover the floor of the bioluminescence reader imaging chamber in the sample stage with black construction paper.Then place the first slide with the droplet of standard mixture on the sample stage with the droplet centered in the green lightbox crosshair. Next, fill the three-ounce spray bottle of a custom-built nebulizer with the 1:3 solution of triethylamine in a 50/50 solution of water and ethanol. Ensure that there are no air bubbles in the aspiration pipe.Place the nebulizer assembly in the imaging chamber with the spray nozzle pointed towards the droplet to be imaged without obstructing the camera view of the droplet. Ensure that the nebulizer power switch and power indicator are on, the magnetic toggle switch is off and the power nebulizer and remote cords are not tangled. Cover hot spots such as marks on the slide with small pieces of black construction paper.Place at least 40 centimeters of the nebulizer remote cord in the imaging chamber. Gently close the chamber door without crimping the nebulizer cords. In the instrument software, click acquire, enable autosaving and set the data file path.Initiate the imaging sequence. When the shutter opens with an audible click, switch the nebulizer toggle three times to spray three bursts of triethylamine solution onto the sample. Repeat the procedure with each standard slide to determine the minimum detectable concentration of the ruthenium imaging agent.To begin the in vivo imaging procedure, prepare 100 microliters of a solution containing between 8 and 33 nanomoles of tris(bypiridine)ruthenium(II)chloride in phosphate-buffered saline. Prepare a 25-millimolar aqueous solution of ammonium cerium nitrate. Next, intravenously inject 100 microliters of the ruthenium imaging agent into the tail vein of healthy mice.Sacrifice the mice 10 minutes after injection by carbon dioxide asphyxiation. Remove the skin from the torso with a Y cut and then remove the costal arch to expose the heart and lungs. Cut an outlet in the right atrium and inject 20 milliliters of PBS through a 24-gauge needle into the left ventricle.Cut through the belly skin to expose the kidney and liver. If the organ of interest is the liver, kidney or spleen make a visible longitudinal cut through the organ. Prepare a new imaging sequence in the bioluminescent reader software.For whole abdomen imaging, place the mouse in the imaging chamber with the open abdomen facing the camera and the head pointing towards the back of the instrument. Center the organ of interest in the green lightbox crosshair. Thoroughly wash out the spray bottle and nozzle from the nebulizer assembly and then fill the bottle with the ammonium cerium nitrate solution.Place the nebulizer in the imaging chamber with the spray nozzle directed at the imaging site. Ensure that the camera is unobstructed, the cords are not tangled and at least 40 centimeters of the remote cord are in the chamber. Close the chamber and start the imaging sequence.As the shutter opens with a click, switch the toggle three times to spray three bursts of the oxidizing agent onto the imaging site. After imaging, remove the nebulizer assembly and thoroughly rinse the spray nozzle to prevent crystallization of the ammonium cerium nitrate. For subsequent individual organ imaging and quantification, remove the mouse from the instrument and excise the inner organs starting from the open body cavity.Cut through the hind leg skin to excise muscle tissue samples. If the organ of interest is the liver, kidney or spleen cut the organ in half longitudinally. Then place the organ on a Petri dish or piece of black construction paper.Image each organ in the same way as the whole animal, rinsing the spray nozzle after each sequence. In this procedure, mice were injected with a ruthenium-based imaging agent and the tissue of interest sprayed with an oxidizer to induce chemiluminescence. The minimum detectable concentration of the imaging agent was determined to be 6.9 picomoles per centimeter squared in these conditions.Chemiluminescence in white light images of the organs of interest were obtained with a bioluminescence reader. The chemiluminescence signal was predominantly observed in the kidneys following intravenous injection indicating renal elimination of the hydrophilic tris(bypiridine)ruthenium(II)cation. The signal-to-noise ratio of the imaging agent versus PBS alone was 27:1 in the kidneys and 21:1 in the liver.Mouse popliteal lymph nodes were also evaluated with a subcutaneous injection of a more concentrated solution of the ruthenium-based imaging agent. The lymph nodes containing the imaging agent showed a significantly greater radiance than the lymph nodes containing PBS alone. Once mastered, this technique can be done in two hours if it is properly performed.While attempting this procedure, it's important to remember to exclude ambient light and to avoid contamination with ruthenium tris bpy. After its development, this technique will pave the way for researchers in the field of biomolecular imaging to explore disease states such as cancer in mice. Though this method can provide insight into questions that were not accessible by traditional optical imaging techniques, any question that could be investigated with traditional techniques potentially can be addressed with chemiluminescence.

Research

JoVE Journal

Bioengineering

A Method for Ovarian Follicle Encapsulation and Culture in a Proteolytically Degradable 3 Dimensional System

وهناك طريقة لتغليف المسام المبيض والثقافة في نظام 3 تحلل Proteolytically الأبعاد

The ovarian follicle is the functional unit of the ovary that secretes sex hormones and supports oocyte maturation. In vitro  follicle techniques provide ...

Fluorescent Nanoparticles for the Measurement of Ion Concentration in Biological Systems

الفلورسنت النانوية لقياس تركيز ايون في النظم البيولوجية

Tightly regulated ion homeostasis throughout the body is necessary for the prevention of such debilitating states as dehydration.1 In contrast, rapid ion ...

Creating Two-Dimensional Patterned Substrates for Protein and Cell Confinement

إنشاء ثنائي الأبعاد ركائز منقوشة على الحبس البروتين والخلايا

Microcontact printing provides a rapid, highly reproducible method for the creation of well-defined patterned substrates.1  While microcontact printing ...

Cellular Lipid Extraction for Targeted Stable Isotope Dilution Liquid Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry Analysis

الخلوية لاستخراج الدهن المستهدفة التخفيف النظائر المستقرة تحليل السائل الطيف اللوني القداس

The metabolism of fatty acids, such as arachidonic acid (AA) and linoleic acid (LA), results in the formation of oxidized bioactive lipids, including ...

Density Gradient Multilayered Polymerization (DGMP): A Novel Technique for Creating Multi-compartment, Customizable Scaffolds for Tissue Engineering

Density Gradient Multilayered Polymerization DGMP: A Novel Technique for Creating Multi-compartment, Customizable Scaffolds for Tissue Engineering

التدرج الكثافة متعدد الطبقات البلمرة (DGMP): تقنية جديدة لإنشاء موضوع متعدد المقصورة، السقالات للهندسة الأنسجة تخصيص

Complex tissue culture matrices, in which types and concentrations of biological stimuli (e.g. growth factors, inhibitors, or small molecules) or matrix ...

Observing and Quantifying Fibroblast-mediated Fibrin Gel Compaction

مراقبة وقياس حجم فيبرين جل ضغط الخلايا الليفية بوساطة

Cells embedded in collagen and fibrin gels attach and exert traction forces on the fibers of the gel. These forces can lead to local and global ...

A Novel Stretching Platform for Applications in Cell and Tissue Mechanobiology

A منصة رواية تمتد للتطبيقات في الخلايا والأنسجة Mechanobiology

Tools that allow the application of mechanical forces to cells and tissues or that can quantify the mechanical properties of biological tissues have ...

Bioprinting of Cartilage and Skin Tissue Analogs Utilizing a Novel Passive Mixing Unit Technique for Bioink Precellularization

بيوبرينتينج الغضاريف والجلد الأنسجة النظير استخدام سلبية رواية خلط وحدة تقنية بريسيلولاريزيشن بيوينك

Bioprinting is a powerful technique for the rapid and reproducible fabrication of constructs for tissue engineering applications. In this study, both ...

Microdissection of Primary Renal Tissue Segments and Incorporation with Novel Scaffold-free Construct Technology

ميكروديسيكشن شرائح الأنسجة الكلوية الأولية، وإدماج مع تكنولوجيا بناء رواية خالية من السقالة

Kidney transplantation is now a mainstream therapy for end-stage renal disease. However, with approximately 96,000 people on the waiting list and only ...