Name: using pharmacological manipulation and high-precision radio telemetry to study the spatial cognition in free-ranging animals
Uploaded: 2016-11-06T14:00:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Using Pharmacological Manipulation and High-precision Radio Telemetry to Study the Spatial Cognition in Free-ranging Animals at JoVE.com

This research was funded by Washington College's Provost's Office, Middendorf Fund, Hodson Trust, and Franklin and Marshall's Hackman Fund and College of Grants. We thank E. Counihan, S. Giordano, F. Rauh, and A. Roth for assistance in the field. We thank M. Conner, R. Fleegle, and D. Startt at Chesapeake Farms, and Chino Farms for permission and access. The Washington College GIS Program helped with the preparation of maps.

所有涉及动物对象的程序是由富兰克林和马歇尔和华盛顿学院的机构动物护理和使用委员会批准，并遵循所有当地，州和联邦法规。 1.捕获和处理<ol><li>放置箍陷阱的该已知含有龟水目标体。确定水深确保4 - 陷阱5英寸仍高于水，让被困的海龟浮出水面呼吸。可以肯定，扩大和保护圈陷阱，其最大长度与横梁，防止陷阱崩溃。桩陷阱入水体的床，以防止漂移。 </li><li>诱饵的陷阱与一些死鱼...

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这里介绍的协议允许实验者记录和量化在导航认知的作用。在现场操作的认知已经证明是困难的，因为多数的方法发表实验者无法知道哪些动物的行为的具体方面是被操纵。然而，这里提出的协议允许实验者准确操纵，从而评估在导航认知的作用。该技术还允许实验者监测实时动物导航与异常高的空间和时间分辨率，由此赋予研究者清楚地记录在野生动物的认知实验操作的行为后果。 <p class="j...

认知（本文中定义为“涉及采集，存储，并使用从环境信息的所有进程”1）是中央的复杂的导航任务2的阵列。例如，沙丘鹤（ 丹顶鹤加拿大一枝黄花 ），显示精度迁徙对他们的本命的海滩幼体有明显改善与经验; 3，和海龟物种的印记，并返回作为成年人4-6。同样，成功的迁移，扩散和觅食的动物的能力，铰链，以收集有关其空间环境7,8的信息。有些动物出现学习就具体的景观特色9航行路线和筑巢和觅食区10之间移动时，可以使用空间认知。在东部锦龟最近的工作（Chrysemys PICTA）建议在航海，其中成人高地栖息地的成功导航尤文铰链的关键时期一个狭窄的年龄范围（&lt;4岁11-13）内Nile体验。虽然这些一起研究表明，在了解航海4-6，14-16学习的作用所取得的进展，背后这些行为的机制和认知导航的充分作用仍然是谜一般的，尤其是在脊椎动物8，17 18。 实地调查认知导航的作用是罕见的2，8，18，这主要是由于参与监督的方法上的困难，处理和跟踪野生动物。例如，大空间和时间尺度上许多动物进行导航往往妨碍调查两种类型的信息，这些动物可能学习和信息是如何获得的。实验者经常面对的检测和监控行为在如此大面积和时间框架时定位的动物，从而限制了类型的后勤困难的，可以被收集的数据，并且可以得出的结论。虽然使用动物安装全球定位系统（GPS）的记录器可以提高检测广泛范围的动物的概率，通过这些装置收集的空间数据一般都非常粗分辨率的和缺乏详细的行为的组件。因此，能在这种情况下要收集的数据是用于在行为检查不同的组或实验组之间微妙的变化价值有限。同样地，目标行为的直接受控操纵通常是由典型的导航行为，以及由实地研究的固有后勤限制的空间和时间尺度禁止。发现动物的自然栖息地，捕捉和操纵它们，然后收集行为数据，而无需在不经意间产生的寄生行为在外地工作动物的重大挑战。因此，对FR实验设计EE-不等的动物往往是制约和对认知的导航作用进行严格，控制现场实验的能力是有限的。 本研究绕过许多用在野外条件下的新的药理学处理和自由导航动物高分辨率跟踪的组合调查在该领域认知和导航之间的关系的先前困难。东莨菪碱，毒蕈碱乙酰胆碱受体（mAchR的）拮抗剂，已显示在多种脊椎动物类群18-24的脑中阻断胆碱能活性阻断空间记忆形成和召回。东莨菪碱能有效地对自由放养动物的野外条件下11，18下使用并有标记，但暂时的效果（ 例如 ，6 -爬行动物8小时）。甲基东，即不穿过血脑屏障19-21一个mAchR的拮抗剂，可用于控制东莨菪碱和行为11的非认知方面的可能外周作用。药理学允许认知的精确操纵通过直接影响受体，和高精度的无线电遥测允许的对行为所得效果的观察。 通过远程三角同时具有高的空间（±2.5米）和时间（15分钟）的分辨率进行的测量允许精确记录和相对动物行为的量化，以认知的实验操作。 这项研究11切萨皮克农场，在肯特公司，MD一个3300英亩野生动物管理和农业研究领域，美国（39.194°N，76.187°W）五月和2013年8月和2014年间进行的。该协议包括五个主要步骤：（1）捕捉和处理的动物（2）固定用无线电发射机（3）制备的药理学试剂（4）监测和操纵动物的动作，和（5）ANAlyzing空间数据。本文所述集中在东部的研究锦龟（Chrysemys PICTA）。在重点人群海龟参与其中，他们离开自己的家的池塘，然后导航到使用四种非常精确的（±3.5米）的，复杂的，高度可预测的路线11，12替代水生境的年度陆上运动。在动物药理操纵该系统具有高分辨率无线电遥测配对揭示认知的自由航行野生动物的角色光芒。

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		<col />
		<col />
	</colgroup>
	<tbody>
		<tr height="22">
			<td height="22" style="height:22px;width:216px;">Scopolamine bromide</td>
			<td style="width:93px;">Sigma</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">S0929</td>
			<td style="width:167px;">USP</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="43">
			<td height="43" style="height:43px;">Scopolamine methylbromide</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>S8502, 1421009</td>
			<td style="width:167px;">USP and non USP versions</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="43">
			<td height="43" style="height:43px;">Saline</td>
			<td>Hanna Pharmaceutical Supply Co., Inc.</td>
			<td>409488850</td>
			<td style="width:167px;">USP, formulated as an injectable&#160;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="22">
			<td height="22" style="height:22px;">Syringe filter</td>
			<td>Fisher</td>
			<td>09-720-004</td>
			<td style="width:167px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="22">
			<td height="22" style="height:22px;">Syringe</td>
			<td>Fisher</td>
			<td>14-823-30</td>
			<td style="width:167px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="22">
			<td height="22" style="height:22px;">Hypodermic needle</td>
			<td>Fisher</td>
			<td>14-823-13</td>
			<td style="width:167px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="85">
			<td height="85" style="height:85px;">Antenna</td>
			<td>Wildlife Materials</td>
			<td>3 Element Folding Yagi</td>
			<td style="width:167px;">Antennae with additional elements are available, but can be cumbersome in the field.&#160;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="43">
			<td height="43" style="height:43px;">Radio Receiver</td>
			<td>Wildlife Materials</td>
			<td>TRX-2000S</td>
			<td style="width:167px;">Water resistant models are also available.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="22">
			<td height="22" style="height:22px;">Compass</td>
			<td>Brunton&#160;</td>
			<td>Truarc 15</td>
			<td style="width:167px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="169">
			<td height="169" style="height:169px;">Radio transmitters</td>
			<td>Holohil Inc.</td>
			<td>BD-2, PD-2, RI-2B</td>
			<td style="width:167px;">Transmitter models vary in lifespan and signal output as a function of battery size and pulse rate settings, which can be customized based on the study question and organism.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="22">
			<td height="22" style="height:22px;">GPS</td>
			<td>Garmin</td>
			<td>eTrex Venture</td>
			<td style="width:167px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="43">
			<td height="43" style="height:43px;">Coaxial cable</td>
			<td>newegg.com</td>
			<td>C2G 40026</td>
			<td style="width:167px;">BNC connections are necessary.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="85">
			<td height="85" style="height:85px;">Hoop net</td>
			<td>Memphis Net and Twine&#160;</td>
			<td>TN325</td>
			<td style="width:167px;">Net mesh size should be chosen based on the minimum size of the target animal.&#160;</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

using pharmacological manipulation and high-precision radio telemetry to study the spatial cognition in free-ranging animals

动物的感知和了解其环境的能力起着许多行为过程，包括导航，迁移，扩散和觅食了关键作用。然而，认知的导航策略和这些策略背后的机制发展中的作用的认识是通过参与监督的方法上的困难限制，操纵的认知和跟踪野生动物。这项研究描述为解决认知导航，它结合了高精度无线电遥测行为药理操纵角色的协议。该方法使用东莨菪碱，毒蕈碱乙酰胆碱受体拮抗剂，操纵认知空间能力。处理的动物中，然后用高频率和通过远程三角高空间分辨率监测。该协议是一个人口的东锦龟（Chrysemys PICTA）内的应用已经有人居住季节性短暂的水源〜100年间，采用精确的（±3.5米）远源之间移动，复杂的（ 即具有较高的曲折经过多个栖息地非线性），且可预测的路线前4岁学会了。这项研究表明，由这些龟所使用的过程是与空间记忆形成和召回一致。总之，这些结果与空间认知的复杂的导航作用是一致的，突出的生态和药理学技术认知和导航的研究的整合。

采用上述方案，认知导航的作用，东部人口进行评估锦龟（Chrysemys PICTA）已经经历了〜百年的季节性短暂的水源。这一人群栖息的短暂的混合（每年并迅速排出-在几个小时）和永久水生生境（ 图1）。先前的研究表明，它们的池塘排水后，居民龟导航到以高精度（±3.5米）在使用前4岁11-13（ 图1）了解到复杂的，可预测的路线的替代...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Using Pharmacological Manipulation and High-precision Radio Telemetry to Study the Spatial Cognition in Free-ranging Animals at JoVE.com

Using Pharmacological Manipulation and High-precision Radio Telemetry to Study the Spatial Cognition in Free-ranging Animals

本文介绍了结合内存和无线电遥测的药理操作记录和量化导航认知的作用新颖的协议。

使用药理操纵和高精度无线电遥测研究空间认知中自由放养的动物

An animal&#39;s ability to perceive and learn about its environment plays a key role in many behavioral processes, including navigation, migration, ...

Research

JoVE Journal

Environment

Determination of Microbial Extracellular Enzyme Activity in Waters, Soils, and Sediments using High Throughput Microplate Assays

在使用高通量微孔板测定水，土壤，沉积物和微生物测定胞外酶活性的

Much of the nutrient cycling and carbon  processing in natural environments occurs through the activity of extracellular  enzymes released by ...

科研

环境科学

The Use of an Automated System (GreenFeed) to Monitor Enteric Methane and Carbon Dioxide Emissions from Ruminant Animals

The Use of an Automated System GreenFeed to Monitor Enteric Methane and Carbon Dioxide Emissions from Ruminant Animals

自动系统（绿色饲料）的用于监视肠道的甲烷和二氧化碳从反刍动物排放

Ruminant animals (domesticated or wild) emit methane (CH4) through enteric fermentation in their digestive tract and from decomposition of manure during ...

Empirical, Metagenomic, and Computational Techniques Illuminate the Mechanisms by which Fungicides Compromise Bee Health

经验、基因和计算技术阐明了杀菌剂危害蜜蜂健康的机制

Growers often use fungicide sprays during bloom to protect crops against disease, which exposes bees to fungicide residues. Although considered ...

Experimental Study of the Relationship Between Particle Size and Methane Sorption Capacity in Shale

页岩中粒径与甲烷吸附能力关系的实验研究

The amount of adsorbed shale gas is a key parameter used in shale gas resource evaluation and target area selection, and it is also an important standard ...

Measuring Stolons and Rhizomes of Turfgrasses Using a Digital Image Analysis System

利用数字图像分析系统测量草坪的茎和根状茎

Length and diameter of stolons or rhizomes are usually measured using simple rulers and calipers. This procedure is slow and laborious, so it is often ...

Choice and No-Choice Bioassays to Study the Pupation Preference and Emergence Success of Ectropis grisescens

Choice and No-Choice Bioassays to Study the Pupation Preference and Emergence Success of Ectropis grisescens

选择与无选择生物鉴定研究蛾 grisescens的化蛹偏好及出现的成功

Many insects live above the ground as larvae and adults and as pupate below the ground. Compared to the above-ground stages of their life cycles, less ...

Long-term Video Tracking of Cohoused Aquatic Animals: A Case Study of the Daily Locomotor Activity of the Norway Lobster (Nephrops norvegicus)

Long-term Video Tracking of Cohoused Aquatic Animals: A Case Study of the Daily Locomotor Activity of the Norway Lobster Nephrops norvegicus

生态动物的长期视频跟踪: 挪威龙虾 (诺菲氏肾病) 日生物活动的案例研究

We present a protocol related to a video-tracking technique based on the background subtraction and image thresholding that makes it possible to ...

Composition and Distribution Analysis of Bioaerosols Under Different Environmental Conditions

不同环境条件下生物气溶胶的组成及分布分析

Variable microorganisms in particulate matter (PM) under different environmental conditions may have significant impacts on human health. In this study, ...

Automated 3D Optical Coherence Tomography to Elucidate Biofilm Morphogenesis Over Large Spatial Scales

自动 3D 光学相干断层扫描，以在大型空间尺度上阐明生物膜变形

Biofilms are a most successful microbial lifestyle and prevail in a multitude of environmental and engineered settings. Understanding biofilm ...

Leaf Area Index Estimation Using Three Distinct Methods in Pure Deciduous Stands

在纯落叶支架中使用三种截然不同的方法估算叶面积指数

Accurate estimations of leaf area index (LAI), defined as half of the total leaf surface area per unit of horizontal ground surface area, are crucial for ...