Name: optogenetic random mutagenesis using histone-minisog in c. elegans
Uploaded: 2016-11-14T15:00:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Optogenetic Random Mutagenesis Using Histone-miniSOG in C. elegans at JoVE.com

The work is supported by HHMI. We thank our lab members for their help with testing the protocol and revising the manuscript.

1. Construcción de la luz de aviso NOTA: El equipo requerido LED se resume en la Lista de Materiales. Toda la configuración del LED es pequeña y se puede colocar en cualquier lugar en el laboratorio, aunque se recomienda que se coloca en un cuarto oscuro para el control de exposición a la luz de los gusanos 4. <ol><li> Conectar el LED a un controlador con cables (Figura 1 A, D). </li><li> Conectar el controlador a una función de generador / amplificador digital con un cable BNC...

<ol>
	<li>Jorgensen, E. M., Mango, S. E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+art+and+design+of+genetic+screens:+caenorhabditis+elegans.">The art and design of genetic screens: caenorhabditis elegans.</a> Nat Rev Genet. 3 (5), 356-369 (2002).</li><li>Kutscher, L. M., Shaham, S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Forward+and+reverse+mutagenesis+in+C.+elegans.">Forward and reverse mutagenesis in C. elegans.</a> WormBook. , 1-26 (2014).</li><li>Collins, J., Saari, B., Anderson, P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Activation+of+a+transposable+element+in+the+germ+line+but+not+the+soma+of+Caenorhabditis+elegans.">Activation of a transposable element in the germ line but not the soma of Caenorhabditis elegans.</a> Nature. 328 (6132), 726-728 (1987).</li><li>Noma, K., Jin, Y. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Optogenetic+mutagenesis+in+Caenorhabditis+elegans.">Optogenetic mutagenesis in Caenorhabditis elegans.</a> Nat Commun. 6, 8868 (2015).</li><li>Cooke, M. S., Evans, M. D., Dizdaroglu, M., Lunec, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Oxidative+DNA+damage:+mechanisms,+mutation,+and+disease.">Oxidative DNA damage: mechanisms, mutation, and disease.</a> FASEB J. 17 (10), 1195-1214 (2003).</li><li>Shu, X., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+genetically+encoded+tag+for+correlated+light+and+electron+microscopy+of+intact+cells,+tissues,+and+organisms.">A genetically encoded tag for correlated light and electron microscopy of intact cells, tissues, and organisms.</a> PLoS Biol. 9 (4), 1001041 (2011).</li><li>Ruiz-Gonzalez, R., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Singlet+oxygen+generation+by+the+genetically+encoded+tag+miniSOG.">Singlet oxygen generation by the genetically encoded tag miniSOG.</a> J Am Chem Soc. 135 (26), 9564-9567 (2013).</li><li>Pimenta, F. M., Jensen, R. L., Breitenbach, T., Etzerodt, M., Ogilby, P. R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Oxygen-dependent+photochemistry+and+photophysics+of+"miniSOG,"+a+protein-encased+flavin.">Oxygen-dependent photochemistry and photophysics of "miniSOG," a protein-encased flavin.</a> Photochem Photobiol. 89 (5), 1116-1126 (2013).</li><li>Frokjaer-Jensen, C., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Random+and+targeted+transgene+insertion+in+Caenorhabditis+elegans+using+a+modified+Mos1+transposon.">Random and targeted transgene insertion in Caenorhabditis elegans using a modified Mos1 transposon.</a> Nat Methods. 11 (5), 529-534 (2014).</li><li>Brenner, S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+genetics+of+Caenorhabditis+elegans.">The genetics of Caenorhabditis elegans.</a> Genetics. 77 (1), 71-94 (1974).</li><li>Chaudhuri, J., Parihar, M., Pires-daSilva, A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=An+introduction+to+worm+lab:+from+culturing+worms+to+mutagenesis.">An introduction to worm lab: from culturing worms to mutagenesis.</a> J Vis Exp. (47), (2011).</li><li>Berkowitz, L. A., Knight, A. L., Caldwell, G. A., Caldwell, K. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Generation+of+stable+transgenic+C.+elegans+using+microinjection.">Generation of stable transgenic C. elegans using microinjection.</a> J Vis Exp. (18), (2008).</li><li>Mello, C., Fire, A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=DNA+transformation.">DNA transformation.</a> Methods Cell Biol. 48, 451-482 (1995).</li><li>Fay, D., Bender, A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Genetic+mapping+and+manipulation:+chapter+4--SNPs:+introduction+and+two-point+mapping.">Genetic mapping and manipulation: chapter 4--SNPs: introduction and two-point mapping.</a> WormBook. , 1-7 (2006).</li><li>Lee, P. Y., Costumbrado, J., Hsu, C. Y., Kim, Y. H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Agarose+gel+electrophoresis+for+the+separation+of+DNA+fragments.">Agarose gel electrophoresis for the separation of DNA fragments.</a> J Vis Exp. (62), (2012).</li><li>Westberg, M., Holmegaard, L., Pimenta, F. M., Etzerodt, M., Ogilby, P. R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Rational+design+of+an+efficient,+genetically+encodable,+protein-encased+singlet+oxygen+photosensitizer.">Rational design of an efficient, genetically encodable, protein-encased singlet oxygen photosensitizer.</a> J Am Chem Soc. 137 (4), 1632-1642 (2015).</li><li>Xu, S., Chisholm, A. D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Highly+efficient+optogenetic+cell+ablation+in+C.+elegans+using+membrane-targeted+miniSOG.">Highly efficient optogenetic cell ablation in C. elegans using membrane-targeted miniSOG.</a> Sci Rep. 6, 21271 (2016).</li><li>Mariol, M. C., Walter, L., Bellemin, S., Gieseler, K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+rapid+protocol+for+integrating+extrachromosomal+arrays+with+high+transmission+rate+into+the+C.+elegans+genome.">A rapid protocol for integrating extrachromosomal arrays with high transmission rate into the C. elegans genome.</a> J Vis Exp. (82), (2013).</li><li>Lin, J. Y., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Optogenetic+inhibition+of+synaptic+release+with+chromophore-assisted+light+inactivation+(CALI).">Optogenetic inhibition of synaptic release with chromophore-assisted light inactivation (CALI).</a> Neuron. 79 (2), 241-253 (2013).</li><li>Minevich, G., Park, D. S., Blankenberg, D., Poole, R. J., Hobert, O. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=CloudMap:+A+Cloud-Based+Pipeline+for+Analysis+of+Mutant+Genome+Sequences.">CloudMap: A Cloud-Based Pipeline for Analysis of Mutant Genome Sequences.</a> Genetics. 192 (>4), 1249-1269 (2012).</li><li>Qi, Y., Xu, S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=MiniSOG-mediated+Photoablation+in+Caenorhabdtis+elegans.">MiniSOG-mediated Photoablation in Caenorhabdtis elegans.</a> Bio-protocol. 3 (1), 316 (2013).</li><li>Qi, Y. B., Garren, E. J., Shu, X., Tsien, R. Y., Jin, Y. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Photo-inducible+cell+ablation+in+Caenorhabditis+elegans+using+the+genetically+encoded+singlet+oxygen+generating+protein+miniSOG.">Photo-inducible cell ablation in Caenorhabditis elegans using the genetically encoded singlet oxygen generating protein miniSOG.</a> Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 109 (19), 7499-7504 (2012).</li><li>Nagel, G., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Light+activation+of+channelrhodopsin-2+in+excitable+cells+of+Caenorhabditis+elegans+triggers+rapid+behavioral+responses.">Light activation of channelrhodopsin-2 in excitable cells of Caenorhabditis elegans triggers rapid behavioral responses.</a> Curr Biol. 15 (24), 2279-2284 (2005).</li></ol>

A continuación, describimos un procedimiento detallado de mutagénesis usando optogenético Su-MSOG expresa en la línea germinal y proporcionar un ejemplo de una pantalla genética hacia delante pequeña escala. En comparación con mutagénesis química estándar, este método de mutagénesis optogenético tiene varias ventajas. En primer lugar, es no tóxico, manteniendo de esta manera el personal de laboratorio fuera de mutágenos químicos tóxicos como el EMS, ENU y trimetilpsoraleno con luz ultravioleta (TMP / UV...

Pantallas adelante genéticos han sido ampliamente utilizados para generar mutantes genéticos de alteración diversos procesos biológicos en organismos modelo tales como Caenorhabditis elegans (C. elegans) 1. Los análisis de los mutantes de este tipo conducen al descubrimiento de genes funcionalmente importantes y sus vías de señalización 1,2. Tradicionalmente, la mutagénesis en C. elegans se consigue utilizando productos químicos mutagénicos, radiación o transposones 2. Los productos químicos tales como metanosulfonato de etilo (EMS) y N-etil-N -nitrosourea (ESN) son tóxicos para los seres humanos; rayos gamma o ultravioleta (UV) mutagénesis radiación requiere equipo especial; y las cepas de tipo transposón activo, tales como cepas mutantes 3, pueden causar mutaciones innecesarios durante el mantenimiento. Hemos desarrollado un método simple para inducir mutaciones hereditarias utilizando un fotosensibilizador codificado genéticamente-4. Especies reactivas del oxígeno (ROS) pueden dañar el ADN 5.El generador de mini oxígeno singlete (miniSOG) es una proteína verde fluorescente de 106 aminoácidos que fue diseñado a partir de la lista de valores (luz, oxígeno, y voltaje) de dominio de Arabidopsis phototropin 2 6. Tras la exposición a la luz azul (~ 450 nm), miniSOG genera ROS incluyendo oxígeno singlete con fl avin mononucleótido como cofactor 6-8, que está presente en todas las células. Hemos construido una proteína de fusión His-MSOG mediante el etiquetado de miniSOG a la C-terminal de la histona-72, un C. elegans variante de la histona 3. Hemos generado un transgén de una sola copia 9 para expresar Su-MSOG en la línea germinal de C. elegans. En condiciones normales de cultivo en la oscuridad, los gusanos transgénicos Su-MSOG tiene la cría de tamaño normal y duración de la vida 4. Tras la exposición a la luz LED azul, los gusanos Su-MSOG producen mutaciones hereditarias entre su progenie 4. El espectro de mutaciones inducidas incluye cambios de nucleótidos, tales como G: C a T: A y G: C a C: G, y los pequeños chromosoMe supresiones 4. Este procedimiento de mutagénesis es fácil de realizar y requiere una configuración mínima seguridad en el laboratorio. A continuación, se describe la configuración de la iluminación LED y procedimientos para la mutagénesis optogenético.

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="626">
	<colgroup>
		<col />
		<col />
		<col />
		<col />
	</colgroup>
	<tbody>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:256px;">Ultra High Power LED light source</td>
			<td style="width:71px;">Prizmatix</td>
			<td style="width:115px;">UHP-mic-LED-460</td>
			<td style="width:184px;">460 &#177; 5 nm</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:256px;">LED controller</td>
			<td style="width:71px;">Prizmatix</td>
			<td style="width:115px;">UHPLCC-01</td>
			<td style="width:184px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="63">
			<td height="63" style="height:63px;width:256px;">Digital function generator/amplifier</td>
			<td style="width:71px;">PASCO</td>
			<td style="width:115px;">PI-9587C</td>
			<td style="width:184px;">PI-9587C is no longer available. The replacement is PI-8127.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:256px;">BNC cable male/male</td>
			<td style="width:71px;">THORLABS</td>
			<td style="width:115px;">CA3136</td>
			<td style="width:184px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:256px;">USB-TTL interface</td>
			<td style="width:71px;">Prizmatix</td>
			<td style="width:115px;"></td>
			<td style="width:184px;">Optional</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:256px;">Photometer</td>
			<td style="width:71px;">THORLABS</td>
			<td style="width:115px;">PM50 and Model D10MM</td>
			<td style="width:184px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:256px;">Filter paper</td>
			<td style="width:71px;">Whatman</td>
			<td style="width:115px;">1001-110</td>
			<td style="width:184px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="46">
			<td height="46" style="height:46px;width:256px;">Copper chloride dihydrate (CuCl2&#8729;2H2O)</td>
			<td style="width:71px;">Sigma</td>
			<td style="width:115px;">C6641</td>
			<td style="width:184px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:256px;">Stereomicroscope</td>
			<td style="width:71px;">Leica</td>
			<td style="width:115px;">MZ95</td>
			<td style="width:184px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="163">
			<td height="163" style="height:163px;width:256px;">NGM plate</td>
			<td style="width:71px;"></td>
			<td style="width:115px;"></td>
			<td style="width:184px;">Dissolve 5g NaCl, 2.5g Peptone, 20g Agar, 10 &#181;g/ml cholesterol in 1 L H2O. After autoclaving, add 1 mM CaCl2, 1 mM MgSO4, 25 mM KH2PO4(pH6.0).&#160;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="88">
			<td height="88" style="height:88px;width:256px;">Lysis solution</td>
			<td style="width:71px;"></td>
			<td style="width:115px;"></td>
			<td style="width:184px;">10 mM Tris(pH8.8), 50 mM KCl, 0.1% Triton X100, 2.5 mM MgCl2, 100 &#181;g/ml Proteinase K</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

optogenetic random mutagenesis using histone-minisog in c. elegans

Forward genetic screening in model organisms is the workhorse to discover functionally important genes and pathways in many biological processes. In most mutagenesis-based screens, researchers have relied on the use of toxic chemicals, carcinogens, or irradiation, which requires designated equipment, safety setup, and/or disposal of hazardous materials. We have developed a simple approach to induce heritable mutations in C. elegans using germline-expressed histone-miniSOG, a light-inducible potent generator of reactive oxygen species. This mutagenesis method is free of toxic chemicals and requires minimal laboratory safety and waste management. The induced DNA modifications include single-nucleotide changes and small deletions, and complement those caused by classical chemical mutagenesis. This methodology can also be used to induce integration of extrachromosomal transgenes. Here, we provide the details of the LED setup and protocols for standard mutagenesis and transgene integration.

Se realizó un rastreo genético adelante con CZ20310 juSi164 UNC-119 (ed3) mediante exposición a la luz 30 min siguiendo el protocolo estándar descrito en las secciones 2 y 3. Entre 60 placas F 1 que corresponden a 120 genomas haploides mutagenizados, encontramos 8 F 1 con placas F 2 gusanos que exhiben fenotipos visibles como defecto el tamaño del cuerpo (Figura 3B), el movimiento no coordinado (Figura 3C), ...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Optogenetic Random Mutagenesis Using Histone-miniSOG in C. elegans at JoVE.com

Optogenetic Random Mutagenesis Using Histone-miniSOG in C. elegans

codificado genéticamente-histona-miniSOG induce mutaciones hereditarias en todo el genoma de una manera dependiente de la luz azul. Este método de mutagénesis es simple, rápido, libre de productos químicos tóxicos y muy adecuado para la detección genética hacia adelante y la integración del transgén.

Optogenética aleatoria de mutagénesis, utilizando la histona-miniSOG en<em&gt; C. elegans</em

Forward genetic screening in model organisms is the workhorse to discover functionally important genes and pathways in many biological processes. In most ...

Research

Education

JoVE Journal

JoVE Core

Biology

Genetics

Optogenetic Random Mutagenesis Using Histone-miniSOG in C. elegans

Classical and Modern Genetics

SCIENTISTS IN ACTION

Targeted in Situ Mutagenesis of Histone Genes in Budding Yeast

Targeted in Situ Mutagenesis of Histone Genes in Budding Yeast

Targeted<em&gt; In situ</em&gt; mutagénesis de histona genes en la levadura en ciernes

We describe a PCR- and homologous recombination-based system for generating targeted mutations in histone genes in budding yeast cells. The resulting ...

Investigación

Genética

Transcriptomic Analysis of C. elegans RNA Sequencing Data Through the Tuxedo Suite on the Galaxy Project

Transcriptomic Analysis of C. elegans RNA Sequencing Data Through the Tuxedo Suite on the Galaxy Project

Análisis de transcriptómica<em&gt; C</em&gt;.<em&gt; elegans</em&gt; ARN secuencia de datos a través de la suite smoking en el Proyecto Galaxy

Next generation sequencing (NGS) technologies have revolutionized the nature of biological investigation. Of these, RNA Sequencing (RNA-Seq) has emerged ...

Quantification of Information Encoded by Gene Expression Levels During Lifespan Modulation Under Broad-range Dietary Restriction in C. elegans

Quantification of Information Encoded by Gene Expression Levels During Lifespan Modulation Under Broad-range Dietary Restriction in C. elegans

Cuantificación de la información codificada por el Gene expresión niveles durante la vida útil modulación bajo amplia gama dieta restricción en C. elegans

Sensory systems allow animals to detect, process, and respond to their environment. Food abundance is an environmental cue that has profound effects on ...

Manipulation of Ploidy in Caenorhabditis elegans

Manipulation of Ploidy in Caenorhabditis elegans

Manipulación de ploidía en Caenorhabditis elegans

Mechanisms that involve whole genome polyploidy play important roles in development and evolution; also, an abnormal generation of tetraploid cells has ...

Gene-targeted Random Mutagenesis to Select Heterochromatin-destabilizing Proteasome Mutants in Fission Yeast

Gene-dirigido mutagénesis al azar para seleccionar a mutantes de proteasoma desestabilizadoras de la heterocromatina en la levadura de fisión

Random mutagenesis of a target gene is commonly used to identify mutations that yield the desired phenotype. Of the methods that may be used to achieve ...

A Rapid and Facile Pipeline for Generating Genomic Point Mutants in C. elegans Using CRISPR/Cas9 Ribonucleoproteins

A Rapid and Facile Pipeline for Generating Genomic Point Mutants in C. elegans Using CRISPR/Cas9 Ribonucleoproteins

Un rápido y fácil tubería para generar genómica punto mutantes de C. elegans utilizando CRISPR/Cas9 ribonucleoproteínas

The clustered regularly interspersed palindromic repeats (CRISPR)-CRISPR-associated protein 9 (Cas9) prokaryotic adaptive immune defense system has been ...

A Novel Saturation Mutagenesis Approach: Single Step Characterization of Regulatory Protein Binding Sites in RNA Using Phosphorothioates

Un enfoque de mutagénesis de saturación novela: Solo paso caracterización de sitios en el ARN usando fosforotioatos de unión de proteína reguladora

Gene regulation plays an important role in development. Numerous DNA- and RNA-binding proteins bind their target sequences with high specificity to ...

Determining the Egg Fertilization Rate of Bemisia tabaci Using a Cytogenetic Technique

Determining the Egg Fertilization Rate of Bemisia tabaci Using a Cytogenetic Technique

Determinar la tasa de fertilización de huevos de Bemisia tabaci mediante una técnica citogenética

A few species of sap-sucking whiteflies are some of the most damaging terrestrial pests worldwide because of the crop damage they inflict and plant ...

High-Throughput Quantitative RT-PCR in Single and Bulk C. elegans Samples Using Nanofluidic Technology

High-Throughput Quantitative RT-PCR in Single and Bulk C. elegans Samples Using Nanofluidic Technology

RT-PCR cuantitativo de alto rendimiento en muestras de C. elegans individuales y a granel utilizando tecnología nanofluídica

This paper presents a high-throughput reverse transcription quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR) assay for Caenorhabditis elegans that is fast, robust, and highly ...

CRISPR/Cas9 Editing of the C. elegans rbm-3.2 Gene using the dpy-10 Co-CRISPR Screening Marker and Assembled Ribonucleoprotein Complexes.

CRISPR/Cas9 Editing of the C. elegans rbm-3.2 Gene using the dpy-10 Co-CRISPR Screening Marker and Assembled Ribonucleoprotein Complexes.

CRISPR/Cas9 Edición del gen C. elegans rbm-3.2 utilizando el marcador de detección co-CRISPR dpy-10 y complejos de ribonucleoproteína ensamblados.

The bacterial Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeat (CRISPR)/Streptococcus pyogenes CRISPR-associated protein (Cas) system has been ...