Name: ultrasound assessment of flow-mediated dilation of the brachial and superficial femoral arteries in rats
Uploaded: 2016-11-03T13:00:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Ultrasound Assessment of Flow-Mediated Dilation of the Brachial and Superficial Femoral Arteries in Rats at JoVE.com

All animal imaging was performed at the Small Animal Imaging Core Facility, University of Utah.
This study was funded in part by grants from the National Institutes of Health (R21 AG043952, R01 AG040297, K01 AG046326, K02 AG045339, and R01 DK100505).

Bütün hayvan prosedürleri Laboratuar Hayvanlarının 14 Bakımı ve Kullanımı Kılavuzu uyduğu ve Utah Üniversitesi ve Salt Lake City Veterans Affairs Medical Center Hayvan Bakım ve Kullanım tarafından onaylanmıştır. 1. Hayvan hazırlanması <ol><li> % 100 oksijen% 3 izofluran içeren anestezi indüksiyon odasında hayvan yerleştirin. dış uyaranlara tepkisiz kadar indüksiyon odasında hayvan bırakın. </li><li> indüksiyon odasından gelen hayvan çıkarın ve ...

<ol>
	<li>Smits, P., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Endothelial+release+of+nitric+oxide+contributes+to+the+vasodilator+effect+of+adenosine+in+humans.">Endothelial release of nitric oxide contributes to the vasodilator effect of adenosine in humans.</a> Circulation. 92, 2135-2141 (1995).</li><li>Forstermann, U., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Nitric+oxide+synthase+isozymes.+Characterization,+purification,+molecular+cloning,+and+functions.">Nitric oxide synthase isozymes. Characterization, purification, molecular cloning, and functions.</a> Hypertension. 23, 1121-1131 (1994).</li><li>Gardiner, S. M., Compton, A. M., Bennett, T., Palmer, R. M., Moncada, S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Control+of+regional+blood+flow+by+endothelium-derived+nitric+oxide.">Control of regional blood flow by endothelium-derived nitric oxide.</a> Hypertension. 15, 486-492 (1990).</li><li>Harris, R. A., Nishiyama, S. K., Wray, D. W., Richardson, R. S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Ultrasound+assessment+of+flow-mediated+dilation.">Ultrasound assessment of flow-mediated dilation.</a> Hypertension. 55, 1075-1085 (2010).</li><li>Corretti, M. C., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Guidelines+for+the+ultrasound+assessment+of+endothelial-dependent+flow-mediated+vasodilation+of+the+brachial+artery:+a+report+of+the+International+Brachial+Artery+Reactivity+Task+Force.">Guidelines for the ultrasound assessment of endothelial-dependent flow-mediated vasodilation of the brachial artery: a report of the International Brachial Artery Reactivity Task Force.</a> J Am Coll Cardiol. 39, 257-265 (2002).</li><li>Celermajer, D. S., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Non-invasive+detection+of+endothelial+dysfunction+in+children+and+adults+at+risk+of+atherosclerosis.">Non-invasive detection of endothelial dysfunction in children and adults at risk of atherosclerosis.</a> Lancet. 340, 1111-1115 (1992).</li><li>Niebauer, J., Cooke, J. P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Cardiovascular+effects+of+exercise:+role+of+endothelial+shear+stress.">Cardiovascular effects of exercise: role of endothelial shear stress.</a> J Am Coll Cardiol. 28, 1652-1660 (1996).</li><li>Sessa, W. C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=eNOS+at+a+glance.">eNOS at a glance.</a> J Cell Sci. 117, 2427-2429 (2004).</li><li>Wray, D. W., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Does+brachial+artery+flow-mediated+vasodilation+provide+a+bioassay+for+NO?.">Does brachial artery flow-mediated vasodilation provide a bioassay for NO?.</a> Hypertension. 62, 345-351 (2013).</li><li>Green, D. J., Dawson, E. A., Groenewoud, H. M., Jones, H., Thijssen, D. H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Is+flow-mediated+dilation+nitric+oxide+mediated?+A+meta-analysis.">Is flow-mediated dilation nitric oxide mediated? A meta-analysis.</a> Hypertension. 63, 376-382 (2014).</li><li>Green, D. J., Jones, H., Thijssen, D., Cable, N. T., Atkinson, G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Flow-mediated+dilation+and+cardiovascular+event+prediction:+does+nitric+oxide+matter?.">Flow-mediated dilation and cardiovascular event prediction: does nitric oxide matter?.</a> Hypertension. 57, 363-369 (2011).</li><li>Brevetti, G., Silvestro, A., Schiano, V., Chiariello, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Endothelial+dysfunction+and+cardiovascular+risk+prediction+in+peripheral+arterial+disease:+additive+value+of+flow-mediated+dilation+to+ankle-brachial+pressure+index.">Endothelial dysfunction and cardiovascular risk prediction in peripheral arterial disease: additive value of flow-mediated dilation to ankle-brachial pressure index.</a> Circulation. , 2093-2098 (2003).</li><li>Gokce, N., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Predictive+value+of+noninvasively+determined+endothelial+dysfunction+for+long-term+cardiovascular+events+in+patients+with+peripheral+vascular+disease.">Predictive value of noninvasively determined endothelial dysfunction for long-term cardiovascular events in patients with peripheral vascular disease.</a> J Am Coll Cardiol. 41, 1769-1775 (2003).</li><li>National Research Council (U.S.). <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> Guide for the care and use of laboratory animals. , (2011).</li><li>Alley, H., Owens, C. D., Gasper, W. J., Grenon, S. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Ultrasound+assessment+of+endothelial-dependent+flow-mediated+vasodilation+of+the+brachial+artery+in+clinical+research.">Ultrasound assessment of endothelial-dependent flow-mediated vasodilation of the brachial artery in clinical research.</a> J Vis Exp. , e52070 (2014).</li><li>Ghiadoni, L., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Assessment+of+flow-mediated+dilation+reproducibility:+a+nationwide+multicenter+study.">Assessment of flow-mediated dilation reproducibility: a nationwide multicenter study.</a> J Hypertension. 30, 1399-1405 (2012).</li><li>Thijssen, D. H., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Heterogeneity+in+conduit+artery+function+in+humans:+impact+of+arterial+size.">Heterogeneity in conduit artery function in humans: impact of arterial size.</a> Am J Physiol Heart Circ. 295, H1927-H1934 (2008).</li><li>Green, D. J., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Why+isn't+flow-mediated+dilation+enhanced+in+athletes?.">Why isn't flow-mediated dilation enhanced in athletes?.</a> Med Sci Sports. 45, 75-82 (2013).</li><li>Heiss, C., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=In+vivo+measurement+of+flow-mediated+vasodilation+in+living+rats+using+high-resolution+ultrasound.">In vivo measurement of flow-mediated vasodilation in living rats using high-resolution ultrasound.</a> Am J Physiol Heart Circ. 294, H1086-H1093 (2008).</li><li>Chen, Q., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Pharmacological+inhibition+of+S-nitrosoglutathione+reductase+improves+endothelial+vasodilatory+function+in+rats+in+vivo.">Pharmacological inhibition of S-nitrosoglutathione reductase improves endothelial vasodilatory function in rats in vivo.</a> J Appl Physiol. 114, 752-760 (2013).</li><li>Pinnamaneni, K., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Brief+exposure+to+secondhand+smoke+reversibly+impairs+endothelial+vasodilatory+function.">Brief exposure to secondhand smoke reversibly impairs endothelial vasodilatory function.</a> Nicotine Tob Res. 16, 584-590 (2014).</li><li>Liu, J., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Impairment+of+Endothelial+Function+by+Little+Cigar+Secondhand+Smoke.">Impairment of Endothelial Function by Little Cigar Secondhand Smoke.</a> Tob Regul Sci. 2, 56-63 (2016).</li><li>Schuler, D., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Measurement+of+endothelium-dependent+vasodilation+in+mice--brief+report.">Measurement of endothelium-dependent vasodilation in mice--brief report.</a> Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 34, 2651-2657 (2014).</li><li>Erkens, R., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Left+ventricular+diastolic+dysfunction+in+Nrf2+knock+out+mice+is+associated+with+cardiac+hypertrophy,+decreased+expression+of+SERCA2a,+and+preserved+endothelial+function.">Left ventricular diastolic dysfunction in Nrf2 knock out mice is associated with cardiac hypertrophy, decreased expression of SERCA2a, and preserved endothelial function.</a> Free Radic Biol Med. 89, 906-917 (2015).</li><li>Harris, S. A., Billmeyer, E. R., Robinson, M. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Evaluation+of+repeated+measurements+of+radon-222+concentrations+in+well+water+sampled+from+bedrock+aquifers+of+the+Piedmont+near+Richmond,+Virginia,+USA:+:+effects+of+lithology+and+well+characteristics.">Evaluation of repeated measurements of radon-222 concentrations in well water sampled from bedrock aquifers of the Piedmont near Richmond, Virginia, USA: : effects of lithology and well characteristics.</a> Environmental research. 101, 323-333 (2006).</li></ol>

Bu çalışmada, FMD non-invaziv ölçüm brakiyal ve sıçanların yüzeyel femoral arterlerde gösterilmiştir. 5 dakika oklüzyon döneminde, aşağıdaki insanlarda 6, benzer şekilde, kan akımı (yani, reaktif hiperemi) bu şekilde arter sonraki vazodilatasyona neden arter duvarına yırtılma hızını artırarak hızlı bir artış oldu. FMD brakiyal ve yüzeyel femoral arterlerde hem de gözlendi. Ayrıca, arterler arasındaki şap güçlü bir ilişki vardı. pik kayma hızı yüzeyel femoral arter ...

vasküler endotelyum bu çizgiler arterlerin lümen hücresel mono-katman ve vasküler fonksiyon önemli bir düzenleyicidir. Kan damar çapındaki düzenlenmesi ile sonuçlanır endotel salınan çeşitli moleküller bulunmaktadır. Bu moleküller arasında, nitrik oksit (NO), uyarıya tepki olarak vasküler endotel serbest primer vazodilatör molekül olduğu düşünülmektedir (örneğin, kesme stresi insülin, asetilkolin veya değişiklikler) 1. Vasküler endotelyum içinde, NO sentazı (eNOS) endotel enzimi tarafından üretilir ve daha sonra endotel hücreleri 2 salınır. HAYIR gevşeme ve artan damar çapı 3 neden damar düz kas yayılır. Endotel disfonksiyonu akım aracılı dilatasyon (FMD) tekniği 4,5 kullanarak insanlarda non-invaziv olarak değerlendirilebilir. FMD için işlevsel bir biyodeney temsil önerilmiştir endotelyum türevliİnsanlarda NO biyoyararlanım ve tipik bir ~ 5 dk uzuv tıkanıklığı 6 Aşağıdaki reaktif hiperemi yanıt olarak brakiyal veya yüzeyel femoral arter değerlendirilir. Reaktif hiperemi NO 8 salımını işaret, endotel hücresine 7 transdüksiyona laminer kesme kuvvetleri artar. Son yıllarda, NO salınımı ile başlatılan damar genişlemesi oranı 9,10 tartışma konusu olmuştur, ancak FMD endotele bağımlı dilatasyonu göstergesidir ve sürekli olarak kardiyovasküler olayların 11-13 önceden gösterilmiştir. Bugüne kadar, çalışmaların binlerce insanlarda endotelyal fonksiyonu non-invaziv ölçümü için FMD tekniği istihdam var. translasyonel araştırma odak son vardiya göz önüne alındığında, kemirgenlerde FMD non-invaziv ölçümü için kurallar son derece değerli olacaktır. Bir öteleme yaklaşımla tutulması, bu protokol brakiyal ve supe içinde Şap ölçümü için kurulmuşturBu siteler olarak sıçan rficial femoral arter, en çok insanlarda ölçülür. sıçanlarda sağlam ve tekrarlanabilir FMD yanıt Bu protokol sonuçları Ancak, sıçanlarda FMD ölçümü teknik olarak zor ve diğer araştırmacılar video gösterimi olmadan çoğaltmak için zor olabilir. Bu nedenle, aşağıdaki makale brakiyal ve sıçanların yüzeyel femoral arterlerde FMD non-invaziv ölçümü için bir yöntem ortaya koyacak.

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="710">
	<tbody>
		<tr height="58">
			<td height="58" style="height:58px;width:203px;">Vevo 2100 High Resolution Micro-Ultrasound Imaging System</td>
			<td style="width:169px;">VisualSonics, Toronto, ON, CAN</td>
			<td style="width:169px;"></td>
			<td style="width:169px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="77">
			<td height="77" style="height:77px;width:203px;">MicroScan Ultra-High Frequency Linear Array Transducer - MS-700 30-70 MHz</td>
			<td style="width:169px;">VisualSonics, Toronto, ON, CAN</td>
			<td style="width:169px;"></td>
			<td style="width:169px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="43">
			<td height="43" style="height:43px;width:203px;">Vevo Imaging Station</td>
			<td style="width:169px;">VisualSonics, Toronto, ON, CAN</td>
			<td style="width:169px;"></td>
			<td style="width:169px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="43">
			<td height="43" style="height:43px;width:203px;">Thermasonic gel warmer</td>
			<td style="width:169px;">Parker Laboratories, Fairfield, NJ, USA</td>
			<td style="width:169px;">82-03</td>
			<td style="width:169px;">Optional</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="43">
			<td height="43" style="height:43px;width:203px;">Signacreme electrode cream</td>
			<td style="width:169px;">Parker Laboratories, Fairfield, NJ, USA</td>
			<td style="width:169px;">17-05</td>
			<td style="width:169px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="43">
			<td height="43" style="height:43px;width:203px;">Transpore surgical tape</td>
			<td style="width:169px;">3M, Maplewood, MN, USA</td>
			<td style="width:169px;">1527-1</td>
			<td style="width:169px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:203px;">Depilatory cream (e.g., Nair)</td>
			<td style="width:169px;">General supply</td>
			<td style="width:169px;"></td>
			<td style="width:169px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:203px;">Cotton swabs</td>
			<td style="width:169px;">General supply</td>
			<td style="width:169px;"></td>
			<td style="width:169px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:203px;">Ultrasound gel</td>
			<td style="width:169px;">General supply</td>
			<td style="width:169px;"></td>
			<td style="width:169px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="43">
			<td height="43" style="height:43px;width:203px;">Standard vascular occluder, 10 mm lumen diameter</td>
			<td style="width:169px;">Harvard Apparatus, Holliston, MA, USA</td>
			<td style="width:169px;">62-0115</td>
			<td style="width:169px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="43">
			<td height="43" style="height:43px;width:203px;">10 ml syringe with Luer-Lok tip</td>
			<td style="width:169px;">General Supply</td>
			<td style="width:169px;"></td>
			<td style="width:169px;">Used for occlusion cuff apparatus</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="43">
			<td height="43" style="height:43px;width:203px;">Paperclip</td>
			<td style="width:169px;">General Supply</td>
			<td style="width:169px;"></td>
			<td style="width:169px;">Used for occlusion cuff apparatus</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="43">
			<td height="43" style="height:43px;width:203px;">Hypodermic needle &#8211; 18 gauge&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:169px;">General Supply</td>
			<td style="width:169px;"></td>
			<td style="width:169px;">Used for occlusion cuff apparatus</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="43">
			<td height="43" style="height:43px;width:203px;">Medium binder clip</td>
			<td style="width:169px;">General Supply</td>
			<td style="width:169px;"></td>
			<td style="width:169px;">Used for occlusion cuff apparatus</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

ultrasound assessment of flow-mediated dilation of the brachial and superficial femoral arteries in rats

Arterial vasodilation to increases in wall shear rate is indicative of vascular endothelial function. In humans, the non-invasive measurement of endothelial function can be achieved by employing the flow-mediated dilation technique, typically performed in the brachial or superficial femoral artery. Briefly, a blood pressure cuff placed distal to an ultrasound probe is inflated to a suprasystolic pressure, which results in limb ischemia. After 5 min of occlusion the cuff is deflated, resulting in reactive hyperemia and increases in wall shear rate that signal vasodilatory molecules to be released from the endothelium eliciting vasodilation. Despite the thousands of studies performing flow-mediated dilation in humans, surprisingly, no studies have performed this technique non-invasively in living rats. Considering the recent shift in focus to translational research, the establishment of guidelines for non-invasive measurement of flow-mediated dilation in rats and other rodents would be extremely valuable. In the following article, a protocol is presented for the non-invasive measurement of flow-mediated dilation in brachial and superficial femoral arteries of rats, as those sites are most commonly measured in humans.

Akış aracılı dilatasyon 8 Wistar sıçanların brakiyal ve yüzeyel femoral arter üzerinde gerçekleştirildi. Sıçan konumlandırılması, Şekil 1 &#39;de gösterilmiştir. Yüzeydeki bir femoral arter Örnek ultrason görüntüleri, Şekil 2&#39;de gösterilmiştir. <img alt="Şekil 1" src="/files/ftp_upload/54762/54762fig1....

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Ultrasound Assessment of Flow-Mediated Dilation of the Brachial and Superficial Femoral Arteries in Rats at JoVE.com

Ultrasound Assessment of Flow-Mediated Dilation of the Brachial and Superficial Femoral Arteries in Rats

İnsanlarda endotel fonksiyonu Non-invaziv değerlendirme akım aracılı dilatasyon tekniği ile tespit edilebilir. çalışmaların binlerce bu tekniği kullanmış olmasına rağmen, hiçbir çalışma sıçanlarda non-invaziv bu tekniği yürüttü. aşağıdaki makale brakiyal akım aracılı dilatasyon ve sıçanların yüzeyel femoral arterlerin non-invaziv ölçümü açıklanır.

Flow-Aracılı brakiyal dilatasyonu ve Sıçanlarda Yüzeyel Femoral Arter Ultrason Değerlendirmesi

Arterial vasodilation to increases in wall shear rate is indicative of vascular endothelial function. In humans, the non-invasive measurement of ...

Research

JoVE Journal

Medicine

A Novel Application of Musculoskeletal Ultrasound Imaging

Kas-iskelet Ultrason Görüntüleme Bir Roman Uygulama

Ultrasound is an attractive modality for imaging muscle and tendon  motion during dynamic tasks and can provide a complementary methodological  approach ...

Diagnostic Ultrasound Imaging of Mouse Diaphragm Function

Fare Diyafram Fonksiyonu Diagnostik Ultrason Görüntüleme

Function analysis of rodent respiratory skeletal muscles, particularly the diaphragm, is commonly performed by isolating muscle strips using invasive ...

Ultrasound Assessment of Endothelial-Dependent Flow-Mediated Vasodilation of the Brachial Artery in Clinical Research

Klinik Araştırmalarda Brakial Arter Ultrason değerlendirilmesi Endotel Bağımlı Akış Dolayımlı Vazodilatasyon

The vascular endothelium is a monolayer of cells that cover the interior of blood vessels and provide both structural and functional roles. The ...

Ultrasound Based Assessment of Coronary Artery Flow and Coronary Flow Reserve Using the Pressure Overload Model in Mice

Farelerde Basınç Aşırı Modeli Koroner Arter Akış ve Koroner Akım Rezervi Ultrason Dayalı Değerlendirme

Transthoracic Doppler echocardiography (TTDE) is a clinically useful, noninvasive tool for studying coronary artery flow velocity and coronary flow ...

Ultrasound Assessment of Endothelial Function: A Technical Guideline of the Flow-mediated Dilation Test

Endotel Fonksiyon Ultrason Değerlendirmesi: Akış aracılı dilatasyon Testinin A Teknik Klavuzu

Cardiovascular disease is the primary cause of mortality and a major cause of disability worldwide. The dysfunction of the vascular endothelium is a ...

Evaluation of Vascular Control Mechanisms Utilizing Video Microscopy of Isolated Resistance Arteries of Rats

Sıçan izole direnç arter Video mikroskobu kullanan vasküler kontrol mekanizmalarının değerlendirilmesi

This protocol describes the use of in vitro television microscopy to evaluate vascular function in isolated cerebral resistance arteries (and other ...

A Pleural Effusion Model in Rats by Intratracheal Instillation of Polyacrylate/Nanosilica

Plevral efüzyon manken poliakrilat/Nanosilica boğaza korumak tarafından Sıçanlarda

Pleural effusion is a prevalent clinical finding of many pulmonary diseases. Having a useful animal pleural effusion model is very important to study ...

Brachial Artery Catheterization in Swine

Domuz Brakiyal arter Kateterizasyonu

The video describes in detail the catheterization of the distal brachial artery in swine. This technique enables researchers to measure arterial blood ...

Echocardiographic Assessment of Cardiac Anatomy and Function in Adult Rats

Erişkin Sıçanlarda Kardiyak Anatomi ve Fonksiyonun Ekokardiyografik Değerlendirilmesi

The use of experimental animal models has become crucial in cardiovascular science. Most studies using rodent models are focused on two-dimensional ...

Semi-Minimal Invasive Method to Induce Myocardial Infarction in Rats and the Assessment of Cardiac Function by an Isolated Working Heart System

Sıçanlarda Miyokard İnfarktüsü İndükleyen Yarı-Minimal İnvaziv Yöntem ve İzole Çalışan Kalp Sistemi Ile Kardiyak Fonksiyonun Değerlendirilmesi

Myocardial infarction (MI) remains the main contributor to morbidity and mortality worldwide. Therefore, research on this topic is mandatory. An easily ...