Name: high-resolution optical mapping of the mouse sino-atrial node
Uploaded: 2016-12-02T11:30:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about High-resolution Optical Mapping of the Mouse Sino-atrial Node at JoVE.com

We are supported by the University of Wisconsin-Madison Medical School start-up (A.V.G.).

Alla experiment utfördes i enlighet med National Institutes of Health Guide för skötsel och användning av försöksdjur (NIH Pub. Nr 80-23). Alla metoder och protokoll som används i dessa studier har godkänts av University of Wisconsin Djurvård och användning protokoll kommittén efter riktlinjerna för vård och användning av försöksdjur som publicerats av NIH (publikation nr 85-23, reviderad 1996). Alla djur som används i denna studie fick human vård i enlighet med handledningen för vård och användning av försöksdjur. </...

<ol>
	<li>Efimov, I. R., Nikolski, V. P., Salama, G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Optical+imaging+of+the+heart.">Optical imaging of the heart.</a> Circ Res. 95 (1), 21-33 (2004).</li><li>Herron, T. J., Lee, P., Jalife, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Optical+imaging+of+voltage+and+calcium+in+cardiac+cells+&amp;+tissues.">Optical imaging of voltage and calcium in cardiac cells &amp; tissues.</a> Circ Res. 110 (4), 609-623 (2012).</li><li>Fedorov, V. V., Glukhov, A. V., Chang, R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Conduction+barriers+and+pathways+of+the+sino-atrial+pacemaker+complex:+their+role+in+normal+rhythm+and+atrial+arrhythmias.">Conduction barriers and pathways of the sino-atrial pacemaker complex: their role in normal rhythm and atrial arrhythmias.</a> Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol. , (2012).</li><li>Boyett, M. R., Honjo, H., Kodama, I. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+sinoatrial+node,+a+heterogeneous+pacemaker+structure.">The sinoatrial node, a heterogeneous pacemaker structure.</a> Cardiovasc Res. 47 (4), 658-687 (2000).</li><li>Glukhov, A. V., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Sinoatrial+Node+Reentry+in+a+Canine+Chronic+Left+Ventricular+Infarct+Model:+The+Role+of+Intranodal+Fibrosis+and+Heterogeneity+of+Refractoriness.">Sinoatrial Node Reentry in a Canine Chronic Left Ventricular Infarct Model: The Role of Intranodal Fibrosis and Heterogeneity of Refractoriness.</a> Circ Arrhythm Electrophysiol. , (2013).</li><li>Glukhov, A. V., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Calsequestrin+2+deletion+causes+sinoatrial+node+dysfunction+and+atrial+arrhythmias+associated+with+altered+sarcoplasmic+reticulum+calcium+cycling+and+degenerative+fibrosis+within+the+mouse+atrial+pacemaker+complex.">Calsequestrin 2 deletion causes sinoatrial node dysfunction and atrial arrhythmias associated with altered sarcoplasmic reticulum calcium cycling and degenerative fibrosis within the mouse atrial pacemaker complex.</a> Eur Heart J. 36 (11), 686-697 (2015).</li><li>John, R. M., Kumar, S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Sinus+Node+and+Atrial+Arrhythmias.">Sinus Node and Atrial Arrhythmias.</a> Circulation. 133 (19), 1892-1900 (2016).</li><li>Swaminathan, P. D., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Oxidized+CaMKII+causes+cardiac+sinus+node+dysfunction+in+mice.">Oxidized CaMKII causes cardiac sinus node dysfunction in mice.</a> J Clin Invest. 121 (8), 3277-3288 (2011).</li><li>Glukhov, A. V., Fedorov, V. V., Anderson, M. E., Mohler, P. J., Efimov, I. R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Functional+anatomy+of+the+murine+sinus+node:+high-resolution+optical+mapping+of+ankyrin-B+heterozygous+mice.">Functional anatomy of the murine sinus node: high-resolution optical mapping of ankyrin-B heterozygous mice.</a> Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol. 299 (2), H482-H491 (2010).</li><li>Egom, E. E., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Impaired+sinoatrial+node+function+and+increased+susceptibility+to+atrial+fibrillation+in+mice+lacking+natriuretic+peptide+receptor+C.">Impaired sinoatrial node function and increased susceptibility to atrial fibrillation in mice lacking natriuretic peptide receptor C.</a> J Physiol. 593 (5), 1127-1146 (2015).</li><li>Torrente, A. G., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Burst+pacemaker+activity+of+the+sinoatrial+node+in+sodium-calcium+exchanger+knockout+mice.">Burst pacemaker activity of the sinoatrial node in sodium-calcium exchanger knockout mice.</a> Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 112 (31), 9769-9774 (2015).</li><li>Lang, D., Sulkin, M., Lou, Q., Efimov, I. R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Optical+mapping+of+action+potentials+and+calcium+transients+in+the+mouse+heart.">Optical mapping of action potentials and calcium transients in the mouse heart.</a> J Vis Exp. (55), e3275 (2011).</li><li>Fedorov, V. V., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Application+of+blebbistatin+as+an+excitation-contraction+uncoupler+for+electrophysiologic+study+of+rat+and+rabbit+hearts.">Application of blebbistatin as an excitation-contraction uncoupler for electrophysiologic study of rat and rabbit hearts.</a> Heart Rhythm. 4 (5), 619-626 (2007).</li><li>Swift, L. M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Properties+of+blebbistatin+for+cardiac+optical+mapping+and+other+imaging+applications.">Properties of blebbistatin for cardiac optical mapping and other imaging applications.</a> Pflugers Arch. 464 (5), 503-512 (2012).</li><li>Laughner, J. I., Ng, F. S., Sulkin, M. S., Arthur, R. M., Efimov, I. R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Processing+and+analysis+of+cardiac+optical+mapping+data+obtained+with+potentiometric+dyes.">Processing and analysis of cardiac optical mapping data obtained with potentiometric dyes.</a> Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol. 303 (7), H753-H765 (2012).</li><li>Liu, J., Dobrzynski, H., Yanni, J., Boyett, M. R., Lei, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Organisation+of+the+mouse+sinoatrial+node:+structure+and+expression+of+HCN+channels.">Organisation of the mouse sinoatrial node: structure and expression of HCN channels.</a> Cardiovasc Res. 73 (4), 729-738 (2007).</li><li>Verheijck, E. E., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Electrophysiological+features+of+the+mouse+sinoatrial+node+in+relation+to+connexin+distribution.">Electrophysiological features of the mouse sinoatrial node in relation to connexin distribution.</a> Cardiovasc Res. 52 (1), 40-50 (2001).</li><li>Krishnaswamy, P. S., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Altered+parasympathetic+nervous+system+regulation+of+the+sinoatrial+node+in+Akita+diabetic+mice.">Altered parasympathetic nervous system regulation of the sinoatrial node in Akita diabetic mice.</a> J Mol Cell Cardiol. 82, 125-135 (2015).</li><li>Nygren, A., Lomax, A. E., Giles, W. R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Heterogeneity+of+action+potential+durations+in+isolated+mouse+left+and+right+atria+recorded+using+voltage-sensitive+dye+mapping.">Heterogeneity of action potential durations in isolated mouse left and right atria recorded using voltage-sensitive dye mapping.</a> Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol. 287 (6), H2634-H2643 (2004).</li><li>Efimov, I. R., Fedorov, V. V., Joung, B., Lin, S. F. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Mapping+cardiac+pacemaker+circuits:+methodological+puzzles+of+the+sinoatrial+node+optical+mapping.">Mapping cardiac pacemaker circuits: methodological puzzles of the sinoatrial node optical mapping.</a> Circ Res. 106 (2), 255-271 (2010).</li><li>Aschar-Sobbi, R., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Increased+atrial+arrhythmia+susceptibility+induced+by+intense+endurance+exercise+in+mice+requires+TNFalpha.">Increased atrial arrhythmia susceptibility induced by intense endurance exercise in mice requires TNFalpha.</a> Nat Commun. 6, 6018 (2015).</li><li>Hansen, B. J., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Atrial+fibrillation+driven+by+micro-anatomic+intramural+re-entry+revealed+by+simultaneous+sub-epicardial+and+sub-endocardial+optical+mapping+in+explanted+human+hearts.">Atrial fibrillation driven by micro-anatomic intramural re-entry revealed by simultaneous sub-epicardial and sub-endocardial optical mapping in explanted human hearts.</a> Eur Heart J. 36 (35), 2390-2401 (2015).</li><li>Lang, D., Petrov, V., Lou, Q., Osipov, G., Efimov, I. R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Spatiotemporal+control+of+heart+rate+in+a+rabbit+heart.">Spatiotemporal control of heart rate in a rabbit heart.</a> J Electrocardiol. 44 (6), 626-634 (2011).</li><li>Kanlop, N., Sakai, T. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Optical+mapping+study+of+blebbistatin-induced+chaotic+electrical+activities+in+isolated+rat+atrium+preparations.">Optical mapping study of blebbistatin-induced chaotic electrical activities in isolated rat atrium preparations.</a> J Physiol Sci. 60 (2), 109-117 (2010).</li><li>Glukhov, A. V., Flagg, T. P., Fedorov, V. V., Efimov, I. R., Nichols, C. G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Differential+K(ATP)+channel+pharmacology+in+intact+mouse+heart.">Differential K(ATP) channel pharmacology in intact mouse heart.</a> J Mol Cell Cardiol. 48 (1), 152-160 (2010).</li><li>Wu, J., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Altered+sinoatrial+node+function+and+intra-atrial+conduction+in+murine+gain-of-function+Scn5a+/DeltaKPQ+hearts+suggest+an+overlap+syndrome.">Altered sinoatrial node function and intra-atrial conduction in murine gain-of-function Scn5a+/DeltaKPQ hearts suggest an overlap syndrome.</a> Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol. 302 (7), H1510-H1523 (2012).</li></ol>

Här presenterade vi två typer av mus SAN preparat: 1) intakt SAN i Langendorff-perfusion hela hjärtat, och 2) SAN i den isolerade, öppnade förmaks förberedelse. Dessa två typer av preparat tjänar olika experimentsyfte. I Langendorff-perfusion hela hjärtat förberedelse är intakt förmaks struktur bevaras som gör det möjligt att studera komplexa förmaksarytmier såsom förmaksflimmer samt interaktioner mellan SAN och atrium under inåtgående takyarytmier. 6 Däremot i den isolerade förmaks prepa...

Novel scientific breakthroughs that lead to leaps in the understanding of human physiology are often preceded by technological advances. Fluorescent optical mapping, for example, enables investigation of multiple physiological parameters in both cells and tissues.1,2 It significantly improved our understanding of how the anatomical structure is associated with electrophysiological functions and dysfunctions. In the heart, the natural pacemaker and conduction systems such as the sinoatrial node (SAN) and the atrioventricular junction consist of nodal myocytes that are insulated by the surrounding atrial myocytes.3-5 Such organization creates complex three-dimensional structures with specialized electrical properties. Both structural and functional remodeling of these pacemaker structures has been recognized to form significant electrophysiological heterogeneities.6,7 Understanding the mechanism underlying how such heterogeneities result in SAN dysfunctions and atrial arrhythmogenesis will dramatically benefit the clinical treatment of these diseases. It requires a technique to visualize the propagation of electrical signals at the tissue level, such as optical mapping. 
Recently, accumulating evidence has proven the advance of optical mapping in studies of atrial electrophysiology and pathology.2 However, novel and rigorous studies are dependent on the accurate interpretation of experimental data, whose validity and stability rely on careful experiment protocols. Genetically modified mice are extensively used for research as animal models of human diseases including sick sinus syndrome, pacemaker abnormalities and atrial arrhythmias.6,8-11 Thus, a combination of fluorescent optical mapping with transgenic mouse models provides a powerful tool to study cardiac electrical abnormalities associated with various pathologies. In this paper, we present a protocol for high-resolution optical mapping of the mouse SAN and atrium. Specifically, we discuss and compare different dye loading approaches, time effects on dye bleaching and heart rate stability during the experiment.

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="1003">
	<colgroup>
		<col />
		<col />
		<col />
		<col />
	</colgroup>
	<tbody>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:395px;">water jacket</td>
			<td style="width:200px;">Radnoti</td>
			<td colspan="2" style="width:409px;">1660 Series Tissue Bath for Large Organ or Single Cell Isolation Procedures</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">water bath / circulator</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>1016S</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">pressure amplifier</td>
			<td>AD Instruments</td>
			<td>MLT0670</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">EMD Millipore Nylon Net Filters</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>NY1102500</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Pressure transducer</td>
			<td>AD Instruments</td>
			<td>MLT0670</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Stainless Steel Minutien Pins - 0.1mm Diameter</td>
			<td>Fine Science Tools</td>
			<td>26002-10&#160;</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Perfusion pump</td>
			<td>World Precision Instruments</td>
			<td>PERIPRO-4LS</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Superfusion pump</td>
			<td>World Precision Instruments</td>
			<td>PERIPRO-4HS</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Vannas Tubingen scissors&#160;</td>
			<td>World Precision Instruments</td>
			<td>503379</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Dumont forceps</td>
			<td>World Precision Instruments</td>
			<td>501201, 500085</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Mayo scissors</td>
			<td>World Precision Instruments</td>
			<td>501750</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Kelly hemostatic forceps</td>
			<td>World Precision Instruments</td>
			<td>501241</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Iris forceps</td>
			<td>World Precision Instruments</td>
			<td>15917</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Iris scissors</td>
			<td>World Precision Instruments</td>
			<td>501263</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">ECG 12 mm needle (29-gauge) electrodes (monopolar)&#160;</td>
			<td>AD Instruments</td>
			<td>MLA1203</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">in-line Luer injection port</td>
			<td>Ibidi</td>
			<td>10820</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Ultima-L CMOS camera&#160;</td>
			<td>SciMedia</td>
			<td>MiCAM-05&#160;</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">halogen lamp</td>
			<td>Moritex USA Inc</td>
			<td>MHAB-150W</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:395px;">NaCl</td>
			<td style="width:200px;">Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td style="width:243px;">S271-1</td>
			<td style="width:167px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:395px;">CaCl2 (2H2O)</td>
			<td style="width:200px;">Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td style="width:243px;">C79-500</td>
			<td style="width:167px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:395px;">KCl</td>
			<td style="width:200px;">Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td style="width:243px;">S217-500</td>
			<td style="width:167px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:395px;">MgCl2 (6H2O)</td>
			<td style="width:200px;">Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td style="width:243px;">M33-500</td>
			<td style="width:167px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:395px;">NaH2PO4 (H2O)</td>
			<td style="width:200px;">Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td style="width:243px;">S369-500</td>
			<td style="width:167px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:395px;">NaHCO3</td>
			<td style="width:200px;">Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td style="width:243px;">S233-3</td>
			<td style="width:167px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:395px;">D-Glucose</td>
			<td style="width:200px;">Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td style="width:243px;">D16-1</td>
			<td style="width:167px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:395px;">Blebbistatin</td>
			<td style="width:200px;">Tocris Bioscience</td>
			<td style="width:243px;">1760</td>
			<td style="width:167px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:395px;">RH237</td>
			<td>ThermoFisher Scientific</td>
			<td style="width:243px;">S1109</td>
			<td style="width:167px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:395px;">Dimethyl sulphoxide (DMSO)</td>
			<td style="width:200px;">Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:243px;">D2650</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

high-resolution optical mapping of the mouse sino-atrial node

Sino-atrial node (SAN) dysfunctions and associated complications constitute important causes of morbidity in patients with cardiac diseases. The development of novel pharmacological therapies to cure these patients relies on the thorough understanding of both normal physiology and pathophysiology of the SAN. Among the studies of cardiac pacemaking, the mouse SAN is widely used due to its feasibility for modifications in the expression of different genes that encode SAN ion channels or calcium handling proteins. Emerging evidence from electrophysiological and histological studies has also proved the representativeness and similarity of the mouse SAN structure and functions to larger mammals, including the presence of specialized conduction pathways from the SAN to the atrium and a complex pacemakers' hierarchy within the SAN. Recently, the technique of optical mapping has greatly facilitated the exploration and investigation of the origin of excitation and conduction within and from the mouse SAN, which in turn has extended the understanding of the SAN and benefited clinical treatments of SAN dysfunction associated diseases. In this manuscript, we have described in detail how to perform the optical mapping of the mouse SAN from the intact, Langendorff-perfused heart and from the isolated atrial preparation. This protocol is a useful tool to enhance the understanding of mouse SAN physiology and pathophysiology.

Optisk Kartläggning av den intakta SAN från Langendorff-perfusion hjärta Ett typiskt exempel på en RA aktiveringsnivåkarta rekonstrueras för spontan sinusrytm visas i figur 3 för en Langendorff-perfusion mus hjärta. Den tidiga aktiveringspunkten ligger inom intercaval regionen nära SVC där SAN är anatomiskt definierad. 3,16 Två RA aktiveringskonturkartor som förvärvats på 1,0 och 0,5 ms samplingshastigheten visas i <stron...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about High-resolution Optical Mapping of the Mouse Sino-atrial Node at JoVE.com

High-resolution Optical Mapping of the Mouse Sino-atrial Node

Här presenterar vi ett protokoll för optisk kartläggning av elektrisk aktivitet från musen högra förmaket och särskilt den sinusknutan, vid en hög rumslig och temporal upplösning.

Högupplöst Optisk Kartläggning av mus sinusknutan

Sino-atrial node (SAN) dysfunctions and associated complications constitute important causes of morbidity in patients with cardiac diseases. The ...

Research

JoVE Journal

Biology

High-resolution Measurement of Odor-Driven Behavior in Drosophila Larvae

Högupplöst Mätning av Lukt-Driven Beteende i Drosophila Larver

Olfactory responses in Drosophila larvae have been traditionally studied in Petri dishes comprising a single peripheral odor source. In this behavioral ...

Proper Care and Cleaning of the Microscope

Korrekt vård och rengöring av mikroskopet

Keeping the microscope optics clean is important for high-quality imaging. Dust, fingerprints, excess immersion oil, or mounting medium on or in a ...

Major Components of the Light Microscope

Viktigaste komponenterna i ljusmikroskop

The light microscope is a basic tool for the cell biologist, who should have a thorough understanding of how it works, how it should be aligned for ...

High-Resolution Video Tracking of Locomotion in Adult Drosophila Melanogaster

Högupplöst video Spårning av rörelseorgan hos vuxna Drosophila melanogaster

Flies provide an important model for studying complex behavior due to the plethora of genetic tools available to researchers in this field.  Studying ...

Optical Mapping of Langendorff-perfused Rat Hearts

Optisk Kartläggning av Langendorff-perfusion Rat Hearts

Optical mapping of the cardiac surface with voltage-sensitive fluorescent dyes has become an important tool to investigate electrical excitation in ...

Generation of Mice Derived from Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells

Generering av möss härledda från inducerade pluripotenta stamceller

The production of induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) from somatic cells provides a means to create valuable tools for basic research and may also ...

Using High Resolution Computed Tomography to Visualize the Three Dimensional Structure and Function of Plant Vasculature

Använda högupplöst datortomografi för att visualisera den tredimensionella strukturen och funktion växt kärlsystem

High resolution x-ray computed tomography (HRCT) is a non-destructive diagnostic imaging technique with sub-micron resolution capability that is now being ...

Voltage and Calcium Dual Channel Optical Mapping of Cultured HL-1 Atrial Myocyte Monolayer

Spänning och Kalcium Dual Channel Optisk Kartläggning av odlade HL-1 förmaks myocyt Monolayer

Optical mapping has proven to be a valuable technique to detect cardiac electrical activity on both intact ex vivo hearts and in cultured myocyte ...

Optical Mapping of Intra-Sarcoplasmic Reticulum Ca2+ and Transmembrane Potential in the Langendorff-perfused Rabbit Heart

Optical Mapping of Intra-Sarcoplasmic Reticulum Ca2+ and Transmembrane Potential in the Langendorff-perfused Rabbit Heart

Optisk Kartläggning av Intra-sarkoplasmatiska retiklet Ca<sup&gt; 2+</sup&gt; Och transmembranpotentialen i Langendorff-perfusion Kanin hjärta

Sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) Ca2+ handling plays a key role in normal excitation-contraction coupling and aberrant SR Ca2+ handling is known to play a ...

High-resolution Time-lapse Imaging and Automated Analysis of Microtubule Dynamics in Living Human Umbilical Vein Endothelial Cells

Högupplöst time-lapse avbildning och automatiserad analys av mikrotubuli Dynamics i Living Human navelsträngsvenendotelceller

The physiological process by which new vasculature forms from existing vasculature requires specific signaling events that trigger morphological changes ...