Name: three-dimensional super resolution microscopy of f-actin filaments by interferometric photoactivated localization microscopy (ipalm)
Uploaded: 2016-12-01T12:30:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Three-dimensional Super Resolution Microscopy of F-actin Filaments by Interferometric PhotoActivated Localization Microscopy iPALM at JoVE.com

YW e PK ringraziano sostegno finanziario della Fondazione Nazionale delle Ricerche di Singapore, assegnato a PK (NRF-NRFF-2011-04 e NRF2012NRF-CRP001-084). Ringraziamo anche il laboratorio e il nucleo di microscopia aperte strutture MBI per il supporto delle infrastrutture.

1. Imaging Preparazione dei campioni <ol><li> Dal momento che i segnali fluorescenza di fondo interferiscono con fluorescenza dalle etichette fluoroforo, pulire i vetrini dal primo risciacquo in acqua deionizzata (DDH 2 O) e quindi aria di essiccazione utilizzando aria compressa. Successivamente, eseguire attacco in plasma e un detersivo plasma per 15 secondi, o più, se necessario. </li><li> Per abilitare la correzione della deriva e la calibrazione iPALM, usare # 1.5 rotondo (diametro 22 mm) vetrini pre-p...

<ol>
	<li>Kanchanawong, P., Waterman, C. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Localization-based+super-resolution+imaging+of+cellular+structures.">Localization-based super-resolution imaging of cellular structures.</a> Methods Mol Biol. 1046, 59-84 (2013).</li><li>Bertocchi, C., Goh, W. I., Zhang, Z., Kanchanawong, P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Nanoscale+imaging+by+super+resolution+fluorescence+microscopy+and+its+emerging+applications+in+biomedical+research.">Nanoscale imaging by super resolution fluorescence microscopy and its emerging applications in biomedical research.</a> Crit Rev Biomed Eng. 41, 281-308 (2013).</li><li>Kanchanawong, P., Waterman, C. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Advances+in+light-based+imaging+of+three-dimensional+cellular+ultrastructure.">Advances in light-based imaging of three-dimensional cellular ultrastructure.</a> Curr Opin Cell Biol. 24, 125-133 (2012).</li><li>Betzig, E., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Imaging+intracellular+fluorescent+proteins+at+nanometer+resolution.">Imaging intracellular fluorescent proteins at nanometer resolution.</a> Science. 313, 1642-1645 (2006).</li><li>Hess, S. T., Girirajan, T. P., Mason, M. D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Ultra-high+resolution+imaging+by+fluorescence+photoactivation+localization+microscopy.">Ultra-high resolution imaging by fluorescence photoactivation localization microscopy.</a> Biophys J. 91, 4258-4272 (2006).</li><li>Rust, M. J., Bates, M., Zhuang, X. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Sub-diffraction-limit+imaging+by+stochastic+optical+reconstruction+microscopy+(STORM).">Sub-diffraction-limit imaging by stochastic optical reconstruction microscopy (STORM).</a> Nat Methods. 3, 793-795 (2006).</li><li>Heilemann, M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Subdiffraction-resolution+fluorescence+imaging+with+conventional+fluorescent+probes.">Subdiffraction-resolution fluorescence imaging with conventional fluorescent probes.</a> Angew Chem Int Edit. 47, 6172-6176 (2008).</li><li>Sharonov, A., Hochstrasser, R. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Wide-field+subdiffraction+imaging+by+accumulated+binding+of+diffusing+probes.">Wide-field subdiffraction imaging by accumulated binding of diffusing probes.</a> P Natl Acad Sci USA. 103, 18911-18916 (2006).</li><li>F&#246;lling, J., Bossi, M., Bock, H., Medda, R., Wurm, C. A., Hein, B., Jakobs, S., Eggeling, C., Hell, S. W. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Fluorescence+nanoscopy+by+ground-state+depletion+and+single-molecule+return.">Fluorescence nanoscopy by ground-state depletion and single-molecule return.</a> Nat Methods. 5, 943-945 (2008).</li><li>Biteen, J., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Single-moldecule+active-control+microscopy+(SMACM)+with+photo-reactivable+EYFP+for+imaging+biophysical+processes+in+live+cells.">Single-moldecule active-control microscopy (SMACM) with photo-reactivable EYFP for imaging biophysical processes in live cells.</a> Nat Methods. 5, 947-949 (2008).</li><li>Shtengel, G., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Interferometric+fluorescent+super-resolution+microscopy+resolves+3D+cellular+ultrastructure.">Interferometric fluorescent super-resolution microscopy resolves 3D cellular ultrastructure.</a> P Natl Acad Sci USA. 106, 3125-3130 (2009).</li><li>Huang, B., Wang, W., Bates, M., Zhuang, X. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Three-dimensional+super-resolution+imaging+by+stochastic+optical+reconstruction+microscopy.">Three-dimensional super-resolution imaging by stochastic optical reconstruction microscopy.</a> Science. 319, 810-813 (2008).</li><li>Dani, A., Huang, B., Bergan, J., Dulac, C., Zhuang, X. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Super+resolution+imaging+of+chemical+synapses+in+the+brain.">Super resolution imaging of chemical synapses in the brain.</a> Neuron. 68, 843-856 (2010).</li><li>Liu, J., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Talin+determines+the+nanoscale+architecture+of+focal+adhesions.">Talin determines the nanoscale architecture of focal adhesions.</a> P Natl Acad Sci USA. 112 (35), E4864-E4873 (2015).</li><li>Kanchanawong, P., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Nanoscale+architecture+of+integrin-based+cell+adhesions.">Nanoscale architecture of integrin-based cell adhesions.</a> Nature. 468, 580-584 (2010).</li><li>Wu, Y., Kanchanawong, P., Zaidel-Bar, R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Actin-delimited+adhesion-independent+clustering+of+e-cadherin+forms+the+nanoscale+building+blocks+of+adherens+junctions.">Actin-delimited adhesion-independent clustering of e-cadherin forms the nanoscale building blocks of adherens junctions.</a> Dev Cell. 32 (2), 139-154 (2015).</li><li>Szymborska, A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Nuclear+Pore+Scaffold+Structure+Analyzed+by+Super-Resolution+Microscopy+and+Particle+Averaging.">Nuclear Pore Scaffold Structure Analyzed by Super-Resolution Microscopy and Particle Averaging.</a> Science. 341, 655-658 (2013).</li><li>Lawo, S., Hasegan, M., Gupta, G. D., Pelletier, L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Subdiffraction+imaging+of+centrosomes+reveals+higher-order+organizational+features+of+pericentriolar+material.">Subdiffraction imaging of centrosomes reveals higher-order organizational features of pericentriolar material.</a> Nat Cell Biol. 14, 1148-1158 (2012).</li><li>Mennella, V., Agard, D. A., Huang, B., Pelletier, L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Amorphous+no+more:+subdiffraction+view+of+the+pericentriolar+material+architecture.">Amorphous no more: subdiffraction view of the pericentriolar material architecture.</a> Trends Cell Biol. 24, 188-197 (2014).</li><li>Mennella, V., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Subdiffraction-resolution+fluorescence+microscopy+reveals+a+domain+of+the+centrosome+critical+for+pericentriolar+material+organization.">Subdiffraction-resolution fluorescence microscopy reveals a domain of the centrosome critical for pericentriolar material organization.</a> Nat Cell Biology. 14, 1159-1168 (2012).</li><li>Fletcher, D. A., Mullins, R. D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Cell+mechanics+and+the+cytoskeleton.">Cell mechanics and the cytoskeleton.</a> Nature. 463, 485-492 (2010).</li><li>Salbreux, G., Charras, G., Paluch, E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Actin+cortex+mechanics+and+cellular+morphogenesis.">Actin cortex mechanics and cellular morphogenesis.</a> Trends Cell Biol. 22, 536-545 (2012).</li><li>Shtengel, G., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Imaging+cellular+ultrastructure+by+PALM,+iPALM,+and+correlative+iPALM-EM.">Imaging cellular ultrastructure by PALM, iPALM, and correlative iPALM-EM.</a> Method Cell Biol. 123, 273-294 (2014).</li><li>Juette, M. F., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Three-dimensional+sub-100+nm+resolution+fluorescence+microscopy+of+thick+samples.">Three-dimensional sub-100 nm resolution fluorescence microscopy of thick samples.</a> Nat Methods. 5, 527-529 (2008).</li><li>Lippincott-Schwartz, J., Patterson, G. H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Photoactivatable+fluorescent+proteins+for+diffraction-limited+and+super-resolution+imaging.">Photoactivatable fluorescent proteins for diffraction-limited and super-resolution imaging.</a> Trends Cell Biol. 19, 555-565 (2009).</li><li>Shannon, C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Communication+in+the+presence+of+noise.">Communication in the presence of noise.</a> Proc. IRE. 37, 10-21 (1949).</li><li>Good, N. E., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Hydrogen+ion+buffers+for+biological+research.">Hydrogen ion buffers for biological research.</a> Biochemistry. 5, 467-477 (1966).</li><li>Aitken, C. E., Marshall, R. A., Puglisi, J. D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=An+oxygen+scavenging+system+for+improvement+of+dye+stability+in+single-molecule+fluorescence+experiments.">An oxygen scavenging system for improvement of dye stability in single-molecule fluorescence experiments.</a> Biophys J. 94, 1826-1835 (2008).</li><li>Shin, W. D., Goldman, R. D., Swedlow, J. R., Spector, D. L., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> Live Cell Imaging: A Laboratory Manual. , (2010).</li><li>Aquino, D., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Two-color+nanoscopy+of+three-dimensional+volumes+by+4Pi+detection+of+stochastically+switched+fluorophores.">Two-color nanoscopy of three-dimensional volumes by 4Pi detection of stochastically switched fluorophores.</a> Nat Methods. 8, 353-359 (2011).</li><li>Dempsey, G. T., Vaughan, J. C., Chen, K. H., Bates, M., Zhuang, X. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Evaluation+of+fluorophores+for+optimal+performance+in+localization-based+super-resolution+imaging.">Evaluation of fluorophores for optimal performance in localization-based super-resolution imaging.</a> Nat Methods. 8, 1027-1036 (2011).</li><li>Pertsinidis, A., Zhang, Y., Chu, S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Subnanometre+single-molecule+localization,+registration+and+distance+measurements.">Subnanometre single-molecule localization, registration and distance measurements.</a> Nature. 466, 647-651 (2010).</li><li>Baddeley, D., Cannell, M. B., Soeller, C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Visualization+of+Localization+Microscopy+Data.">Visualization of Localization Microscopy Data.</a> Microsc Microanal. 16, 64-72 (2010).</li><li>El Beheiry, M., Dahan, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=ViSP:+representing+single-particle+localizations+in+three+dimensions.">ViSP: representing single-particle localizations in three dimensions.</a> Nat Methods. 10, 689-690 (2013).</li><li>Schnell, U., Dijk, F., Sjollema, K. A., Giepmans, B. N. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Immunolabeling+artifacts+and+the+need+for+live-cell+imaging.">Immunolabeling artifacts and the need for live-cell imaging.</a> Nat Methods. 9, 152-158 (2012).</li><li>Shroff, H., Galbraith, C. G., Galbraith, J. A., Betzig, E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Live-cell+photoactivated+localization+microscopy+of+nanoscale+adhesion+dynamics.">Live-cell photoactivated localization microscopy of nanoscale adhesion dynamics.</a> Nat Methods. 5, 417-423 (2008).</li><li>Yamashiro, S., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=New+single-molecule+speckle+microscopy+reveals+modification+of+the+retrograde+actin+flow+by+focal+adhesions+at+nanometer+scales.">New single-molecule speckle microscopy reveals modification of the retrograde actin flow by focal adhesions at nanometer scales.</a> Mol Biol Cell. 25, 1010-1024 (2014).</li><li>Shroff, H., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Dual-color+super+resolution+imaging+of+genetically+expressed+probes+within+individual+adhesion+complexes.">Dual-color super resolution imaging of genetically expressed probes within individual adhesion complexes.</a> P Natl Acad Sci USA. 104, 20308-20313 (2007).</li><li>Chen, B. C., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Lattice+light-sheet+microscopy:+imaging+molecules+to+embryos+at+high+spatiotemporal+resolution.">Lattice light-sheet microscopy: imaging molecules to embryos at high spatiotemporal resolution.</a> Science. 346, (2014).</li><li>Brown, T. A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Super+resolution+fluorescence+imaging+of+mitochondrial+nucleoids+reveals+their+spatial+range,+limits,+and+membrane+interaction.">Super resolution fluorescence imaging of mitochondrial nucleoids reveals their spatial range, limits, and membrane interaction.</a> Mol Cell Biol. 31, 4994-5010 (2011).</li><li>Huang, F., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Video-rate+nanoscopy+using+sCMOS+camera-specific+single-molecule+localization+algorithms.">Video-rate nanoscopy using sCMOS camera-specific single-molecule localization algorithms.</a> Nat Methods. 10, 653-658 (2013).</li><li>Daostorm, S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=DAOSTORM:+an+algorithm+for+high-density+super-resolution+microscopy.">DAOSTORM: an algorithm for high-density super-resolution microscopy.</a> Nat methods. 8, 279 (2011).</li><li>Zhu, L., Zhang, W., Elnatan, D., Huang, B. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Faster+STORM+using+compressed+sensing.">Faster STORM using compressed sensing.</a> Nat Methods. 9, 721-723 (2012).</li><li>Van Engelenburg, S. B., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Distribution+of+ESCRT+machinery+at+HIV+assembly+sites+reveals+virus+scaffolding+of+ESCRT+subunits.">Distribution of ESCRT machinery at HIV assembly sites reveals virus scaffolding of ESCRT subunits.</a> Science. 343, 653-656 (2014).</li><li>Vaughan, J. C., Jia, S., Zhuang, X. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Ultrabright+photoactivatable+fluorophores+created+by+reductive+caging.">Ultrabright photoactivatable fluorophores created by reductive caging.</a> Nat Methods. 9, 1181-1184 (2012).</li></ol>

Il sistema ottico di iPALM si basa su un disegno obiettivo 4 π dual-opposti, come illustrato nella Figura 1A. La configurazione è costruito utilizzando parti sia custom-lavorati e commerciali opto-meccanici, come descritto in precedenza 23 ed elencati nella tabella 1. In aggiunta al nostro setup, l&#39;Howard Hughes Medical Institute (HHMI) ospita un sistema che è accessibile alla comunità scientifica presso l&#39;Advanced Imaging Center presso il Campus ...

La visualizzazione delle strutture cellulari complesse è stata a lungo parte integrante di dati biologici e la scoperta. Sebbene microscopia a fluorescenza può celle di immagine con alta specificità molecolare, il suo potere di risoluzione è limitata dalla diffrazione a ~ 200 nm nel piano immagine (x, y, o dimensione laterale) e&gt; 500 nm lungo l&#39;asse ottico (z, o dimensione assiale) 1,2. Pertanto, l&#39;osservazione delle caratteristiche ultrastrutturali è stato storicamente limitato a microscopia elettronica (EM). Fortunatamente, il recente sviluppo della microscopia super-risoluzione ha aggirato questo limite, consentendo la risoluzione spaziale nel 10-100 nm gamma 1-6. In particolare, super risoluzione approcci basati sulla localizzazione singola molecola, nota con acronimi quali PALM (fotoattivati localizzazione Microscopy) 4, FPALM (Fluorescence fotoattivati localizzazione Microscopy) 5 (d) STORM (diretta Stochastic Optical Reconstruction Microscopy) 6,7, VERNICE ( Point accumulo per l&#39;imaging Nanoscale Topografia) 8, GSDIM (giardino Stato Depletion Microscopia seguito dal ritorno molecolare individuale) 9, o SMACM (Single-molecola attiva-Control Microscopy) 10, così come le loro implementazioni in 3 dimensioni (3D), come ad esempio PALM interferometrica (iPALM) 11 o 3D-STORM 12, sono stati preziosi nel rivelare nuove intuizioni l&#39;organizzazione su scala nanometrica di numerose strutture biologiche, tra cui gli assoni e sinapsi neuronali 13, adesioni focali 14,15, giunzioni cellula-cellula 16, pori nucleari 17 e centrosomi 18-20, solo per citarne alcuni. Un&#39;altra caratteristica ultrastrutturale nelle cellule per i quali la microscopia super-risoluzione è potenzialmente utile è il citoscheletro di actina. Il complesso reticolo di filamentosa (f) actina nella corteccia cellulare gioca un ruolo fondamentale nel controllo della forma cellulare e le proprietà meccaniche 21. L&#39;organizzazione of f-actina è attivamente e dinamicamente regolata anche se numerose proteine regolatrici che influenzano fortemente la polimerizzazione, reticolazione, il fatturato, la stabilità e la topologia di rete 22. Tuttavia, anche se la caratterizzazione dell&#39;architettura trabecolato f-actina è importante per intuizioni meccanicistici in una vasta gamma di processi cellulari, le piccole dimensioni (~ 8 nm) dei filamenti F-actina ostacola la loro osservazione convenzionale microscopia ottica diffrazione limitata; in tal modo, la visualizzazione di struttura fine actina è finora stata eseguita esclusivamente da EM. Qui, descriviamo i protocolli per la visualizzazione del citoscheletro F-actina in cellule di mammifero aderenti, utilizzando la tecnica di microscopia super-risoluzione iPALM per sfruttare la sua capacità di altissima precisione in 3D 11,23. Anche se lo strumento iPALM è altamente specializzato, istruzioni sulla creazione di un tale strumento è stato descritto di recente 23, mentre l&#39;accesso al microscopio iPALM ospitato dalla Horeparto Hughes Medical Institute è stato messo a disposizione della comunità di ricerca con un costo minimo. Inoltre, i metodi di preparazione dei campioni descritti sono direttamente applicabili agli approcci alternativi 3D Super Resolution, come quelli basati su defocalizzazione astigmatica della funzione di diffusione di punto (PSF) 12 o bi-piano di rivelazione 24, che sono più ampiamente disponibili. Notiamo che un ingrediente necessario per basati su localizzazione singola molecola di microscopia super-risoluzione, in generale, è il fluoroforo photoswitchable 25, che permette i tre requisiti fondamentali per la microscopia di risoluzione super-based localizzazione singola molecola per essere soddisfatti: i) ad alta singola molecola luminosità e contrasto rispetto a segnali di fondo; ii) la distribuzione sparsa di singole molecole in un determinato lasso di immagine; e iii) ad alta densità spaziale di etichettatura sufficiente per catturare il profilo della struttura sottostante (noto anche come Nyquist-Shacriterio di campionamento nnon) 26. Così, per ottenere risultati soddisfacenti, enfasi dovrebbe essere posta ugualmente sia la corretta preparazione dei campioni per ottimizzare fluoroforo photoswitching e per garantire la ultrastruttura sottostante, nonché sugli aspetti strumentazione e acquisizione degli esperimenti.

<table border="1" fo:keep-together.within-page="1" fo:keep-with-next.within-page="always">
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>optical table</td>
			<td>Newport, CA&#160;</td>
			<td>RS4000</td>
			<td>iPALM, installed on 4 Newport Stabilizer vibration isolators&#160;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>vibration isolator for optical table</td>
			<td>Newport, CA&#160;</td>
			<td>S-2000&#160;</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>laser-642</td>
			<td>Newport, CA&#160;</td>
			<td>1185055</td>
			<td>output power=100mw</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>laser-561</td>
			<td>Newport, CA&#160;</td>
			<td>1168931</td>
			<td>output power=200mw</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>laser-488</td>
			<td>Newport, CA&#160;</td>
			<td>1137970</td>
			<td>output power=200mw</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>laser-405</td>
			<td>Newport, CA&#160;</td>
			<td>1142279</td>
			<td>output power=100mw</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>broadband dielectric mirrors&#160;</td>
			<td>Thorlabs, NJ</td>
			<td>BB1-E02</td>
			<td>laser combiner</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>dichroic beamsplitter&#160;</td>
			<td>Semrock, NY</td>
			<td>LM01-427-25</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>acousto-optic tunable filter&#160;</td>
			<td>AA Opto-Electronic, France</td>
			<td>AOTFnC-VIS-TN</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Linear polarizer</td>
			<td>Newport, CA&#160;</td>
			<td>05LP-VIS-B</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>baseplate</td>
			<td>local workshop</td>
			<td>customized</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>turning mirror (22.5&#176;)</td>
			<td>Reynard Corpporation, CA</td>
			<td>customized</td>
			<td>22.5&#176; mirror</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>motorized optic mounts&#160;</td>
			<td>New Focus, CA</td>
			<td>8816</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>motorized XYZ translation stage</td>
			<td>Thorlabs, NJ</td>
			<td>MT3/M-Z6</td>
			<td>sample holder</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>T-Cube DC servo motor controller</td>
			<td>Thorlabs, NJ</td>
			<td>TDC001</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Piezo Phase Shifter</td>
			<td>Physik Instrumente, Germany</td>
			<td>S-303.CD</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>objective lens</td>
			<td>Nikon, Japan</td>
			<td>MRD01691</td>
			<td>objective. Apo TIRF 60X/1.49oil</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>translation stage</td>
			<td>New Focus, CA</td>
			<td>9062-COM-M</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Pico Motor Actuator</td>
			<td>New Focus, CA</td>
			<td>8301</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>rotary Solenoid/Shutter</td>
			<td>DACO Instruments, CT</td>
			<td>5423-458</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>3-way beam splitter</td>
			<td>Rocky Mountain Instruments, CO</td>
			<td>customized</td>
			<td>beamsplitter</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Piezo Z/Tip/Tilt scanner</td>
			<td>Physik Instrumente, Germany</td>
			<td>S-316.10</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>motorized five-axis tilt aligner&#160;</td>
			<td>New Focus, CA</td>
			<td>8081</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Picmotor ethernet controller</td>
			<td>New Focus, CA</td>
			<td>8752</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Piezo controllers/amplifier/digital operation module</td>
			<td>Physik Instrumente, Germany</td>
			<td>E-509/E-503/E-517</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>band-pass filter</td>
			<td>Semrock, NY</td>
			<td>FF01-523/20</td>
			<td>filters</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>band-pass filter</td>
			<td>Semrock, NY</td>
			<td>FF01-588/21</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>band-pass filter</td>
			<td>Semrock, NY</td>
			<td>FF01-607/30</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>band-pass filter</td>
			<td>Semrock, NY</td>
			<td>FF01-676/37</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>notch filter</td>
			<td>Semrock, NY</td>
			<td>NF01-405/488/561/635</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>motorized filter wheel with controllter</td>
			<td>Thorlabs, NJ</td>
			<td>FW103H</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>EMCCD</td>
			<td>Andor, UK&#160;</td>
			<td>DU-897U-CSO-#BV</td>
			<td>3 sets</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Desktop computers for controlling cameras and synchronization</td>
			<td>Dell</td>
			<td>Precision T3500</td>
			<td>PC, 4 sets</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>coverslips with fiducial</td>
			<td>Hestzig, VA</td>
			<td>600-100AuF</td>
			<td>sample preparation. fiducial marks with various density and spectra&#160; available</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>fibronectin&#160;</td>
			<td>Millipore, MT</td>
			<td>FC010</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>paraformaldehyde</td>
			<td>Electron Microscopy Sciences, PA</td>
			<td>15710</td>
			<td>fixation. 16%</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>glutaraldehyde&#160;</td>
			<td>Electron Microscopy Sciences, PA</td>
			<td>16220</td>
			<td>25%</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>triton X-100</td>
			<td>Sigma aldrich, MO</td>
			<td>T8787</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>HUVEC cells</td>
			<td>Life Technologies, CA</td>
			<td>C-015-10C</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Medium 200</td>
			<td>Life Technologies, CA</td>
			<td>M-200-500</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Large Vessel Endothelial Factors</td>
			<td>Life Technologies, CA</td>
			<td>A14608-01</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Dulbecco&#39;s Phosphate Buffered Saline</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>14190367</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Pennicillin/Streptomycin</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>15140122</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Trypsin/EDTA</td>
			<td>Life Technologies, CA</td>
			<td>25200056</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>PIPES</td>
			<td>Sigma aldrich, MO</td>
			<td>P1851</td>
			<td>PHEM</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>HEPES</td>
			<td>1st base, Malaysia</td>
			<td>BIO-1825</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>EGTA</td>
			<td>Sigma aldrich, MO</td>
			<td>E3889</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>MgCl2</td>
			<td>Millipore, MT</td>
			<td>5985</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>&#160;Alexa Fluor 647 Phalloidin</td>
			<td>Invitrogen, CA</td>
			<td>A22287</td>
			<td>staining</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>sodium borohydride (NaBH4)&#160;</td>
			<td>Sigma aldrich, MO</td>
			<td>480886</td>
			<td>quenching</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>glucose</td>
			<td>1st base, Malaysia</td>
			<td>BIO-1101</td>
			<td>imaging buffer</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>glucose oxidase</td>
			<td>Sigma aldrich, MO</td>
			<td>G2133</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>catalase</td>
			<td>Sigma aldrich, MO</td>
			<td>C9322</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>cysteamine&#160;</td>
			<td>Sigma aldrich, MO</td>
			<td>30070</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Epoxy</td>
			<td>Thorlabs, NJ</td>
			<td>G14250</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>vaseline</td>
			<td>Sigma aldrich, MO</td>
			<td>16415</td>
			<td>sample sealing</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>lanolin</td>
			<td>Sigma aldrich, MO</td>
			<td>L7387</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>parafin wax</td>
			<td>Sigma aldrich, MO</td>
			<td>327204</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Immersion oil&#160;</td>
			<td>Electron Microscopy Sciences, PA</td>
			<td>16915-04</td>
			<td>imaging. Cargille Type HF</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

three-dimensional super resolution microscopy of f-actin filaments by interferometric photoactivated localization microscopy (ipalm)

Microscopia a fluorescenza permette la visualizzazione diretta di biomolecole specifici all&#39;interno delle cellule. Tuttavia, per microscopia a fluorescenza convenzionale, la risoluzione spaziale è limitata dalla diffrazione a ~ 200 nm entro il piano dell&#39;immagine e&gt; 500 nm lungo l&#39;asse ottico. Come risultato, la microscopia a fluorescenza è stata a lungo fortemente limitato nell&#39;osservazione delle caratteristiche ultrastrutturali all&#39;interno delle cellule. Il recente sviluppo di metodi di microscopia Super Resolution ha superato questa limitazione. In particolare, l&#39;avvento di fluorofori photoswitchable permette al microscopio di risoluzione super di localizzazione basati, che fornisce potere di risoluzione si avvicina alla scala molecolare di lunghezza. Qui, descriviamo l&#39;applicazione di un metodo di risoluzione di microscopia eccellente tridimensionale sulla base di singola molecola di localizzazione, microscopia ed interferometria multifase, chiamato interferometrica fotoattivati ​​localizzazione Microscopy (iPALM). Questo metodo fornisce una risoluzione quasi isotropa sulladell&#39;ordine di 20 nm nelle tre dimensioni. Protocolli per la visualizzazione del citoscheletro actina filamentosa, compresa la preparazione del campione e il funzionamento dello strumento iPALM, sono descritte qui. Questi protocolli sono facilmente adattabili e istruttivo per lo studio di altre caratteristiche ultrastrutturali nelle cellule.

requisiti critici per iPALM sono l&#39;allineamento, la registrazione e la calibrazione dei sistemi ottici. Queste sono necessarie per garantire una corretta interferenza all&#39;interno del 3-way beam splitter requisito per l&#39;estrazione coordinata z. Per attivare il monitoraggio continuo, costante punto di fonti di fluorescenza sono necessari. Ciò può essere ottenuto mediante fluorescenza Au o nanoparticelle bimetalliche 23 la cui fotoluminescenza derivare da localizzat...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Three-dimensional Super Resolution Microscopy of F-actin Filaments by Interferometric PhotoActivated Localization Microscopy iPALM at JoVE.com

Three-dimensional Super Resolution Microscopy of F-actin Filaments by Interferometric PhotoActivated Localization Microscopy iPALM

Presentiamo un protocollo di applicazione del interferometrica fotoattivati ​​localizzazione Microscopy (iPALM), un metodo di risoluzione di microscopia eccellente 3-dimensional localizzazione singola molecola, per l&#39;imaging del citoscheletro actina in cellule di mammifero aderenti. Questo approccio permette la visualizzazione basata sulla luce delle caratteristiche strutturali nanoscala che altrimenti rimarrebbero irrisolti da convenzionale microscopia ottica di diffrazione limitata.

Tridimensionale Super Resolution Microscopia di filamenti di F-actina da interferometrico fotoattivati ​​localizzazione Microscopy (iPALM)

Fluorescence microscopy enables direct visualization of specific biomolecules within cells. However, for conventional fluorescence microscopy, the spatial ...

Research

JoVE Journal

Biology

Three-dimensional Super Resolution Microscopy of F-actin Filaments by Interferometric PhotoActivated Localization Microscopy (iPALM)

Live Cell Imaging of F-actin Dynamics via Fluorescent Speckle Microscopy (FSM)

Live Cell Imaging of F-actin Dynamics via Fluorescent Speckle Microscopy FSM

Imaging cellulare dal vivo di F-actina Dynamics tramite microscopia a fluorescenza Speckle (FSM)

In this protocol we describe the use of Fluorescent Speckle Microscopy (FSM) to capture high-resolution images of actin dynamics in PtK1 cells. A unique ...

Ricerca

Biologia

Nano-fEM: Protein Localization Using Photo-activated Localization Microscopy and Electron Microscopy

Nano-Fem: la localizzazione delle proteine ​​Usando Photo-attivato Microscopia Localizzazione e microscopia elettronica

Mapping the distribution of proteins is essential for understanding the function of proteins in a cell. Fluorescence microscopy is extensively used for ...

Test Samples for Optimizing STORM Super-Resolution Microscopy

I campioni di prova per ottimizzare STORM Super-Resolution Microscopia

STORM is a recently developed super-resolution microscopy technique with up to 10 times better resolution than standard fluorescence microscopy ...

Sample Preparation for Single Virion Atomic Force Microscopy and Super-resolution Fluorescence Imaging

Preparazione del campione per microscopia a forza atomica Virion singola e imaging a fluorescenza a super risoluzione

Immobilization of virions to glass surfaces is a critical step in single virion imaging. Here we present a technique&#160;adopted from single molecule ...

Super-resolution Imaging of the Cytokinetic Z Ring in Live Bacteria Using Fast 3D-Structured Illumination Microscopy (f3D-SIM)

Super-resolution Imaging of the Cytokinetic Z Ring in Live Bacteria Using Fast 3D-Structured Illumination Microscopy f3D-SIM

Super-Resolution Imaging del Cytokinetic Z Anello in batteri vivi Uso di Fast 3D Structured Illumination Microscopy (F3D-SIM)

Imaging of biological samples using fluorescence microscopy has advanced substantially with new technologies to overcome the resolution barrier of the ...

In vivo Clonal Tracking of Hematopoietic Stem and Progenitor Cells Marked by Five Fluorescent Proteins using Confocal and Multiphoton Microscopy

In vivo Clonal Tracking of Hematopoietic Stem and Progenitor Cells Marked by Five Fluorescent Proteins using Confocal and Multiphoton Microscopy

In vivo clonale Monitoraggio di staminali ematopoietiche e cellule progenitrici Contrassegnato da cinque proteine ​​fluorescenti che utilizzano confocale e microscopia Multiphoton

We developed and validated a fluorescent marking methodology for clonal tracking of hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells (HSPCs) with high spatial and ...

In Vivo 4-Dimensional Tracking of Hematopoietic Stem and Progenitor Cells in Adult Mouse Calvarial Bone Marrow

In Vivo 4-Dimensional Tracking of Hematopoietic Stem and Progenitor Cells in Adult Mouse Calvarial Bone Marrow

In Vivo inseguimento 4-dimensionale di emopoietiche staminali e progenitrici celle di topo adulto cranica di Midollo Osseo

Through a delicate balance between quiescence and proliferation, self renewal and production of differentiated progeny, hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) ...

Open-source Single-particle Analysis for Super-resolution Microscopy with VirusMapper

Analisi singola particella open-source per Super-risoluzione Microscopia con VirusMapper

Super-resolution fluorescence microscopy is currently revolutionizing cell biology research. Its capacity to break the resolution limit of around 300 nm ...

Application of High-speed Super-resolution SPEED Microscopy in Live Primary Cilium

Applicazione di microscopia di velocità ad alta velocità super-risoluzione in Live cilio primario

The primary cilium is a microtubule-based protrusion on the surface of many eukaryotic cells and contains a unique complement of proteins that function ...

Biological Sample Preparation by High-pressure Freezing, Microwave-assisted Contrast Enhancement, and Minimal Resin Embedding for Volume Imaging

Preparazione del campione biologico di congelamento ad alta pressione, aumento di contrasto assistita da microonde e Minimal resina incorporamento per Imaging con volumi

The described sample preparation technique is designed to combine the best quality of ultrastructural preservation with the most suitable contrast for the ...

Tridimensionale Super Resolution Microscopia di filamenti di F-actina da interferometrico fotoattivati ​​localizzazione Microscopy (iPALM)

Tridimensionale Super Resolution Microscopia di filamenti di F-actina da interferometrico fotoattivati localizzazione Microscopy (iPALM)