Name: three-dimensional super resolution microscopy of f-actin filaments by interferometric photoactivated localization microscopy (ipalm)
Uploaded: 2016-12-01T12:30:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Three-dimensional Super Resolution Microscopy of F-actin Filaments by Interferometric PhotoActivated Localization Microscopy iPALM at JoVE.com

YW og PK takker midler støtte fra Singapore National Research Foundation, tildelt PK (NRF-NRFF-2011-04 og NRF2012NRF-CRP001-084). Vi takker også MBI åbne lab og mikroskopi core faciliteter til støtte infrastruktur.

1. Imaging Klargøring <ol><li> Da baggrund fluorescens signaler forstyrrer fluorescens fra fluoroforen etiketter, rense dækglas ved først at skylle dem i deioniseret vand (Hedeselskabet 2 O) og derefter luft-tørre dem med trykluft. Efterfølgende udfører plasmaætsning i et plasma renere i 15 s, eller længere, hvis det er nødvendigt. </li><li> For at aktivere afdrift korrektion og iPALM kalibrering, brug # 1.5 runde (22 mm diameter) pre-rensede dækglas indlejret med fluorescerende nanopartikler som ...

<ol>
	<li>Kanchanawong, P., Waterman, C. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Localization-based+super-resolution+imaging+of+cellular+structures.">Localization-based super-resolution imaging of cellular structures.</a> Methods Mol Biol. 1046, 59-84 (2013).</li><li>Bertocchi, C., Goh, W. I., Zhang, Z., Kanchanawong, P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Nanoscale+imaging+by+super+resolution+fluorescence+microscopy+and+its+emerging+applications+in+biomedical+research.">Nanoscale imaging by super resolution fluorescence microscopy and its emerging applications in biomedical research.</a> Crit Rev Biomed Eng. 41, 281-308 (2013).</li><li>Kanchanawong, P., Waterman, C. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Advances+in+light-based+imaging+of+three-dimensional+cellular+ultrastructure.">Advances in light-based imaging of three-dimensional cellular ultrastructure.</a> Curr Opin Cell Biol. 24, 125-133 (2012).</li><li>Betzig, E., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Imaging+intracellular+fluorescent+proteins+at+nanometer+resolution.">Imaging intracellular fluorescent proteins at nanometer resolution.</a> Science. 313, 1642-1645 (2006).</li><li>Hess, S. T., Girirajan, T. P., Mason, M. D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Ultra-high+resolution+imaging+by+fluorescence+photoactivation+localization+microscopy.">Ultra-high resolution imaging by fluorescence photoactivation localization microscopy.</a> Biophys J. 91, 4258-4272 (2006).</li><li>Rust, M. J., Bates, M., Zhuang, X. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Sub-diffraction-limit+imaging+by+stochastic+optical+reconstruction+microscopy+(STORM).">Sub-diffraction-limit imaging by stochastic optical reconstruction microscopy (STORM).</a> Nat Methods. 3, 793-795 (2006).</li><li>Heilemann, M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Subdiffraction-resolution+fluorescence+imaging+with+conventional+fluorescent+probes.">Subdiffraction-resolution fluorescence imaging with conventional fluorescent probes.</a> Angew Chem Int Edit. 47, 6172-6176 (2008).</li><li>Sharonov, A., Hochstrasser, R. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Wide-field+subdiffraction+imaging+by+accumulated+binding+of+diffusing+probes.">Wide-field subdiffraction imaging by accumulated binding of diffusing probes.</a> P Natl Acad Sci USA. 103, 18911-18916 (2006).</li><li>F&#246;lling, J., Bossi, M., Bock, H., Medda, R., Wurm, C. A., Hein, B., Jakobs, S., Eggeling, C., Hell, S. W. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Fluorescence+nanoscopy+by+ground-state+depletion+and+single-molecule+return.">Fluorescence nanoscopy by ground-state depletion and single-molecule return.</a> Nat Methods. 5, 943-945 (2008).</li><li>Biteen, J., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Single-moldecule+active-control+microscopy+(SMACM)+with+photo-reactivable+EYFP+for+imaging+biophysical+processes+in+live+cells.">Single-moldecule active-control microscopy (SMACM) with photo-reactivable EYFP for imaging biophysical processes in live cells.</a> Nat Methods. 5, 947-949 (2008).</li><li>Shtengel, G., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Interferometric+fluorescent+super-resolution+microscopy+resolves+3D+cellular+ultrastructure.">Interferometric fluorescent super-resolution microscopy resolves 3D cellular ultrastructure.</a> P Natl Acad Sci USA. 106, 3125-3130 (2009).</li><li>Huang, B., Wang, W., Bates, M., Zhuang, X. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Three-dimensional+super-resolution+imaging+by+stochastic+optical+reconstruction+microscopy.">Three-dimensional super-resolution imaging by stochastic optical reconstruction microscopy.</a> Science. 319, 810-813 (2008).</li><li>Dani, A., Huang, B., Bergan, J., Dulac, C., Zhuang, X. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Super+resolution+imaging+of+chemical+synapses+in+the+brain.">Super resolution imaging of chemical synapses in the brain.</a> Neuron. 68, 843-856 (2010).</li><li>Liu, J., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Talin+determines+the+nanoscale+architecture+of+focal+adhesions.">Talin determines the nanoscale architecture of focal adhesions.</a> P Natl Acad Sci USA. 112 (35), E4864-E4873 (2015).</li><li>Kanchanawong, P., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Nanoscale+architecture+of+integrin-based+cell+adhesions.">Nanoscale architecture of integrin-based cell adhesions.</a> Nature. 468, 580-584 (2010).</li><li>Wu, Y., Kanchanawong, P., Zaidel-Bar, R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Actin-delimited+adhesion-independent+clustering+of+e-cadherin+forms+the+nanoscale+building+blocks+of+adherens+junctions.">Actin-delimited adhesion-independent clustering of e-cadherin forms the nanoscale building blocks of adherens junctions.</a> Dev Cell. 32 (2), 139-154 (2015).</li><li>Szymborska, A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Nuclear+Pore+Scaffold+Structure+Analyzed+by+Super-Resolution+Microscopy+and+Particle+Averaging.">Nuclear Pore Scaffold Structure Analyzed by Super-Resolution Microscopy and Particle Averaging.</a> Science. 341, 655-658 (2013).</li><li>Lawo, S., Hasegan, M., Gupta, G. D., Pelletier, L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Subdiffraction+imaging+of+centrosomes+reveals+higher-order+organizational+features+of+pericentriolar+material.">Subdiffraction imaging of centrosomes reveals higher-order organizational features of pericentriolar material.</a> Nat Cell Biol. 14, 1148-1158 (2012).</li><li>Mennella, V., Agard, D. A., Huang, B., Pelletier, L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Amorphous+no+more:+subdiffraction+view+of+the+pericentriolar+material+architecture.">Amorphous no more: subdiffraction view of the pericentriolar material architecture.</a> Trends Cell Biol. 24, 188-197 (2014).</li><li>Mennella, V., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Subdiffraction-resolution+fluorescence+microscopy+reveals+a+domain+of+the+centrosome+critical+for+pericentriolar+material+organization.">Subdiffraction-resolution fluorescence microscopy reveals a domain of the centrosome critical for pericentriolar material organization.</a> Nat Cell Biology. 14, 1159-1168 (2012).</li><li>Fletcher, D. A., Mullins, R. D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Cell+mechanics+and+the+cytoskeleton.">Cell mechanics and the cytoskeleton.</a> Nature. 463, 485-492 (2010).</li><li>Salbreux, G., Charras, G., Paluch, E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Actin+cortex+mechanics+and+cellular+morphogenesis.">Actin cortex mechanics and cellular morphogenesis.</a> Trends Cell Biol. 22, 536-545 (2012).</li><li>Shtengel, G., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Imaging+cellular+ultrastructure+by+PALM,+iPALM,+and+correlative+iPALM-EM.">Imaging cellular ultrastructure by PALM, iPALM, and correlative iPALM-EM.</a> Method Cell Biol. 123, 273-294 (2014).</li><li>Juette, M. F., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Three-dimensional+sub-100+nm+resolution+fluorescence+microscopy+of+thick+samples.">Three-dimensional sub-100 nm resolution fluorescence microscopy of thick samples.</a> Nat Methods. 5, 527-529 (2008).</li><li>Lippincott-Schwartz, J., Patterson, G. H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Photoactivatable+fluorescent+proteins+for+diffraction-limited+and+super-resolution+imaging.">Photoactivatable fluorescent proteins for diffraction-limited and super-resolution imaging.</a> Trends Cell Biol. 19, 555-565 (2009).</li><li>Shannon, C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Communication+in+the+presence+of+noise.">Communication in the presence of noise.</a> Proc. IRE. 37, 10-21 (1949).</li><li>Good, N. E., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Hydrogen+ion+buffers+for+biological+research.">Hydrogen ion buffers for biological research.</a> Biochemistry. 5, 467-477 (1966).</li><li>Aitken, C. E., Marshall, R. A., Puglisi, J. D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=An+oxygen+scavenging+system+for+improvement+of+dye+stability+in+single-molecule+fluorescence+experiments.">An oxygen scavenging system for improvement of dye stability in single-molecule fluorescence experiments.</a> Biophys J. 94, 1826-1835 (2008).</li><li>Shin, W. D., Goldman, R. D., Swedlow, J. R., Spector, D. L., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> Live Cell Imaging: A Laboratory Manual. , (2010).</li><li>Aquino, D., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Two-color+nanoscopy+of+three-dimensional+volumes+by+4Pi+detection+of+stochastically+switched+fluorophores.">Two-color nanoscopy of three-dimensional volumes by 4Pi detection of stochastically switched fluorophores.</a> Nat Methods. 8, 353-359 (2011).</li><li>Dempsey, G. T., Vaughan, J. C., Chen, K. H., Bates, M., Zhuang, X. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Evaluation+of+fluorophores+for+optimal+performance+in+localization-based+super-resolution+imaging.">Evaluation of fluorophores for optimal performance in localization-based super-resolution imaging.</a> Nat Methods. 8, 1027-1036 (2011).</li><li>Pertsinidis, A., Zhang, Y., Chu, S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Subnanometre+single-molecule+localization,+registration+and+distance+measurements.">Subnanometre single-molecule localization, registration and distance measurements.</a> Nature. 466, 647-651 (2010).</li><li>Baddeley, D., Cannell, M. B., Soeller, C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Visualization+of+Localization+Microscopy+Data.">Visualization of Localization Microscopy Data.</a> Microsc Microanal. 16, 64-72 (2010).</li><li>El Beheiry, M., Dahan, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=ViSP:+representing+single-particle+localizations+in+three+dimensions.">ViSP: representing single-particle localizations in three dimensions.</a> Nat Methods. 10, 689-690 (2013).</li><li>Schnell, U., Dijk, F., Sjollema, K. A., Giepmans, B. N. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Immunolabeling+artifacts+and+the+need+for+live-cell+imaging.">Immunolabeling artifacts and the need for live-cell imaging.</a> Nat Methods. 9, 152-158 (2012).</li><li>Shroff, H., Galbraith, C. G., Galbraith, J. A., Betzig, E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Live-cell+photoactivated+localization+microscopy+of+nanoscale+adhesion+dynamics.">Live-cell photoactivated localization microscopy of nanoscale adhesion dynamics.</a> Nat Methods. 5, 417-423 (2008).</li><li>Yamashiro, S., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=New+single-molecule+speckle+microscopy+reveals+modification+of+the+retrograde+actin+flow+by+focal+adhesions+at+nanometer+scales.">New single-molecule speckle microscopy reveals modification of the retrograde actin flow by focal adhesions at nanometer scales.</a> Mol Biol Cell. 25, 1010-1024 (2014).</li><li>Shroff, H., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Dual-color+super+resolution+imaging+of+genetically+expressed+probes+within+individual+adhesion+complexes.">Dual-color super resolution imaging of genetically expressed probes within individual adhesion complexes.</a> P Natl Acad Sci USA. 104, 20308-20313 (2007).</li><li>Chen, B. C., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Lattice+light-sheet+microscopy:+imaging+molecules+to+embryos+at+high+spatiotemporal+resolution.">Lattice light-sheet microscopy: imaging molecules to embryos at high spatiotemporal resolution.</a> Science. 346, (2014).</li><li>Brown, T. A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Super+resolution+fluorescence+imaging+of+mitochondrial+nucleoids+reveals+their+spatial+range,+limits,+and+membrane+interaction.">Super resolution fluorescence imaging of mitochondrial nucleoids reveals their spatial range, limits, and membrane interaction.</a> Mol Cell Biol. 31, 4994-5010 (2011).</li><li>Huang, F., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Video-rate+nanoscopy+using+sCMOS+camera-specific+single-molecule+localization+algorithms.">Video-rate nanoscopy using sCMOS camera-specific single-molecule localization algorithms.</a> Nat Methods. 10, 653-658 (2013).</li><li>Daostorm, S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=DAOSTORM:+an+algorithm+for+high-density+super-resolution+microscopy.">DAOSTORM: an algorithm for high-density super-resolution microscopy.</a> Nat methods. 8, 279 (2011).</li><li>Zhu, L., Zhang, W., Elnatan, D., Huang, B. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Faster+STORM+using+compressed+sensing.">Faster STORM using compressed sensing.</a> Nat Methods. 9, 721-723 (2012).</li><li>Van Engelenburg, S. B., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Distribution+of+ESCRT+machinery+at+HIV+assembly+sites+reveals+virus+scaffolding+of+ESCRT+subunits.">Distribution of ESCRT machinery at HIV assembly sites reveals virus scaffolding of ESCRT subunits.</a> Science. 343, 653-656 (2014).</li><li>Vaughan, J. C., Jia, S., Zhuang, X. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Ultrabright+photoactivatable+fluorophores+created+by+reductive+caging.">Ultrabright photoactivatable fluorophores created by reductive caging.</a> Nat Methods. 9, 1181-1184 (2012).</li></ol>

Det optiske system i iPALM er baseret på en 4-π dobbelt imod objektiv design, som vist i figur 1A. Opsætningen er konstrueret ved hjælp af både custom-bearbejdede og kommercielle opto-mekaniske dele, som beskrevet tidligere 23 og anført i tabel 1. Ud over vores setup, Howard Hughes Medical Institute (HHMI) er vært for et system, der er tilgængeligt for det videnskabelige samfund på Advanced Imaging Center på Janelia Research Campus. For den fulde me...

Visualiseringen af ​​komplekse cellulære strukturer har længe været en integreret biologiske indsigt og opdagelse. Selvom fluorescensmikroskopi kan billede celler med høj molekylvægt specificitet, dens opløsningsevne er begrænset af diffraktion til ~ 200 nm i billedplanet (x, y eller lateral dimension) og&gt; 500 nm langs den optiske akse (z, eller aksiale dimension) 1,2. Derfor har observation af ultrastrukturelle træk historisk set været begrænset til elektronmikroskopi (EM). Heldigvis har den seneste udvikling af super opløsning mikroskopi omgået denne grænse, så rumlig opløsning i 10 - 100 nm rækkevidde 1-6. Især tilgange super resolution baseret på enkelt molekyle lokalisering, kendt af akronymer såsom PALM (fotoaktiverede Lokalisering Microscopy) 4, FPALM (Fluorescence fotoaktiverede Lokalisering Microscopy) 5 (d) STORM (direkte Stochastic Optical Genopbygning Microscopy) 6,7, PAINT ( Point Ophobning for Imaging Nanoscale Topography) 8, GSDIM (grundtilstand Depletion Microscopy efterfulgt af individuelle molekylære tilbagevenden) 9, eller SMACM (Single-Molecule Active-Control Microscopy) 10, samt deres 3-dimensionelle (3D) implementeringer, såsom interferometrisk PALM (iPALM) 11 eller 3D-STORM 12, har været værdifulde i at afsløre nye indsigter i nanoskala organisering af talrige biologiske strukturer, herunder neuronale axoner og synapser 13, fokale sammenvoksninger 14,15, celle-celle vejkryds 16, nuklear porer 17 og centrosomer 18-20, for at nævne nogle få. En anden ultrastrukturelle træk i celler, for hvilke super opløsning mikroskopi er potentielt nyttig er actincytoskelettet. Komplekset meshwork af filamentøse (f) actin i cellen cortex spiller en væsentlig rolle i kontrollen af cellulær form og mekaniske egenskaber 21. Organisationen of f-actin er aktivt og dynamisk reguleret selvom mange regulatoriske proteiner, som har stor indflydelse polymerisering, tværbinding, omsætning, stabilitet, og netværk topologi 22. Selv om karakterisering af f-actin meshwork arkitektur er vigtig for mekanistiske indsigt i en bred vifte af cellulære processer, den lille størrelse (~ 8 nm) af F-actin filamenter hæmmer deres observation ved konventionel diffraktionsbegrænset lysmikroskopi; således, visualiseringen af ​​actin fine struktur har hidtil udelukkende været udført af EM. Her beskriver vi protokoller til visualisering af f-actincytoskelettet i klæbende pattedyrceller, ved hjælp af iPALM super opløsning mikroskopi teknik til at drage fordel af sin meget høj præcision kapacitet i 3D 11,23. Selvom iPALM instrumentet er højt specialiseret, har instruktion om at oprette et sådant instrument blevet beskrevet for nylig 23, mens adgang til iPALM mikroskop vært ved Howard Hughes Medical Institute er også blevet stillet til rådighed for forskersamfundet med minimale omkostninger. Derudover prøvepræparation, der er beskrevet heri, er umiddelbart til alternative 3D super opløsning tilgange, såsom dem baseret på astigmatisk defokusering af punktspredningsfunktionen (PSF) 12 eller bi-plane afsløring 24, som er mere bredt tilgængelige. Vi bemærker, at en nødvendig ingrediens for enkelt-molekyle lokalisering-baserede super opløsning mikroskopi generelt er den photoswitchable fluorophor 25, som giver de tre kritiske krav til single-molekyle lokalisering-baserede super opløsning mikroskopi, der skal opfyldes: i) høje enkelt-molekyle lysstyrke og kontrast i forhold til baggrunden signaler; ii) sparsomme fordeling af enkelte molekyler i en given billedramme; og iii) høj rumlig densitet på mærkning er tilstrækkelig til at indfange profilen af ​​den underliggende struktur (også kendt som Nyquist-ShanFiler, som ikke kriterium prøveudtagning) 26. Således for tilfredsstillende resultater, bør der lægges vægt ligeligt på både ordentlig forberedelse af prøver til at optimere fluoroforen photoswitching og bevare den underliggende ultrastruktur, samt på instrumentering og overtagelser aspekter af forsøgene.

<table border="1" fo:keep-together.within-page="1" fo:keep-with-next.within-page="always">
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>optical table</td>
			<td>Newport, CA&#160;</td>
			<td>RS4000</td>
			<td>iPALM, installed on 4 Newport Stabilizer vibration isolators&#160;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>vibration isolator for optical table</td>
			<td>Newport, CA&#160;</td>
			<td>S-2000&#160;</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>laser-642</td>
			<td>Newport, CA&#160;</td>
			<td>1185055</td>
			<td>output power=100mw</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>laser-561</td>
			<td>Newport, CA&#160;</td>
			<td>1168931</td>
			<td>output power=200mw</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>laser-488</td>
			<td>Newport, CA&#160;</td>
			<td>1137970</td>
			<td>output power=200mw</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>laser-405</td>
			<td>Newport, CA&#160;</td>
			<td>1142279</td>
			<td>output power=100mw</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>broadband dielectric mirrors&#160;</td>
			<td>Thorlabs, NJ</td>
			<td>BB1-E02</td>
			<td>laser combiner</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>dichroic beamsplitter&#160;</td>
			<td>Semrock, NY</td>
			<td>LM01-427-25</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>acousto-optic tunable filter&#160;</td>
			<td>AA Opto-Electronic, France</td>
			<td>AOTFnC-VIS-TN</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Linear polarizer</td>
			<td>Newport, CA&#160;</td>
			<td>05LP-VIS-B</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>baseplate</td>
			<td>local workshop</td>
			<td>customized</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>turning mirror (22.5&#176;)</td>
			<td>Reynard Corpporation, CA</td>
			<td>customized</td>
			<td>22.5&#176; mirror</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>motorized optic mounts&#160;</td>
			<td>New Focus, CA</td>
			<td>8816</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>motorized XYZ translation stage</td>
			<td>Thorlabs, NJ</td>
			<td>MT3/M-Z6</td>
			<td>sample holder</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>T-Cube DC servo motor controller</td>
			<td>Thorlabs, NJ</td>
			<td>TDC001</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Piezo Phase Shifter</td>
			<td>Physik Instrumente, Germany</td>
			<td>S-303.CD</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>objective lens</td>
			<td>Nikon, Japan</td>
			<td>MRD01691</td>
			<td>objective. Apo TIRF 60X/1.49oil</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>translation stage</td>
			<td>New Focus, CA</td>
			<td>9062-COM-M</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Pico Motor Actuator</td>
			<td>New Focus, CA</td>
			<td>8301</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>rotary Solenoid/Shutter</td>
			<td>DACO Instruments, CT</td>
			<td>5423-458</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>3-way beam splitter</td>
			<td>Rocky Mountain Instruments, CO</td>
			<td>customized</td>
			<td>beamsplitter</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Piezo Z/Tip/Tilt scanner</td>
			<td>Physik Instrumente, Germany</td>
			<td>S-316.10</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>motorized five-axis tilt aligner&#160;</td>
			<td>New Focus, CA</td>
			<td>8081</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Picmotor ethernet controller</td>
			<td>New Focus, CA</td>
			<td>8752</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Piezo controllers/amplifier/digital operation module</td>
			<td>Physik Instrumente, Germany</td>
			<td>E-509/E-503/E-517</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>band-pass filter</td>
			<td>Semrock, NY</td>
			<td>FF01-523/20</td>
			<td>filters</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>band-pass filter</td>
			<td>Semrock, NY</td>
			<td>FF01-588/21</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>band-pass filter</td>
			<td>Semrock, NY</td>
			<td>FF01-607/30</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>band-pass filter</td>
			<td>Semrock, NY</td>
			<td>FF01-676/37</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>notch filter</td>
			<td>Semrock, NY</td>
			<td>NF01-405/488/561/635</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>motorized filter wheel with controllter</td>
			<td>Thorlabs, NJ</td>
			<td>FW103H</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>EMCCD</td>
			<td>Andor, UK&#160;</td>
			<td>DU-897U-CSO-#BV</td>
			<td>3 sets</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Desktop computers for controlling cameras and synchronization</td>
			<td>Dell</td>
			<td>Precision T3500</td>
			<td>PC, 4 sets</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>coverslips with fiducial</td>
			<td>Hestzig, VA</td>
			<td>600-100AuF</td>
			<td>sample preparation. fiducial marks with various density and spectra&#160; available</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>fibronectin&#160;</td>
			<td>Millipore, MT</td>
			<td>FC010</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>paraformaldehyde</td>
			<td>Electron Microscopy Sciences, PA</td>
			<td>15710</td>
			<td>fixation. 16%</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>glutaraldehyde&#160;</td>
			<td>Electron Microscopy Sciences, PA</td>
			<td>16220</td>
			<td>25%</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>triton X-100</td>
			<td>Sigma aldrich, MO</td>
			<td>T8787</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>HUVEC cells</td>
			<td>Life Technologies, CA</td>
			<td>C-015-10C</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Medium 200</td>
			<td>Life Technologies, CA</td>
			<td>M-200-500</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Large Vessel Endothelial Factors</td>
			<td>Life Technologies, CA</td>
			<td>A14608-01</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Dulbecco&#39;s Phosphate Buffered Saline</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>14190367</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Pennicillin/Streptomycin</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>15140122</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Trypsin/EDTA</td>
			<td>Life Technologies, CA</td>
			<td>25200056</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>PIPES</td>
			<td>Sigma aldrich, MO</td>
			<td>P1851</td>
			<td>PHEM</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>HEPES</td>
			<td>1st base, Malaysia</td>
			<td>BIO-1825</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>EGTA</td>
			<td>Sigma aldrich, MO</td>
			<td>E3889</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>MgCl2</td>
			<td>Millipore, MT</td>
			<td>5985</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>&#160;Alexa Fluor 647 Phalloidin</td>
			<td>Invitrogen, CA</td>
			<td>A22287</td>
			<td>staining</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>sodium borohydride (NaBH4)&#160;</td>
			<td>Sigma aldrich, MO</td>
			<td>480886</td>
			<td>quenching</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>glucose</td>
			<td>1st base, Malaysia</td>
			<td>BIO-1101</td>
			<td>imaging buffer</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>glucose oxidase</td>
			<td>Sigma aldrich, MO</td>
			<td>G2133</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>catalase</td>
			<td>Sigma aldrich, MO</td>
			<td>C9322</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>cysteamine&#160;</td>
			<td>Sigma aldrich, MO</td>
			<td>30070</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Epoxy</td>
			<td>Thorlabs, NJ</td>
			<td>G14250</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>vaseline</td>
			<td>Sigma aldrich, MO</td>
			<td>16415</td>
			<td>sample sealing</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>lanolin</td>
			<td>Sigma aldrich, MO</td>
			<td>L7387</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>parafin wax</td>
			<td>Sigma aldrich, MO</td>
			<td>327204</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Immersion oil&#160;</td>
			<td>Electron Microscopy Sciences, PA</td>
			<td>16915-04</td>
			<td>imaging. Cargille Type HF</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

three-dimensional super resolution microscopy of f-actin filaments by interferometric photoactivated localization microscopy (ipalm)

Fluorescensmikroskopi muliggør direkte visualisering af specifikke biomolekyler i cellerne. Men for konventionel fluorescensmikroskopi, er den rumlige opløsning er begrænset af diffraktion til ~ 200 nm inden billedplanet og&gt; 500 nm langs den optiske akse. Som følge heraf fluorescensmikroskopi har længe været stærkt begrænset i observationen af ​​ultrastrukturelle træk i celler. Den seneste udvikling i super opløsning mikroskopi metoder har overvundet denne begrænsning. Især fremkomsten af ​​photoswitchable fluoroforer muliggør lokalisering-baserede superopløsningsteknologi mikroskopi, som giver opløsningsevne nærmer sig molekylær-længde skala. Her beskriver vi anvendelsen af ​​en tre-dimensionelle super opløsning mikroskopi metode baseret på single-molekyle lokalisering mikroskopi og multifase interferometri, kaldet interferometrisk fotoaktiverede Lokalisering Microscopy (iPALM). Denne metode giver næsten isotropisk beslutning omordre på 20 nm i alle tre dimensioner. Protokoller til visualisering af filamentøse actincytoskelettet, herunder prøvepræparation og drift af iPALM instrument, er beskrevet her. Disse protokoller er også let tilpasses og lærerigt for studiet af andre ultrastrukturelle funktioner i celler.

Kritiske krav til iPALM er opretningen, registreringen, og kalibrering af de optiske systemer. Disse er nødvendige for at sikre korrekt indgreb i den 3-vejs stråledeler forudsætning for z-koordinat udvinding. For at aktivere kontinuerlig overvågning, konstant punktkilder af fluorescens er nødvendige. Dette kan opnås med fluorescerende Au eller bi-metalliske nanopartikler 23 hvis fotoluminescens skyldes lokaliseret overfladeplasmonresonans (LSPR). De fungerer som en stabi...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Three-dimensional Super Resolution Microscopy of F-actin Filaments by Interferometric PhotoActivated Localization Microscopy iPALM at JoVE.com

Three-dimensional Super Resolution Microscopy of F-actin Filaments by Interferometric PhotoActivated Localization Microscopy iPALM

Vi præsenterer en protokol for anvendelse af interferometrisk fotoaktiverede Lokalisering Microscopy (iPALM), en 3-dimensionel single-molekyle lokalisering super opløsning mikroskopi metode til billeddannelse af actincytoskelettet i vedhængende pattedyrceller. Denne fremgangsmåde giver lys-baserede visualisering af nanostørrelse strukturelle træk, der ellers ville forblive uløste ved konventionel diffraktionsbegrænset optisk mikroskopi.

Tre-dimensionel Super Resolution Mikroskopi af F-actinfilamenter af Interferometrisk fotoaktiverede Lokalisering Microscopy (iPALM)

Fluorescence microscopy enables direct visualization of specific biomolecules within cells. However, for conventional fluorescence microscopy, the spatial ...

Research

JoVE Journal

Biology

Three-dimensional Super Resolution Microscopy of F-actin Filaments by Interferometric PhotoActivated Localization Microscopy (iPALM)

Live Cell Imaging of F-actin Dynamics via Fluorescent Speckle Microscopy (FSM)

Live Cell Imaging of F-actin Dynamics via Fluorescent Speckle Microscopy FSM

In this protocol we describe the use of Fluorescent Speckle Microscopy (FSM) to capture high-resolution images of actin dynamics in PtK1 cells. A unique ...

Nano-fEM: Protein Localization Using Photo-activated Localization Microscopy and Electron Microscopy

Nano-FEM: Protein Localization brug af foto-aktiverede Localization mikroskopi og elektronmikroskopi

Mapping the distribution of proteins is essential for understanding the function of proteins in a cell. Fluorescence microscopy is extensively used for ...

Test Samples for Optimizing STORM Super-Resolution Microscopy

Prøverne, til Optimering STORM Super-opløsning Microscopy

STORM is a recently developed super-resolution microscopy technique with up to 10 times better resolution than standard fluorescence microscopy ...

Sample Preparation for Single Virion Atomic Force Microscopy and Super-resolution Fluorescence Imaging

Prøve forberedelse til single virion Atomic Force mikroskopi og superopløsning fluorescens Imaging

Immobilization of virions to glass surfaces is a critical step in single virion imaging. Here we present a technique&#160;adopted from single molecule ...

Super-resolution Imaging of the Cytokinetic Z Ring in Live Bacteria Using Fast 3D-Structured Illumination Microscopy (f3D-SIM)

Super-resolution Imaging of the Cytokinetic Z Ring in Live Bacteria Using Fast 3D-Structured Illumination Microscopy f3D-SIM

Super-opløsning Imaging af Cytokinetic Z Ring i levende bakterier Brug af Fast 3D-strukturerede Illumination Mikroskopi (F3D-SIM)

Imaging of biological samples using fluorescence microscopy has advanced substantially with new technologies to overcome the resolution barrier of the ...

In vivo Clonal Tracking of Hematopoietic Stem and Progenitor Cells Marked by Five Fluorescent Proteins using Confocal and Multiphoton Microscopy

In vivo Clonal Tracking of Hematopoietic Stem and Progenitor Cells Marked by Five Fluorescent Proteins using Confocal and Multiphoton Microscopy

In vivo Klonale Sporing af hæmatopoietisk stamcelletransplantation og progenitorceller Præget af Fem fluorescerende proteiner ved hjælp af konfokal og multiphoton mikroskopi

We developed and validated a fluorescent marking methodology for clonal tracking of hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells (HSPCs) with high spatial and ...

In Vivo 4-Dimensional Tracking of Hematopoietic Stem and Progenitor Cells in Adult Mouse Calvarial Bone Marrow

In Vivo 4-Dimensional Tracking of Hematopoietic Stem and Progenitor Cells in Adult Mouse Calvarial Bone Marrow

In Vivo 4-Dimensional sporing af hæmatopoietisk stamcelletransplantation og stamcelle i Voksen Mouse calvarie knoglemarv

Through a delicate balance between quiescence and proliferation, self renewal and production of differentiated progeny, hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) ...

Open-source Single-particle Analysis for Super-resolution Microscopy with VirusMapper

Open source Single-partikel Analyse for Super-resolution Microscopy med VirusMapper

Super-resolution fluorescence microscopy is currently revolutionizing cell biology research. Its capacity to break the resolution limit of around 300 nm ...

Application of High-speed Super-resolution SPEED Microscopy in Live Primary Cilium

Anvendelsen af højhastigheds super-resolution hastighed mikroskopi i Live primære Cilium

The primary cilium is a microtubule-based protrusion on the surface of many eukaryotic cells and contains a unique complement of proteins that function ...

Biological Sample Preparation by High-pressure Freezing, Microwave-assisted Contrast Enhancement, and Minimal Resin Embedding for Volume Imaging

Biologiske prøveforberedelse højtryks frysebehandling, mikrobølgeovn-assisteret kontrastforbedring og Minimal harpiks indlejring for volumen Imaging

The described sample preparation technique is designed to combine the best quality of ultrastructural preservation with the most suitable contrast for the ...