Name: preparation and in vitro characterization of dendrimer-based contrast agents for magnetic resonance imaging
Uploaded: 2016-12-04T15:00:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Preparation and In Vitro Characterization of Dendrimer-based Contrast Agents for Magnetic Resonance Imaging at JoVE.com

The financial support of the Max-Planck Society, the Turkish Ministry of National Education (PhD fellowship to S. G.), and the German Exchange Academic Service (DAAD, PhD fellowship to T. S.) are gratefully acknowledged.

1. Preparazione di DCA <ol><li> Sintesi della unità monomerica 4 6. <ol><li> Sintesi di 4- (4-nitrofenil) -2- (tert 4,7,10-tris- -butoxycarbonylmethyl-1,4,7,10-tetraazaciclododec-1-il) butirrico terz butil estere (2). <ol><li> Sciogliere (4,7-bis- tert -butoxycarbonylmethyl-1,4,7,10-tetraaza-cyclododec-1-il) acetico tert-butil estere dell&#39;acido 1 (1,00 g, 1,94 mmoli) in N, N -dimethylf...

<ol>
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Preparazione del mezzo di contrasto MRI dendrimerica richiede appropriata selezione dell&#39;unità monomerica (cioè, il chelante per Gd (III)). Essi riducono la tossicità di questo ione paramagnetico e, ad oggi, una grande varietà di aciclici e chelanti macrociclici servire a questo scopo 1-3. Tra questi, macrociclici DOTA tipo chelanti possiedono la massima stabilità termodinamica e cinetica inerzia e, quindi, sono la scelta più preferito per la preparazione di agenti di contrasto per MRI iner...

La risonanza magnetica (MRI) è una tecnica di imaging potente e non ionizzanti ampiamente utilizzato nella ricerca biomedica e diagnostica clinica per la sua natura non invasiva e un eccellente contrasto dei tessuti molli intrinseca. I metodi MRI più comunemente utilizzati utilizzano il segnale ottenuto da protoni dell&#39;acqua, fornendo immagini ad alta risoluzione e informazioni dettagliate all&#39;interno dei tessuti a base di differenze di densità dei segnali acqua. L&#39;intensità del segnale e la specificità degli esperimenti di risonanza magnetica possono essere ulteriormente migliorate utilizzando mezzi di contrasto (CA). Questi sono specie paramagnetiche o superparamagnetiche che influenzano il longitudinale (T 1) e trasversale (T 2) tempi di rilassamento, rispettivamente 1,2. Complessi di lantanidi gadolinio ionico con poliamminici ligandi acidi policarbossilici sono i più comunemente usati T 1 CA. Gadolinio (III) accorcia il rilassamento T 1tempo di protoni dell&#39;acqua, aumentando così il contrasto del segnale in esperimenti MRI 3. Tuttavia, gadolinio ionica è tossico; le sue dimensioni approssima quella del calcio (II), e colpisce seriamente calcio assistita segnalazione nelle cellule. Pertanto, aciclici e macrociclici chelati sono impiegati per neutralizzare questa tossicità. Vari leganti multidentati sono stati sviluppati finora, con conseguente gadolinio complessi (III) con elevata stabilità termodinamica e cinetica inerzia 1. Quelli basati sul Cyclen azamacrocycle 12-membered, in particolare la sua tetracarbossilico DOTA derivata (1,4,7,10-tetraazaciclododecan-1,4,7,10-tetraacetato) sono complessi più studiati e applicati di questa classe CA. Tuttavia, GdDOTA tipo CA sono sistemi a basso peso molecolare, che mostrano alcuni svantaggi come l&#39;efficienza e basso contrasto escrezione renale veloce. Macromolecolare e polivalente CA possono essere una buona soluzione a questi problemi 4. Dal momento che CA biodistribuzione è determinata principalmente dalla loro dimensione, CA macromolecolari mostrano tempi di ritenzione molto più lunghi all&#39;interno dei tessuti. Ugualmente importante, il multivalenza di questi agenti si traduce in un aumento della concentrazione locale della sonda monomerica MR (ad esempio, complessi GdDOTA), migliorando sostanzialmente il segnale MR acquisite e la qualità della misura. I dendrimeri sono tra i ponteggi preferite per la preparazione di polivalente CA per MRI 4,5. Queste macromolecole altamente ramificate con determinate dimensioni sono inclini a varie reazioni di accoppiamento sulla loro superficie. In questo lavoro, si segnala la preparazione, purificazione e caratterizzazione di una CA dendrimerica per la risonanza magnetica costituito da un 4 (G4) poli generazione (amidoamine) (PAMAM) dendrimero accoppiato ad chelati GdDOTA-like (DCA). Descriviamo la sintesi del reattiva derivata DOTA e il suo accoppiamento con il dendrimero PAMAM. Su complessazione con Gd (III), la caratterizzazione chimico-fisica di serie Operazire di DCA è stata eseguita. Infine, gli esperimenti di risonanza magnetica sono stati eseguiti per dimostrare la capacità di DCA di produrre immagini RM con un contrasto più forte di quelli ottenuti da basso peso molecolare CA.

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="921">
	<tbody>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:251px;">Cyclen</td>
			<td style="width:275px;">CheMatech</td>
			<td style="width:136px;">C002</td>
			<td style="width:259px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:251px;">tert-Butyl bromoacetate&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:275px;">Alfa Aesar</td>
			<td style="width:136px;">A14917</td>
			<td style="width:259px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:251px;">N,N-Dimethylformamide</td>
			<td style="width:275px;">Fluka</td>
			<td style="width:136px;">40248</td>
			<td style="width:259px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:251px;">Potassium carbonate</td>
			<td style="width:275px;">Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:136px;">209619</td>
			<td style="width:259px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:251px;">4-(4-Nitrophenyl)butryic acid</td>
			<td style="width:275px;">Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:136px;">335339</td>
			<td style="width:259px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:251px;">Thionyl chloride&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:275px;">Acros Organics</td>
			<td style="width:136px;">382662500</td>
			<td style="width:259px;">Note: Corrosive substance; toxic if inhaled</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:251px;">Bromine</td>
			<td style="width:275px;">Acros Organics</td>
			<td style="width:136px;">402841000</td>
			<td style="width:259px;">Note: causes severe skin burns, fatal if inhaled&#160;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:251px;">Diethyl ether</td>
			<td style="width:275px;">any source</td>
			<td style="width:136px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:251px;">Sodium sulphate</td>
			<td style="width:275px;">Acros Organics</td>
			<td style="width:136px;">196640010</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:251px;">Chloroform&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:275px;">VWR Chemicals</td>
			<td style="width:136px;">22711.29</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:251px;">tert-Butyl 2,2,2-trichloroacetimidate</td>
			<td style="width:275px;">Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:136px;">364789</td>
			<td style="width:259px;">Note: flammable substance; irritrant to skin and eyes</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="67">
			<td height="67" style="height:67px;width:251px;">Boron trifluoride etherate</td>
			<td style="width:275px;">Acros Organics</td>
			<td style="width:136px;">174560250</td>
			<td style="width:259px;">48 % BF3. Note: Flammable substance; causes skin burns, fatal if inhaled&#160;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:251px;">Sodium bicarbonate</td>
			<td style="width:275px;">Acros Organics</td>
			<td style="width:136px;">424270010</td>
			<td style="width:259px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:251px;">Ethyl-acetate</td>
			<td style="width:275px;">any source</td>
			<td style="width:136px;"></td>
			<td>For column chromatography</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:251px;">n-Hexane</td>
			<td style="width:275px;">any source</td>
			<td style="width:136px;"></td>
			<td>For column chromatography</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:251px;">Bulb-to-bulb (Kugelrohr) distillation apparatus</td>
			<td style="width:275px;">B&#252;chi</td>
			<td style="width:136px;"></td>
			<td>Model type: Glass oven B-585</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:251px;">Silicagel</td>
			<td style="width:275px;">Carl Roth GmbH</td>
			<td style="width:136px;">P090.2</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:251px;">Methanol</td>
			<td style="width:275px;">any source</td>
			<td style="width:136px;"></td>
			<td>For column chromatography</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:251px;">Dichloromethane&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:275px;">any source</td>
			<td style="width:136px;"></td>
			<td>For column chromatography</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:251px;">Ethanol</td>
			<td style="width:275px;">VWR Chemicals</td>
			<td style="width:136px;">20821.296</td>
			<td style="width:259px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:251px;">Ammonia</td>
			<td style="width:275px;">Acros Organics</td>
			<td style="width:136px;">428381000</td>
			<td style="width:259px;">7N Solution in Methanol</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:251px;">Palladium&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:275px;">Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:136px;">643181</td>
			<td style="width:259px;">15 % wet</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:251px;">Hydrogenation apparatus PARR</td>
			<td style="width:275px;">PARR Instrument Company</td>
			<td style="width:136px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:251px;">Celite 503</td>
			<td style="width:275px;">Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:136px;">22151</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:251px;">Sintered glass funnel</td>
			<td style="width:275px;">any source</td>
			<td style="width:136px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:251px;">Thiophosgen</td>
			<td style="width:275px;">Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:136px;">115150</td>
			<td style="width:259px;">Note: irritrant to skin; toxic if inhaled</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:251px;">Triethylamine</td>
			<td style="width:275px;">Alfa Aesar</td>
			<td style="width:136px;">A12646</td>
			<td style="width:259px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:251px;">Dichloromethane&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:275px;">Acros Organics</td>
			<td style="width:136px;">348460010</td>
			<td style="width:259px;">Extra dry&#160;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:251px;">Magnetic stirrer</td>
			<td style="width:275px;">any source</td>
			<td style="width:136px;"></td>
			<td style="width:259px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:251px;">PAMAM G4 Dendrimer</td>
			<td style="width:275px;">Andrews ChemService</td>
			<td style="width:136px;">AuCS - 297</td>
			<td style="width:259px;">&#160;10 % wt. solution in MeOH</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:251px;">Lipophylic Sephadex LH-20</td>
			<td style="width:275px;">Sigma</td>
			<td style="width:136px;">LH20100</td>
			<td style="width:259px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:251px;">Thin-layer chromatography plates</td>
			<td style="width:275px;">Merck Millipore</td>
			<td style="width:136px;">1.05554.0001</td>
			<td style="width:259px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:251px;">Formic acid</td>
			<td style="width:275px;">VWR Chemicals</td>
			<td style="width:136px;">20318.297</td>
			<td style="width:259px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:251px;">Lophylizer&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:275px;">any source</td>
			<td style="width:136px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:251px;">Gadollinium(III) chloride hexahydrate</td>
			<td style="width:275px;">Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:136px;">G7532</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:251px;">Sodium hydroxide</td>
			<td style="width:275px;">Acros Organics</td>
			<td style="width:136px;">134070010</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:251px;">pH meter</td>
			<td style="width:275px;">any source</td>
			<td style="width:136px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:251px;">Ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid disodium salt dihydrate</td>
			<td style="width:275px;">Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:136px;">E5134</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:251px;">Mass spectrometer (ESI)</td>
			<td style="width:275px;">Agilent</td>
			<td style="width:136px;"></td>
			<td>Ion trap SL 1100&#160;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:251px;">Acetate buffer</td>
			<td style="width:275px;">any source</td>
			<td style="width:136px;"></td>
			<td>pH 5.8</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:251px;">Xylenol orange</td>
			<td style="width:275px;">Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:136px;">52097</td>
			<td>20 &#956;M in acetate buffer</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:251px;">Hydrophylic Sephadex G-15</td>
			<td style="width:275px;">GE Healthcare</td>
			<td style="width:136px;">17-0020-01</td>
			<td style="width:259px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:251px;">Amicon Ultra-15 Centrifugal Filter Unit</td>
			<td style="width:275px;">Merck Millipore</td>
			<td style="width:136px;">UFC900324</td>
			<td style="width:259px;">Ultracel-3 membrane (MWCO 3000)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:251px;">Centrifuge</td>
			<td style="width:275px;">any source</td>
			<td style="width:136px;"></td>
			<td style="width:259px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:251px;">NMR spectrometer&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:275px;">Bruker</td>
			<td style="width:136px;"></td>
			<td style="width:259px;">Avance III 300 MHz</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:251px;">Topspin</td>
			<td style="width:275px;">Bruker</td>
			<td style="width:136px;"></td>
			<td style="width:259px;">version 2.1</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:251px;">Combustion analysis instrument</td>
			<td style="width:275px;">EuroVector SpA</td>
			<td style="width:136px;"></td>
			<td style="width:259px;">EuroEA 3000 Elemental Analyser&#160;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:251px;">MALDI-ToF MS instrument</td>
			<td style="width:275px;">Applied Biosystems</td>
			<td style="width:136px;"></td>
			<td style="width:259px;">Voyager-STR</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:251px;">Deuteriumoxid</td>
			<td style="width:275px;">Carl Roth GmbH</td>
			<td style="width:136px;">6672.3</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:251px;">tert-Butyl alcohol</td>
			<td style="width:275px;">Carl Roth GmbH</td>
			<td style="width:136px;">AE16.1</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:251px;">Vortex mixer</td>
			<td style="width:275px;">any source</td>
			<td style="width:136px;"></td>
			<td style="width:259px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:251px;">Norell NMR tubes</td>
			<td style="width:275px;">Deutero GmbH</td>
			<td style="width:136px;">507-HP-7</td>
			<td style="width:259px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:251px;">NMR coaxial tube</td>
			<td style="width:275px;">Deutero GmbH</td>
			<td style="width:136px;">coaxialb-5-7</td>
			<td style="width:259px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:251px;">DLS instrument</td>
			<td style="width:275px;">Malvern</td>
			<td style="width:136px;"></td>
			<td style="width:259px;">Zetasizer Nano ZS</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:251px;">0.20 &#956;m PTFE filter&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:275px;">Carl Roth GmbH</td>
			<td style="width:136px;">KC94.1</td>
			<td style="width:259px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:251px;">HEPES</td>
			<td style="width:275px;">Fisher BioReagents</td>
			<td style="width:136px;">BP310</td>
			<td style="width:259px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:251px;">Plastic tube vials</td>
			<td style="width:275px;">any source</td>
			<td style="width:136px;"></td>
			<td style="width:259px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:251px;">Dotarem</td>
			<td style="width:275px;">Guerbet</td>
			<td style="width:136px;"></td>
			<td style="width:259px;">NDC 67684-2000-1</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="63">
			<td height="63" style="height:63px;width:251px;">MRI scanner</td>
			<td style="width:275px;">Bruker</td>
			<td style="width:136px;"></td>
			<td style="width:259px;">BioSpec 70/30 USR magnet (7 T). Note: potential hazards related to high magnetic fields</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:251px;">RF coil</td>
			<td style="width:275px;">Bruker</td>
			<td style="width:136px;"></td>
			<td style="width:259px;">dual frequency volume coil (RF RES 300 1H/19F 075/040 LIN/LIN TR)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:251px;">Paravision (software)</td>
			<td style="width:275px;">Bruker</td>
			<td style="width:136px;"></td>
			<td style="width:259px;">Version 5.1</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

preparation and in vitro characterization of dendrimer-based contrast agents for magnetic resonance imaging

complessi paramagnetici di gadolinio (III) con aciclico o chelati macrociclici sono gli agenti di contrasto più comunemente usati (CAS) per la risonanza magnetica (MRI). Il loro scopo è quello di migliorare la velocità di rilassamento dei protoni dell&#39;acqua nel tessuto, aumentando così il contrasto dell&#39;immagine MR e la specificità delle misurazioni MRI. mezzi di contrasto clinicamente approvati attuali sono molecole a basso peso molecolare che sono rapidamente eliminato dal corpo. L&#39;utilizzo di dendrimeri come portatori di chelanti paramagnetiche possono giocare un ruolo importante nel futuro sviluppo di agenti di contrasto per MRI più efficienti. In particolare, l&#39;aumento della concentrazione locale dei paramagnetici risultati specie in contrasto segnale più alto. Inoltre, questa CA fornisce un tempo di ritenzione del tessuto più grazie al suo elevato peso e dimensione molecolare. Qui, dimostriamo un procedimento conveniente per la preparazione di agenti di contrasto MRI macromolecolari a base di poli (amidoamine) (PAMAM) dendrimeri con monomacrociclici DOTA tipo chelanti (DOTA - 1,4,7,10-tetraazaciclododecan-1,4,7,10-tetraacetato). L&#39;unità chelante è stato aggiunto sfruttando la reattività del gruppo isotiocianato (NCS) verso i gruppi superficiali ammina del dendrimero PAMAM per formare ponti tiourea. prodotti dendrimerici sono stati purificati e analizzati mediante spettroscopia di risonanza magnetica nucleare, spettrometria di massa e analisi elementare. Infine, ad alta risoluzione immagini RM sono state registrate e contrasti segnale ottenuto dal dendrimero preparato e agenti monomeriche disponibili in commercio sono stati confrontati.

La preparazione di DCA consisteva di due fasi: 1) sintesi del monomero DOTA-tipo chelante (Figura 1) e 2) accoppiamento del chelante con il dendrimero G4 PAMAM e successiva preparazione del dendrimero Gd (III) (Figura 2) . Nella prima fase, è stato preparato un cyclen basato DOTA-tipo chelante contenente quattro acidi carbossilici e un gruppo ortogonale adatto per ulteriori modifiche sintetici. La preparazione iniziata da 1</str...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Preparation and In Vitro Characterization of Dendrimer-based Contrast Agents for Magnetic Resonance Imaging at JoVE.com

Preparation and In Vitro Characterization of Dendrimer-based Contrast Agents for Magnetic Resonance Imaging

Questo protocollo descrive la preparazione e caratterizzazione di un agente di contrasto dendrimerica risonanza magnetica (MRI) che porta chelati macrociclici cyclen basati coordinamento ioni paramagnetici gadolinio. In una serie di esperimenti in vitro MRI, questo agente prodotto un segnale RM amplificato rispetto all&#39;analogo monomerica disponibile in commercio.

Preparazione e<em&gt; In Vitro</em&gt; Caratterizzazione del dendrimero a base di agenti di contrasto per risonanza magnetica

Paramagnetic complexes of gadolinium(III) with acyclic or macrocyclic chelates are the most commonly used contrast agents (CAs) for magnetic resonance ...

Research

JoVE Journal

Chemistry

Preparation and In Vitro Characterization of Dendrimer-based Contrast Agents for Magnetic Resonance Imaging

Synthesis, Cellular Delivery and In vivo Application of Dendrimer-based pH Sensors

Synthesis, Cellular Delivery and In vivo Application of Dendrimer-based pH Sensors

Sintesi, Consegna Cellulare e<em&gt; In vivo</em&gt; Applicazione di sensori di pH basati Dendrimero

The development of  fluorescent indicators represented a revolution for life sciences. Genetically  encoded and synthetic fluorophores with sensing ...

Ricerca

Chimica

Preparation and Characterization of SDF-1&#945;-Chitosan-Dextran Sulfate Nanoparticles

Preparation and Characterization of SDF-1ÃƒÅ½Ã‚Â±-Chitosan-Dextran Sulfate Nanoparticles

Preparazione e caratterizzazione di SDF-1α-Chitosan-Destrano solfato nanoparticelle

Chitosan (CS) and dextran sulfate (DS) are charged polysaccharides (glycans), which form polyelectrolyte complex-based nanoparticles when mixed under ...

Preparation and Characterization of Individual and Multi-drug Loaded Physically Entrapped Polymeric Micelles

Preparazione e caratterizzazione di individuale e Multi-droga Loaded Fisicamente intrappolate polimerici Micelle

Amphiphilic block copolymers like polyethyleneglycol-block-polylactic acid (PEG-b-PLA) can self-assemble into micelles above their critical micellar ...

Sequencing of Plant Wall Heteroxylans Using Enzymic, Chemical (Methylation) and Physical (Mass Spectrometry, Nuclear Magnetic Resonance) Techniques

Sequencing of Plant Wall Heteroxylans Using Enzymic, Chemical Methylation and Physical Mass Spectrometry, Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Techniques

Il sequenziamento di Plant parete Heteroxylans Utilizzando enzimatica, chimica (metilazione) e (Spettrometria di Massa, Risonanza Magnetica Nucleare) tecniche fisiche

This protocol describes the specific techniques used for the characterization of reducing end (RE) and internal region glycosyl sequence(s) of ...

Synthesis and Characterization of Supramolecular Colloids

Sintesi e caratterizzazione di supramolecolari colloidi

Control over colloidal assembly is of utmost importance for the development of functional colloidal materials with tailored structural and mechanical ...

Low-energy Cathodoluminescence for (Oxy)Nitride Phosphors

Low-energy Cathodoluminescence for OxyNitride Phosphors

Catodoluminescenza a basso consumo energetico per (Oxy) Fosfori nitruro

Nitride and oxynitride (Sialon) phosphors are good candidates for the ultraviolet and visible emission applications. High performance, good stability and ...

In Situ Monitoring of Diffusion of Guest Molecules in Porous Media Using Electron Paramagnetic Resonance Imaging

In Situ Monitoring of Diffusion of Guest Molecules in Porous Media Using Electron Paramagnetic Resonance Imaging

In Situ Monitoraggio della diffusione di Guest Molecole in mezzi porosi Utilizzando paramagnetica elettronica Risonanza

A method is demonstrated to monitor macroscopic translational diffusion using electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) imaging. A host-guest system with ...

DNA-magnetic Particle Binding Analysis by Dynamic and Electrophoretic Light Scattering

DNA-magnetoscopico associazione analisi di dispersione della luce dinamica ed elettroforetica

Isolation of DNA using magnetic particles is a field of high importance in biotechnology and molecular biology research. This protocol describes the ...

Preparation and Characterization of C60/Graphene Hybrid Nanostructures

Preparation and Characterization of C60/Graphene Hybrid Nanostructures

Preparazione e caratterizzazione di nanostrutture ibride C60/Graphene

Physical thermal deposition in a high vacuum environment is a clean and controllable method for fabricating novel molecular nanostructures on graphene. We ...

Technical Aspect of the Automated Synthesis and Real-Time Kinetic Evaluation of [11C]SNAP-7941

Technical Aspect of the Automated Synthesis and Real-Time Kinetic Evaluation of [11C]SNAP-7941

Aspetto tecnico della sintesi automatizzata e valutazione cinetica in tempo reale di [11C]SNAP-7941

Positron emission tomography (PET) is an essential molecular imaging technique providing insights into pathways and using specific targeted radioligands ...