Name: preparation and in vitro characterization of dendrimer-based contrast agents for magnetic resonance imaging
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Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Preparation and In Vitro Characterization of Dendrimer-based Contrast Agents for Magnetic Resonance Imaging at JoVE.com

The financial support of the Max-Planck Society, the Turkish Ministry of National Education (PhD fellowship to S. G.), and the German Exchange Academic Service (DAAD, PhD fellowship to T. S.) are gratefully acknowledged.

DCA hazırlanması 1. <ol><li> Monomerik birimin 4 6 sentezi. <ol><li> 4- (4-nitrofenil) -2- (4,7,10-tris-tert -butoxycarbonylmethyl-1-il 1,4,7,10-tetraazasiklododek) bütirik asit tert-bütil ester (2). <ol><li> ((4,7-bis-tert--butoxycarbonylmethyl-1,4,7,10-tetraaza-cyclododec-1-il) N -asetik asit tert-butil ester 1 (1.00 g, 1.94 mmol), N-dimetilformamid içinde çözülür DMF, 5 mi). 0.6...

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Dendrimeric MRT-kontrast maddesinin hazırlanması monomerik birimin uygun seçimi gerektirir (örneğin, GD şelatör (III)). Bu paramanyetik iyonun toksisitesini azaltmak ve bugüne kadar, asiklik çeşitli ve makrosiklik kenetleme maddeleri bu amaca 1-3 karşılık vermektedir. Bunlar arasında, makrosiklik DOTA tip kıskaçlar yüksek termodinamik kararlılık ve kinetik hareketsizlik sahip ve bu nedenle, eylemsiz bir MRT-kontrast maddesinin 1,18 hazırlanması için en çok tercih edi...

Manyetik rezonans görüntüleme (MRG) nedeniyle invazif olmayan doğası ve mükemmel iç yumuşak doku kontrast yaygın biyomedikal araştırmalar ve klinik teşhis kullanılan güçlü ve iyonize olmayan bir görüntüleme tekniğidir. En sık kullanılan MRG yöntemleri su sinyallerinin yoğunluğu farklılıklara dayalı dokular içinde yüksek çözünürlüklü görüntüler ve ayrıntılı bilgi veren, su proton elde edilen sinyalin kullanmaktadır. sinyal yoğunluğu ve MR deneyler özgüllüğü, bundan başka kontrast maddeleri (CA) kullanılarak geliştirilebilir. Bunlar paramanyetik veya Süperparamanyetik uzunlamasına (T 1) ve enine etkileyen türler (T 2) gevşeme süreleri sırasıyla 1,2 bulunmaktadır. Poli polikarboksilik asit ligandları ile lantanide iyon gadolinyum kompleksleri en sık kullanılan T 1 CA vardır. Gadolinyum (III) T1 gevşeme kısaltırSu protonların zaman, böylece MR deneylerde 3 sinyal kontrastını artırarak. Bununla birlikte, iyonik gadolinyum zehirlidir; boyutu (ii) kalsiyum yaklaşır ve ciddi kalsiyum destekli hücrelerde sinyal etkiler. Bu nedenle, asiklik ve makrosiklik şelatları Bu toksisite nötralize etmek için kullanılır. Çeşitli multidentat ligandlar yüksek termodinamik stabilite ve kinetik inertlik 1 gadolinyum (III) kompleksleri ile sonuçlanır kadar geliştirilmiştir. Özellikle onun tetrakarboksilik türevi DOTA (1,4,7,10-tetraazasiklododekan-1,4,7,10-tetraasetat) 12 üyeli azamacrocycle Cyclen dayalı olanlar, bu CA sınıfının en araştırılmış ve uygulamalı kompleksleri bulunmaktadır. Bununla birlikte, GdDOTA-tipi CA, düşük kontrast verimliliği ve hızlı renal atılım gibi bazı dezavantajları gösteren düşük moleküler ağırlıklı sistemlerdir. Makromoleküler ve çok değerlikli CA bu sorunlara 4 için iyi bir çözüm olabilir. CA biodistribu yanation esas olarak boyutuna göre belirlenir, makromoleküler CA dokular içinde çok daha uzun saklama süreleri gösterir. Eşit derecede önemli, büyük ölçüde elde edilen MR sinyal ve ölçüm kalitesinin iyileştirilmesi monomerik MR prob (örneğin, GdDOTA kompleks), bir artış lokal konsantrasyonunu bu maddeler sonuçlarının çok değerlilik. Dendrimers MRG 4,5 için çok değerlikli CA&#39;ların hazırlanması için en çok tercih edilen iskeleler arasındadır. iyi tanımlanmış boyutları ile bu yüksek ölçüde dallı makromoleküller yüzeyleri çeşitli birleştirme reaksiyonları yatkındır. Bu çalışmada, bir nesil 4 (G4) poli (amidoamin) GdDOTA benzeri şelatları (DCA) birleştirilmiş (tein) dendrimer oluşan MRG için bir dendrimeric CA hazırlanmasını, saflaştırma ve karakterizasyonu rapor. Bu reaktif DOTA türevinin sentezi ve tein dendrimer olan kuplaj tarif eder. Gd (III), standart fiziksel karakterizasyonu ile kompleks halinde süreçleDCA yeniden yapıldı. Son olarak, MR deneyler düşük molekül ağırlıklı bir CA elde edilenlere nazaran daha güçlü bir kontrast MR görüntüleri üretmek için DCA yeteneğini göstermek için yapıldı.

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="921">
	<tbody>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:251px;">Cyclen</td>
			<td style="width:275px;">CheMatech</td>
			<td style="width:136px;">C002</td>
			<td style="width:259px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:251px;">tert-Butyl bromoacetate&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:275px;">Alfa Aesar</td>
			<td style="width:136px;">A14917</td>
			<td style="width:259px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:251px;">N,N-Dimethylformamide</td>
			<td style="width:275px;">Fluka</td>
			<td style="width:136px;">40248</td>
			<td style="width:259px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:251px;">Potassium carbonate</td>
			<td style="width:275px;">Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:136px;">209619</td>
			<td style="width:259px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:251px;">4-(4-Nitrophenyl)butryic acid</td>
			<td style="width:275px;">Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:136px;">335339</td>
			<td style="width:259px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:251px;">Thionyl chloride&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:275px;">Acros Organics</td>
			<td style="width:136px;">382662500</td>
			<td style="width:259px;">Note: Corrosive substance; toxic if inhaled</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:251px;">Bromine</td>
			<td style="width:275px;">Acros Organics</td>
			<td style="width:136px;">402841000</td>
			<td style="width:259px;">Note: causes severe skin burns, fatal if inhaled&#160;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:251px;">Diethyl ether</td>
			<td style="width:275px;">any source</td>
			<td style="width:136px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:251px;">Sodium sulphate</td>
			<td style="width:275px;">Acros Organics</td>
			<td style="width:136px;">196640010</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:251px;">Chloroform&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:275px;">VWR Chemicals</td>
			<td style="width:136px;">22711.29</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:251px;">tert-Butyl 2,2,2-trichloroacetimidate</td>
			<td style="width:275px;">Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:136px;">364789</td>
			<td style="width:259px;">Note: flammable substance; irritrant to skin and eyes</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="67">
			<td height="67" style="height:67px;width:251px;">Boron trifluoride etherate</td>
			<td style="width:275px;">Acros Organics</td>
			<td style="width:136px;">174560250</td>
			<td style="width:259px;">48 % BF3. Note: Flammable substance; causes skin burns, fatal if inhaled&#160;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:251px;">Sodium bicarbonate</td>
			<td style="width:275px;">Acros Organics</td>
			<td style="width:136px;">424270010</td>
			<td style="width:259px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:251px;">Ethyl-acetate</td>
			<td style="width:275px;">any source</td>
			<td style="width:136px;"></td>
			<td>For column chromatography</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:251px;">n-Hexane</td>
			<td style="width:275px;">any source</td>
			<td style="width:136px;"></td>
			<td>For column chromatography</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:251px;">Bulb-to-bulb (Kugelrohr) distillation apparatus</td>
			<td style="width:275px;">B&#252;chi</td>
			<td style="width:136px;"></td>
			<td>Model type: Glass oven B-585</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:251px;">Silicagel</td>
			<td style="width:275px;">Carl Roth GmbH</td>
			<td style="width:136px;">P090.2</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:251px;">Methanol</td>
			<td style="width:275px;">any source</td>
			<td style="width:136px;"></td>
			<td>For column chromatography</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:251px;">Dichloromethane&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:275px;">any source</td>
			<td style="width:136px;"></td>
			<td>For column chromatography</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:251px;">Ethanol</td>
			<td style="width:275px;">VWR Chemicals</td>
			<td style="width:136px;">20821.296</td>
			<td style="width:259px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:251px;">Ammonia</td>
			<td style="width:275px;">Acros Organics</td>
			<td style="width:136px;">428381000</td>
			<td style="width:259px;">7N Solution in Methanol</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:251px;">Palladium&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:275px;">Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:136px;">643181</td>
			<td style="width:259px;">15 % wet</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:251px;">Hydrogenation apparatus PARR</td>
			<td style="width:275px;">PARR Instrument Company</td>
			<td style="width:136px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:251px;">Celite 503</td>
			<td style="width:275px;">Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:136px;">22151</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:251px;">Sintered glass funnel</td>
			<td style="width:275px;">any source</td>
			<td style="width:136px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:251px;">Thiophosgen</td>
			<td style="width:275px;">Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:136px;">115150</td>
			<td style="width:259px;">Note: irritrant to skin; toxic if inhaled</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:251px;">Triethylamine</td>
			<td style="width:275px;">Alfa Aesar</td>
			<td style="width:136px;">A12646</td>
			<td style="width:259px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:251px;">Dichloromethane&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:275px;">Acros Organics</td>
			<td style="width:136px;">348460010</td>
			<td style="width:259px;">Extra dry&#160;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:251px;">Magnetic stirrer</td>
			<td style="width:275px;">any source</td>
			<td style="width:136px;"></td>
			<td style="width:259px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:251px;">PAMAM G4 Dendrimer</td>
			<td style="width:275px;">Andrews ChemService</td>
			<td style="width:136px;">AuCS - 297</td>
			<td style="width:259px;">&#160;10 % wt. solution in MeOH</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:251px;">Lipophylic Sephadex LH-20</td>
			<td style="width:275px;">Sigma</td>
			<td style="width:136px;">LH20100</td>
			<td style="width:259px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:251px;">Thin-layer chromatography plates</td>
			<td style="width:275px;">Merck Millipore</td>
			<td style="width:136px;">1.05554.0001</td>
			<td style="width:259px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:251px;">Formic acid</td>
			<td style="width:275px;">VWR Chemicals</td>
			<td style="width:136px;">20318.297</td>
			<td style="width:259px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:251px;">Lophylizer&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:275px;">any source</td>
			<td style="width:136px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:251px;">Gadollinium(III) chloride hexahydrate</td>
			<td style="width:275px;">Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:136px;">G7532</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:251px;">Sodium hydroxide</td>
			<td style="width:275px;">Acros Organics</td>
			<td style="width:136px;">134070010</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:251px;">pH meter</td>
			<td style="width:275px;">any source</td>
			<td style="width:136px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:251px;">Ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid disodium salt dihydrate</td>
			<td style="width:275px;">Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:136px;">E5134</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:251px;">Mass spectrometer (ESI)</td>
			<td style="width:275px;">Agilent</td>
			<td style="width:136px;"></td>
			<td>Ion trap SL 1100&#160;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:251px;">Acetate buffer</td>
			<td style="width:275px;">any source</td>
			<td style="width:136px;"></td>
			<td>pH 5.8</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:251px;">Xylenol orange</td>
			<td style="width:275px;">Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:136px;">52097</td>
			<td>20 &#956;M in acetate buffer</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:251px;">Hydrophylic Sephadex G-15</td>
			<td style="width:275px;">GE Healthcare</td>
			<td style="width:136px;">17-0020-01</td>
			<td style="width:259px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:251px;">Amicon Ultra-15 Centrifugal Filter Unit</td>
			<td style="width:275px;">Merck Millipore</td>
			<td style="width:136px;">UFC900324</td>
			<td style="width:259px;">Ultracel-3 membrane (MWCO 3000)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:251px;">Centrifuge</td>
			<td style="width:275px;">any source</td>
			<td style="width:136px;"></td>
			<td style="width:259px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:251px;">NMR spectrometer&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:275px;">Bruker</td>
			<td style="width:136px;"></td>
			<td style="width:259px;">Avance III 300 MHz</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:251px;">Topspin</td>
			<td style="width:275px;">Bruker</td>
			<td style="width:136px;"></td>
			<td style="width:259px;">version 2.1</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:251px;">Combustion analysis instrument</td>
			<td style="width:275px;">EuroVector SpA</td>
			<td style="width:136px;"></td>
			<td style="width:259px;">EuroEA 3000 Elemental Analyser&#160;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:251px;">MALDI-ToF MS instrument</td>
			<td style="width:275px;">Applied Biosystems</td>
			<td style="width:136px;"></td>
			<td style="width:259px;">Voyager-STR</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:251px;">Deuteriumoxid</td>
			<td style="width:275px;">Carl Roth GmbH</td>
			<td style="width:136px;">6672.3</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:251px;">tert-Butyl alcohol</td>
			<td style="width:275px;">Carl Roth GmbH</td>
			<td style="width:136px;">AE16.1</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:251px;">Vortex mixer</td>
			<td style="width:275px;">any source</td>
			<td style="width:136px;"></td>
			<td style="width:259px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:251px;">Norell NMR tubes</td>
			<td style="width:275px;">Deutero GmbH</td>
			<td style="width:136px;">507-HP-7</td>
			<td style="width:259px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:251px;">NMR coaxial tube</td>
			<td style="width:275px;">Deutero GmbH</td>
			<td style="width:136px;">coaxialb-5-7</td>
			<td style="width:259px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:251px;">DLS instrument</td>
			<td style="width:275px;">Malvern</td>
			<td style="width:136px;"></td>
			<td style="width:259px;">Zetasizer Nano ZS</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:251px;">0.20 &#956;m PTFE filter&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:275px;">Carl Roth GmbH</td>
			<td style="width:136px;">KC94.1</td>
			<td style="width:259px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:251px;">HEPES</td>
			<td style="width:275px;">Fisher BioReagents</td>
			<td style="width:136px;">BP310</td>
			<td style="width:259px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:251px;">Plastic tube vials</td>
			<td style="width:275px;">any source</td>
			<td style="width:136px;"></td>
			<td style="width:259px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:251px;">Dotarem</td>
			<td style="width:275px;">Guerbet</td>
			<td style="width:136px;"></td>
			<td style="width:259px;">NDC 67684-2000-1</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="63">
			<td height="63" style="height:63px;width:251px;">MRI scanner</td>
			<td style="width:275px;">Bruker</td>
			<td style="width:136px;"></td>
			<td style="width:259px;">BioSpec 70/30 USR magnet (7 T). Note: potential hazards related to high magnetic fields</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:251px;">RF coil</td>
			<td style="width:275px;">Bruker</td>
			<td style="width:136px;"></td>
			<td style="width:259px;">dual frequency volume coil (RF RES 300 1H/19F 075/040 LIN/LIN TR)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:251px;">Paravision (software)</td>
			<td style="width:275px;">Bruker</td>
			<td style="width:136px;"></td>
			<td style="width:259px;">Version 5.1</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

preparation and in vitro characterization of dendrimer-based contrast agents for magnetic resonance imaging

asiklik veya makrosiklik şelatlar ile gadolinyum (III) paramanyetik kompleksleri manyetik rezonans görüntüleme (MRG) için en sık kullanılan kontrast maddeler (CA) bulunmaktadır. Bunların amacı, böylece MR kontrast ve MR, ölçümlerin özgüllüğünün arttırılması, doku su protonlarının gevşeme oranının arttırılmasıdır. Mevcut Klinik olarak onaylanmış kontrast maddeleri hızlı bir şekilde vücuttan, düşük molekül ağırlıklı moleküllerdir. para-manyetik kenetleyiciler taşıyıcıları olarak dendrimerler kullanılması daha verimli MRT-kontrast maddeleri gelecekteki gelişimi önemli bir rol oynayabilir. Spesifik olarak, daha yüksek bir sinyal aksine paramanyetik türler sonuçları yerel konsantrasyonu artar. Ayrıca, bu, CA, yüksek molekül ağırlığı ve büyüklüğü nedeniyle daha uzun bir doku tutma süresi sağlar. Burada, poli (amido) göre makromoleküler MRI kontrast ajanları (tein) monomacro dendrimerlerinde hazırlanması için uygun bir prosedür göstermekhalkalı DOTA-tipi kıskaçlar (DOTA - 1,4,7,10-tetraazasiklododekan-1,4,7,10-tetraasetat). kenetleme birimi tiyoüre köprüleri oluşturmak için tein dendrimer amin yüzey gruplarına yönelik izotiyosiyanat (NCS) grubun reaktivitesini istismar ederek sonuna eklenmiştir. Dendrimeric ürünleri saflaştınldı ve nükleer manyetik rezonans spektroskopisi, kütle spektrometrisi ve elementel analiz vasıtasıyla analiz edildi. Son olarak, yüksek çözünürlüklü MR görüntüleri kaydedildi ve hazırlanan dendrimeric ve piyasada mevcut monomerik ajanlar elde edilen sinyal kontrastlar karşılaştırıldı.

DCA hazırlanması iki aşamadan oluşmaktadır: 1) monomerik DOTA tipi tuzunun sentezi (Şekil 1) ve G4 tein dendrimer ve karmaşık dendrimeric Gd (III) daha sonra hazırlanması kenetleyici 2) bağlantı elemanı (Şekil 2) . İlk aşamada, dört karboksilik asitler ihtiva eden bir Cyclen tabanlı DOTA tipi şelatlayıcı olabilir ve başka bir sentetik modifikasyon için uygun olan bir dik grup elde edilmiştir. Tert-butil 2...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Preparation and In Vitro Characterization of Dendrimer-based Contrast Agents for Magnetic Resonance Imaging at JoVE.com

Preparation and In Vitro Characterization of Dendrimer-based Contrast Agents for Magnetic Resonance Imaging

Bu protokol paramanyetik gadolinyum iyonları koordine Cyclen tabanlı makrosiklik şelatları taşıyan bir dendrimeric manyetik rezonans görüntüleme (MRG) kontrast madde hazırlanması ve karakterizasyonu açıklar. Ticari olarak temin edilebilen monomerik analog ile karşılaştırıldığında, in vitro olarak MR deneyler serisinde, bu madde bir güçlendirilmiş MR sinyal üretti.

Hazırlama ve<em&gt; İn Vitro</em&gt; Manyetik Rezonans Görüntüleme için Dendrimer tabanlı Kontrast Ajanlar Karakterizasyonu

Paramagnetic complexes of gadolinium(III) with acyclic or macrocyclic chelates are the most commonly used contrast agents (CAs) for magnetic resonance ...

Research

JoVE Journal

Chemistry

Preparation and In Vitro Characterization of Dendrimer-based Contrast Agents for Magnetic Resonance Imaging

Synthesis, Cellular Delivery and In vivo Application of Dendrimer-based pH Sensors

Synthesis, Cellular Delivery and In vivo Application of Dendrimer-based pH Sensors

Sentez, Hücresel Teslimat ve<em&gt; In vivo</em&gt; Dendrimer tabanlı pH Sensörlerin Uygulamaları

The development of  fluorescent indicators represented a revolution for life sciences. Genetically  encoded and synthetic fluorophores with sensing ...

Preparation and Characterization of SDF-1&#945;-Chitosan-Dextran Sulfate Nanoparticles

Preparation and Characterization of SDF-1ÃƒÅ½Ã‚Â±-Chitosan-Dextran Sulfate Nanoparticles

SDF-1α-Kitosan-Dekstran Sülfat nano partiküllerin hazırlanması ve Karakterizasyonu

Chitosan (CS) and dextran sulfate (DS) are charged polysaccharides (glycans), which form polyelectrolyte complex-based nanoparticles when mixed under ...

Preparation and Characterization of Individual and Multi-drug Loaded Physically Entrapped Polymeric Micelles

Hazırlanması ve Bireysel Karakterizasyonu ve Multi-ilaç Fiziksel, polimerik misellerin Entrapped Loaded

Amphiphilic block copolymers like polyethyleneglycol-block-polylactic acid (PEG-b-PLA) can self-assemble into micelles above their critical micellar ...

Sequencing of Plant Wall Heteroxylans Using Enzymic, Chemical (Methylation) and Physical (Mass Spectrometry, Nuclear Magnetic Resonance) Techniques

Sequencing of Plant Wall Heteroxylans Using Enzymic, Chemical Methylation and Physical Mass Spectrometry, Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Techniques

Enzimatik, kimyasal (Metilasyon) ve Fiziksel (Kütle Spektrometre, Nükleer Manyetik Rezonans) Teknikleri Kullanarak Bitki Duvar heteroksilanlar sıralanması

This protocol describes the specific techniques used for the characterization of reducing end (RE) and internal region glycosyl sequence(s) of ...

Synthesis and Characterization of Supramolecular Colloids

Supramoleküler Kolloidlerin Sentezi ve Karakterizasyonu

Control over colloidal assembly is of utmost importance for the development of functional colloidal materials with tailored structural and mechanical ...

Low-energy Cathodoluminescence for (Oxy)Nitride Phosphors

Low-energy Cathodoluminescence for OxyNitride Phosphors

(Oxy) Nitrit Fosforilazın için düşük enerji Katodolüminesans

Nitride and oxynitride (Sialon) phosphors are good candidates for the ultraviolet and visible emission applications. High performance, good stability and ...

In Situ Monitoring of Diffusion of Guest Molecules in Porous Media Using Electron Paramagnetic Resonance Imaging

In Situ Monitoring of Diffusion of Guest Molecules in Porous Media Using Electron Paramagnetic Resonance Imaging

Elektron Paramanyetik Rezonans Görüntüleme kullanma Gözenekli Ortamda Misafir Moleküllerin Difüzyon Yerinde İzleme

A method is demonstrated to monitor macroscopic translational diffusion using electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) imaging. A host-guest system with ...

DNA-magnetic Particle Binding Analysis by Dynamic and Electrophoretic Light Scattering

DNA Manyetik Parçacık dinamik ve elektroforetik ışık saçılma göre analiz bağlama

Isolation of DNA using magnetic particles is a field of high importance in biotechnology and molecular biology research. This protocol describes the ...

Preparation and Characterization of C60/Graphene Hybrid Nanostructures

Preparation and Characterization of C60/Graphene Hybrid Nanostructures

C60/Graphene hibrid nanoyapıların malzemelerin hazırlık ve

Physical thermal deposition in a high vacuum environment is a clean and controllable method for fabricating novel molecular nanostructures on graphene. We ...

Technical Aspect of the Automated Synthesis and Real-Time Kinetic Evaluation of [11C]SNAP-7941

Technical Aspect of the Automated Synthesis and Real-Time Kinetic Evaluation of [11C]SNAP-7941

Otomatik sentez ve gerçek zamanlı kinetik değerlendirmesinin teknik yönü [11C] SNAP-7941

Positron emission tomography (PET) is an essential molecular imaging technique providing insights into pathways and using specific targeted radioligands ...