Name: understanding dissolved organic matter biogeochemistry through in situ nutrient manipulations in stream ecosystems
Uploaded: 2016-10-29T15:00:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Understanding Dissolved Organic Matter Biogeochemistry Through In Situ Nutrient Manipulations in Stream Ecosystems at JoVE.com

The authors acknowledge the Water Quality Analysis Laboratory at the University of New Hampshire for assistance with sample analysis. The authors also thank two anonymous reviewers whose comments have helped to improve the manuscript. This work is funded by the National Science Foundation (DEB-1556603). Partial funding was also provided by the EPSCoR Ecosystems and Society Project (NSF EPS-1101245), New Hampshire Agricultural Experiment Station (Scientific Contribution #2662, USDA National Institute of Food and Agriculture (McIntire-Stennis) Project (1006760), the University of New Hampshire Graduate School, and the New Hampshire Water Resources Research Center.

1. identificere og karakterisere Ideal Experimental Stream Reach <ol><li> Sikre, at eksperimentelle stream løb er lange nok til at fremme fuldstændig blanding af opløste stoffer 11 og lange nok hvor biologisk optagelse kan forekomme. Reach længder kan variere mellem vandløb og eksperimenter. I små første ordens Headwater streams, nå længde kan variere fra 20-150 m (eller længere, hvis systemet kræver det) afhængigt af udledning og andre fysiske egenskaber af strømmen. <ol><li> Udelukke store po...

<ol>
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S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Nutrient+uptake+along+a+fire+gradient+in+boreal+streams+of+Central+Siberia.">Nutrient uptake along a fire gradient in boreal streams of Central Siberia.</a> Freshwater Sci. 34 (4), 1443-1456 (2015).</li><li>Wymore, A. S., Rodr&#237;guez-Cardona, B., McDowell, W. H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Direct+response+of+dissolved+organic+nitrogen+to+nitrate+availability+in+headwater+streams.">Direct response of dissolved organic nitrogen to nitrate availability in headwater streams.</a> Biogeochemistry. 126 (1), 1-10 (2015).</li><li>Stream Solute Workshop. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Concepts+and+methods+for+assessing+solute+dynamics+in+stream+ecosystems.">Concepts and methods for assessing solute dynamics in stream ecosystems.</a> J N Am Benthol Soc. 9 (2), 95-119 (1990).</li><li>Kilpatrick, F. A., Cobb, E. D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> Measurement of discharge using tracers: U.S Geological Survey Techniques of Water-Resources Investigations. , (1985).</li><li>Rodr&#237;guez-Cardona, B., Wymore, A. S., McDowell, W. H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=DOC:+NO3-+and+NO3-+uptake+in+forested+headwater+streams.">DOC: NO3- and NO3- uptake in forested headwater streams.</a> J Geophys Res - Biogeo. 121, (2016).</li><li>Kilpatrick, F. A., Wilson, J. F. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Book+3+Chapter+A9,+Measurement+of+time+of+travel+in+streams+by+dye+tracing.">Book 3 Chapter A9, Measurement of time of travel in streams by dye tracing.</a> Techniques of Water-Resources Investigations of the United States Geological Survey. , (1989).</li><li>Lutz, B. D., Bernhardt, E. S., Roberts, B. J., Mulholland, P. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Examining+the+coupling+of+carbon+and+nitrogen+cycles+in+Appalachian+streams:+the+role+of+dissolved+organic+nitrogen.">Examining the coupling of carbon and nitrogen cycles in Appalachian streams: the role of dissolved organic nitrogen.</a> Ecology. 92 (3), 720-732 (2011).</li><li>Michalzik, B., Matzner, E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Dynamics+of+dissolved+organic+nitrogen+and+carbon+in+a+Central+European+Norway+spruce+ecosystem.">Dynamics of dissolved organic nitrogen and carbon in a Central European Norway spruce ecosystem.</a> Eur J Soil Sci. 50 (4), 579-590 (1990).</li><li>Solinger, S., Kalbitz, K., Matzner, E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Controls+on+the+dynamics+of+dissolved+organic+carbon+and+nitrogen+in+a+Central+European+deciduous+forest.">Controls on the dynamics of dissolved organic carbon and nitrogen in a Central European deciduous forest.</a> Biogeochemistry. 55 (3), 327-349 (2001).</li><li>Kaushal, S. 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Formålet med næringsstof puls metoden, som præsenteres her, er at karakterisere og kvantificere respons af den meget forskelligartede pulje af omgivende stream vand DOM på tværs af en dynamisk vifte af en ekstra uorganisk næringsstof. Hvis den ekstra opløste stof tilstrækkeligt øger koncentrationen af ​​den reaktive opløste stof, kan en stor inferential rum være skabt til at forstå, hvordan det biogeokemiske kredsløb af DOM er knyttet til næringsstofkoncentrationer. Dette næringsstof puls metode er id...

Opløst organisk stof (DOM) giver en vigtig energi og næringskilde til ferskvand økosystemer og er defineret som organisk stof, der passerer gennem en 0,7 um filter. Inden akvatiske økosystemer, kan DOM også påvirke lys dæmpning og metal kompleksdannelse. DOM er en meget forskelligartet og heterogen blanding af organiske forbindelser med forskellige funktionelle grupper, samt essentielle næringsstoffer som kvælstof (N) og fosfor (P). Medens udtrykket &quot;DOM&quot; beskriver hele puljen herunder dens C, N og P komponenter, er dets koncentration, målt som opløst organisk kulstof (DOC). Den iboende molekylære kompleksitet DOM pool dog skaber udfordringer for sin undersøgelse. For eksempel er der ingen direkte metode til at måle den del af den samlede DOM pulje bestående af organiske næringsstoffer såsom opløst organisk nitrogen (DON) og opløste organiske phosphor (DOP). I stedet må koncentrationen af ​​organiske næringsstoffer bestemmes ved forskellen ( <em&gt; f.eks [DON] = [total opløst kvælstof] - [opløst uorganisk kvælstof]). Tilføjelse af en realistisk DOM ændring af en strøm er vanskelig på grund af mangfoldigheden af ​​den omgivende DOM pool. Tidligere undersøgelser har tilføjet enkelt carbon kilder (f.eks glucose, urea 1) eller en enkelt kilde, som nedfaldne blade perkolat 2 at manipulere koncentrationer på området. Men disse kilder ikke særlig repræsentativ for den omgivende DOM pool,. Forsøger at forfine eller koncentrat omgivende DOM til efterfølgende eksperimenter også udvirket med problemer, herunder tab af visse fraktioner (f.eks meget labile komponenter) under behandlingen. Som et resultat, er det vanskeligt at forstå kontrollerne på den omgivende DOM puljen, som vi i øjeblikket ikke har nogen metode til direkte manipulere omgivende DOM pool. Men da biogeokemisk DOM er knyttet til næringsstoffer almindeligt forekommende i miljøet (f.eks nitsats [NO 3 -] 3), kan vi tilføje andre opløste stoffer til at streame økosystemerne og måling af, DOM puljen til disse manipulationer. Ved at undersøge, hvordan DOM pool reagerer på en bred vifte af eksperimentelt pålagt næringsstofkoncentrationer vi håber at få bedre indsigt i, hvordan DOM reagerer på svingende miljøforhold. En fremgangsmåde almindeligt anvendt i strøm biogeokemi er det næringsstof tilsætning metode. Næringsstoffer tilføjelse eksperimenter har traditionelt været brugt til at forstå uptake kinetik eller skæbne tilføjede opløste stof 4,5,6,7. Næringsstoffer tilføjelser kan være kortvarig på hr 6 til dag skala 4, eller langsigtede manipulationer i løbet af flere år 8. Næringsstoffer tilføjelser kan også omfatte isotopmærket næringsstoffer (f.eks 15 N-NO 3 -) at spore tilføjet næringsstof gennem biogeokemiske reaktioner. Men isotop-baserede studier, ofte expensive og kræver udfordrende analyser (f.eks spaltninger) af de mange bundlevende rum hvor isotopmærkede næringsstoffer må beholdes. Seneste eksperimenter har afsløret anvendeligheden af kortsigtede impulser næringsstoffer at belyse kontrol med ikke-tilsat og omgivende opløste stoffer såsom DOM 9,10, afslører en ny måde ved at undersøge realtid in situ biogeokemiske reaktioner. Her beskriver vi og demonstrere de vigtigste metodiske skridt til at gennemføre impulser kortsigtede næringsstoffer med det formål at forstå den koblede biogeokemisk C og N, og specielt knapperne på meget forskelligartede DOM pool. Denne nemt reproducerbar metode indebærer tilsætning af et næringsstof impuls til en eksperimentel stream rækkevidde og måling af ændringer i koncentrationen af både det manipulerede opløste stof og responsvariabel af interesse (f.eks DOC, DON, DOP). Ved direkte at manipulere næringsstofkoncentrationer in situ er vi i stand til indirekte at ændre DOMpool og undersøge, hvordan DOM koncentration ændringer på tværs af en dynamisk vifte af næringsstoffer koncentrationer 10.

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="593">
	<tbody>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Sodium Nitrate</td>
			<td style="width:91px;">Any</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">Any</td>
			<td style="width:167px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Sodium Chloride</td>
			<td style="width:91px;">Any</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">Any</td>
			<td>Store purchased table salt can be used as well, however, it does contain trace levels of impurities</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:216px;">Whatman GFF glass-fiber filters</td>
			<td style="width:91px;">Any</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">Any</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">BD Filtering Syringe</td>
			<td style="width:91px;">Any</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">Any</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:216px;">EMD Millipore Swinnex Filter Holders</td>
			<td style="width:91px;">Any</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">Any</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Syringe stop-cock</td>
			<td style="width:91px;">Any</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">Any</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="84">
			<td height="84" style="height:84px;width:216px;">YSI Multi-parameter probe</td>
			<td style="width:91px;">Yellow Springs International</td>
			<td>556-01</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:216px;">Wide mouth HDPE 125 ml bottles</td>
			<td style="width:91px;">Any</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">Any</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">60 ml HDPE bottles</td>
			<td style="width:91px;">Any</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">Any</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">20 L bucket</td>
			<td style="width:91px;">Any</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">Any</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Field measuring tape</td>
			<td style="width:91px;">Any</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">Any</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Lab labeling tape</td>
			<td style="width:91px;">Any</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">Any</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Stir stick</td>
			<td style="width:91px;">Any</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">Any</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Cooler</td>
			<td style="width:91px;">Any</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">Any</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Sharpie pen</td>
			<td style="width:91px;">Any</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">Any</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Field notebook</td>
			<td style="width:91px;">Any</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">Any</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Tweezers</td>
			<td style="width:91px;">Any</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">Any</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Zip-lock bags</td>
			<td style="width:91px;">Any</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">Any</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

understanding dissolved organic matter biogeochemistry through in situ nutrient manipulations in stream ecosystems

Dissolved organic matter (DOM) is a highly diverse mixture of molecules providing one of the largest sources of energy and nutrients to stream ecosystems. Yet the in situ study of DOM is difficult as the molecular complexity of the DOM pool cannot be easily reproduced for experimental purposes. Nutrient additions to streams however, have been shown to repeatedly alter the in situ and ambient DOM pool. Here we demonstrate an easily replicable field-based method for manipulating the ambient pool of DOM at the ecosystem scale. During nutrient pulse experiments changes in the concentration of both dissolved organic carbon and dissolved organic nitrogen can be examined across a wide-range of nutrient concentrations. This method allows researchers to examine the controls on the DOM pool and make inferences regarding the role and function that certain fractions of the DOM pool play within ecosystems. We advocate the use of this method as a technique to help develop a deeper understanding of DOM biogeochemistry and how it interacts with nutrients. With further development this method may help elucidate the dynamics of DOM in other ecosystems.

<img alt="Figur 3" src="/files/ftp_upload/54704/54704fig3.jpg" /> Figur 3:. Eksempel Resultater fra nitrat (NO 3 -) Tilgang med opløst organisk kvælstof (DON) som responsvariabel Analyser er lineære regressioner. Asterisker repræsenterer statistisk signifikans ved α = 0,05. Bemærk det dynamiske område i NO 3 - koncentration, der blev opnået med det næringsstof pul...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Understanding Dissolved Organic Matter Biogeochemistry Through In Situ Nutrient Manipulations in Stream Ecosystems at JoVE.com

Understanding Dissolved Organic Matter Biogeochemistry Through In Situ Nutrient Manipulations in Stream Ecosystems

Opløst organisk stof giver en vigtig kilde til energi og næringsstoffer at streame økosystemer. Her demonstrerer vi et felt-baseret metode til at manipulere den omgivende pulje af opløst organisk stof in situ gennem let reproducerbare impulser næringsstoffer.

Forståelse opløste organiske stoffer Biogeokemi Gennem<em&gt; In Situ</em&gt; Næringsstof Manipulationer i Stream Ecosystems

Dissolved organic matter (DOM) is a highly diverse mixture of molecules providing one of the largest sources of energy and nutrients to stream ecosystems. ...

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