Name: understanding dissolved organic matter biogeochemistry through in situ nutrient manipulations in stream ecosystems
Uploaded: 2016-10-29T15:00:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Understanding Dissolved Organic Matter Biogeochemistry Through In Situ Nutrient Manipulations in Stream Ecosystems at JoVE.com

The authors acknowledge the Water Quality Analysis Laboratory at the University of New Hampshire for assistance with sample analysis. The authors also thank two anonymous reviewers whose comments have helped to improve the manuscript. This work is funded by the National Science Foundation (DEB-1556603). Partial funding was also provided by the EPSCoR Ecosystems and Society Project (NSF EPS-1101245), New Hampshire Agricultural Experiment Station (Scientific Contribution #2662, USDA National Institute of Food and Agriculture (McIntire-Stennis) Project (1006760), the University of New Hampshire Graduate School, and the New Hampshire Water Resources Research Center.

1. Identifying and Characterizing the Ideal Experimental Stream Reach
<ol>
	<li>Ensure that experimental stream reaches are long enough to promote complete mixing of solutes11 and long enough where biological uptake can occur. Reach lengths can vary among streams and experiments. In small first-order headwater streams, reach length may vary from 20-150 m (or longer if the system requires it) depending on discharge and other physical properties of the stream.
	<ol>
		<li>Exclude large pools from experimental ...

<ol>
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The objective of the nutrient pulse method, as presented here, is to characterize and quantify the response of the highly diverse pool of ambient stream water DOM across a dynamic range of an added inorganic nutrient. If the added solute sufficiently increases the concentration of the reactive solute, a large inferential space can be created to understand how the biogeochemical cycling of DOM is linked to nutrient concentrations. This nutrient pulse approach is ideal as it involves none of the machinery associated with p...

溶存有機物（DOM）は、生態系を淡水する重要なエネルギー及び栄養源を提供し、0.7μmのフィルターを通過する有機物として定義されます。水界生態系の中では、DOMは、光の減衰と金属錯体形成に影響を与えることができます。 DOMは、種々の官能基を有する有機化合物、並びに窒素（N）とリン（P）などの必須栄養素の非常に多様かつ不均一な混合物です。用語「DOM」はそのC、NおよびP成分を含むプール全体を説明しているが、その濃度は、溶存有機炭素（DOC）として測定されます。 DOMプールの固有の分子の複雑さは、しかし、その研究への挑戦を作成します。例えば、このような溶存有機態窒素（DON）と溶存有機リン（DOP）などの有機栄養素からなる総DOMプールの割合を測定する直接的な方法はありません。代わりに、有機栄養素の濃度の差によって決定されなければなりません（ <em&gt;例えば[DON] = [総溶存窒素] - [溶存無機窒素]）。 ストリームに現実的なDOMの修正を追加することは、周囲のDOMプールの多様性のために困難です。以前の研究では、単一の炭素源（ 例えば、グルコース、尿素1）を追加しました または落葉浸出液2のような特定のソースは、フィールド中の濃度を操作することができます。しかし、これらのソースは、周囲のDOMプールの特に代表的なものではありません。その後の実験のために周囲のDOMを絞り込むか、集中しようとすると、処理中の特定の画分（ 例えば 、高度に不安定な部品）の損失を含む困難に細工されています。その結果、我々は、現在、直接周囲DOMプールを操作する任意の方法を持たないように、周囲のDOMプールのコントロールを理解することは困難です。しかし、DOMの生物地球化学は、 例えば 、NIT（一般的な環境で見つかった栄養素にリンクされているので、レート[NO 3 - ] 3）、私たちは生態系をストリーミングし、これらの操作にDOMプールの応答を測定する他の溶質を追加することができます。 DOMプールは、我々はDOMは環境条件の変動にどのように応答するかをより深い洞察を得るために願って実験的に課せられた栄養広範囲の濃度にどのように応答するかを調べることによって。 一般的にストリームの生物地球化学に使用される1つの方法は、栄養添加方法です。栄養添加実験は、伝統的に取り込み速度または添加溶質4,5,6,7-の運命を理解するために使用されてきました。栄養添加物は、複数年8にわたって日スケール4、または長期的な操作に時間6に短期的であることができます。生物地球化学反応を介して追加された栄養素をトレースする-栄養添加物はまた、同位体標識された栄養素（ 例えば、15 N-NO 3）を含むことができます。しかし、同位体ベースの研究は、多くの場合、EXPEですnsiveと同位体で標識された栄養素を保持することができる複数の底生区画の挑戦的な分析（ 例えば消化）が必要です。最近の実験はその場生物地球化学的反応でリアルタイムに検討することにより、新しい方法を明らかにし、そのようなDOM 9,10-などの非添加し、周囲の溶質上のコントロールを解明する短期的な栄養パルスの有用性を明らかにしました。ここでは説明し、非常に多様なDOMプールでCとNと特異的にコントロールの結合された生物地球化学を理解することを目的とした短期的な栄養パルスを実施するための鍵の方法論の手順を示しています。この簡単に再現性のある方法は、実験的なストリームリーチに栄養パルスを追加し、操作溶質と関心の応答変数（ 例えば DOC、DON、DOP）の両方の濃度の変化を測定することを含みます。直接その場で栄養濃度を操作することによって、我々は間接的にDOMを変更することができます栄養濃度10のダイナミックレンジ全体でどのようにDOMの濃度変化をプールし、検討します。

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="593">
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		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Sodium Nitrate</td>
			<td style="width:91px;">Any</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">Any</td>
			<td style="width:167px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Sodium Chloride</td>
			<td style="width:91px;">Any</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">Any</td>
			<td>Store purchased table salt can be used as well, however, it does contain trace levels of impurities</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:216px;">Whatman GFF glass-fiber filters</td>
			<td style="width:91px;">Any</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">Any</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">BD Filtering Syringe</td>
			<td style="width:91px;">Any</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">Any</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:216px;">EMD Millipore Swinnex Filter Holders</td>
			<td style="width:91px;">Any</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">Any</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Syringe stop-cock</td>
			<td style="width:91px;">Any</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">Any</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="84">
			<td height="84" style="height:84px;width:216px;">YSI Multi-parameter probe</td>
			<td style="width:91px;">Yellow Springs International</td>
			<td>556-01</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:216px;">Wide mouth HDPE 125 ml bottles</td>
			<td style="width:91px;">Any</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">Any</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">60 ml HDPE bottles</td>
			<td style="width:91px;">Any</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">Any</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">20 L bucket</td>
			<td style="width:91px;">Any</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">Any</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Field measuring tape</td>
			<td style="width:91px;">Any</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">Any</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Lab labeling tape</td>
			<td style="width:91px;">Any</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">Any</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Stir stick</td>
			<td style="width:91px;">Any</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">Any</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Cooler</td>
			<td style="width:91px;">Any</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">Any</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Sharpie pen</td>
			<td style="width:91px;">Any</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">Any</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Field notebook</td>
			<td style="width:91px;">Any</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">Any</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Tweezers</td>
			<td style="width:91px;">Any</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">Any</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Zip-lock bags</td>
			<td style="width:91px;">Any</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">Any</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

understanding dissolved organic matter biogeochemistry through in situ nutrient manipulations in stream ecosystems

Dissolved organic matter (DOM) is a highly diverse mixture of molecules providing one of the largest sources of energy and nutrients to stream ecosystems. Yet the in situ study of DOM is difficult as the molecular complexity of the DOM pool cannot be easily reproduced for experimental purposes. Nutrient additions to streams however, have been shown to repeatedly alter the in situ and ambient DOM pool. Here we demonstrate an easily replicable field-based method for manipulating the ambient pool of DOM at the ecosystem scale. During nutrient pulse experiments changes in the concentration of both dissolved organic carbon and dissolved organic nitrogen can be examined across a wide-range of nutrient concentrations. This method allows researchers to examine the controls on the DOM pool and make inferences regarding the role and function that certain fractions of the DOM pool play within ecosystems. We advocate the use of this method as a technique to help develop a deeper understanding of DOM biogeochemistry and how it interacts with nutrients. With further development this method may help elucidate the dynamics of DOM in other ecosystems.

<img alt="Figure 3" src="/files/ftp_upload/54704/54704fig3.jpg" /> 
Figure 3: Example Results from Nitrate (NO3-) Additions with Dissolved Organic Nitrogen (DON) as the Response Variable. Analyses are linear regressions. Asterisks represent statistical significance at &#945; = 0.05. Note the dynamic range in NO3- concentration that was achieved with the nutrient pulse method. Different pane...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Understanding Dissolved Organic Matter Biogeochemistry Through In Situ Nutrient Manipulations in Stream Ecosystems at JoVE.com

Understanding Dissolved Organic Matter Biogeochemistry Through In Situ Nutrient Manipulations in Stream Ecosystems

Dissolved organic matter provides an important source of energy and nutrients to stream ecosystems. Here we demonstrate a field-based method to manipulate the ambient pool of dissolved organic matter in situ through easily replicable nutrient pulses.

溶存有機物生物地球化学を理解します<em&gt;その場で</em&gt;ストリーム生態系における栄養操作を

Dissolved organic matter (DOM) is a highly diverse mixture of molecules providing one of the largest sources of energy and nutrients to stream ecosystems. ...

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