Name: cefoperazone-treated mouse model of clinically-relevant clostridium difficile strain r20291
Uploaded: 2016-12-10T13:00:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Cefoperazone-treated Mouse Model of Clinically-relevant Clostridium difficile Strain R20291 at JoVE.com

The authors would like to thank Trevor Lawley at the Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute for C. difficile R20291 spores and James S. Guy at the North Carolina State University College of Veterinary Medicine for Vero cells, both utilized in this manuscript. Animal histopathology was performed in the LCCC Animal Histopathology Core Facility at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, with special assistance from Traci Raley and Amanda Brown. The LCCC Animal Histopathology Core is supported in part by an NCI Center Core Support Grant (2P30CA016086-40) to the UNC Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center. We would also like to thank Vincent Young, Anna Seekatz, Jhansi Leslie, and Cassie Schumacher for helpful discussions on the Vero cell cytotoxicity assay protocol. JAW is funded by the Ruth L. Kirschstein National Research Service Award Research Training grant T32OD011130 by NIH. CMT is funded by the career development award in metabolomics grant K01GM109236 by the NIGMS of the NIH.

Etisk Uttalelse: Institutional Animal Care og bruk Committee (IACUC) ved North Carolina State University College of Veterinary Medicine (NCSU) godkjent denne studien. NCSU Animal Care og Bruk policy gjelder standarder og retningslinjer som er fastsatt i dyrevernloven og helseforsknings Extension Act of 1985. Forsøksdyr fasiliteter på NCSU følger retningslinjer fastsatt i Guide for omsorg og bruk av forsøksdyr. Dyrenes helsetilstand ble vurdert daglig, og døende dyr ble humant avlivet av CO 2 ...

<ol>
	<li>Lessa, F. C., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Burden+of+Clostridium+difficile+Infection+in+the+United+States.">Burden of Clostridium difficile Infection in the United States.</a> New England Journal of Medicine. 372, 825-834 (2015).</li><li>Gerding, D. N., Lessa, F. C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+epidemiology+of+Clostridium+difficile+infection+inside+and+outside+health+care+institutions.">The epidemiology of Clostridium difficile infection inside and outside health care institutions.</a> Infect Dis Clin North Am. 29, 37-50 (2015).</li><li>Dubberke, E. R., Olsen, M. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Burden+of+Clostridium+difficile+on+the+healthcare+system.">Burden of Clostridium difficile on the healthcare system.</a> Clin Infect Dis. 55, 88-92 (2012).</li><li>Kociolek, L. K., Gerding, D. N. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Breakthroughs+in+the+treatment+and+prevention+of+Clostridium+difficile+infection.">Breakthroughs in the treatment and prevention of Clostridium difficile infection.</a> Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol. , (2016).</li><li>Kelly, C. P., LaMont, J. T. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Clostridium+difficile--more+difficult+than+ever.">Clostridium difficile--more difficult than ever.</a> N Engl J Med. 359, 1932-1940 (2008).</li><li>Louie, T. J., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Fidaxomicin+versus+vancomycin+for+Clostridium+difficile+infection.">Fidaxomicin versus vancomycin for Clostridium difficile infection.</a> N Engl J Med. 364, 422-431 (2011).</li><li>Bartlett, J. G., Onderdonk, A. B., Cisneros, R. L., Kasper, D. L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Clindamycin-associated+colitis+due+to+a+toxin-producing+species+of+Clostridium+in+hamsters.">Clindamycin-associated colitis due to a toxin-producing species of Clostridium in hamsters.</a> The Journal of infectious diseases. 136, 701-705 (1977).</li><li>Kelly, M. L., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Improving+the+reproducibility+of+the+NAP1/B1/027+epidemic+strain+R20291+in+the+hamster+model+of+infection.">Improving the reproducibility of the NAP1/B1/027 epidemic strain R20291 in the hamster model of infection.</a> Anaerobe. , (2016).</li><li>Kuehne, S. A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Importance+of+toxin+A,+toxin+B,+and+CDT+in+virulence+of+an+epidemic+Clostridium+difficile+strain.">Importance of toxin A, toxin B, and CDT in virulence of an epidemic Clostridium difficile strain.</a> The Journal of infectious diseases. 209, 83-86 (2014).</li><li>Bartlett, J. G., Onderdonk, A. B., Cisneros, R. L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Clindamycin-associated+colitis+in+hamsters:+protection+with+vancomycin.">Clindamycin-associated colitis in hamsters: protection with vancomycin.</a> Gastroenterology. 73, 772-776 (1977).</li><li>Chen, X., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+mouse+model+of+Clostridium+difficile-associated+disease.">A mouse model of Clostridium difficile-associated disease.</a> Gastroenterology. 135, 1984-1992 (2008).</li><li>Lawley, T. D., Young, V. B. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Murine+models+to+study+Clostridium+difficile+infection+and+transmission.">Murine models to study Clostridium difficile infection and transmission.</a> Anaerobe. 24, 94-97 (2013).</li><li>Best, E. L., Freeman, J., Wilcox, M. H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Models+for+the+study+of+Clostridium+difficile+infection.">Models for the study of Clostridium difficile infection.</a> Gut Microbes. 3, 145-167 (2012).</li><li>Reeves, A. E., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+interplay+between+microbiome+dynamics+and+pathogen+dynamics+in+a+murine+model+of+Clostridium+difficile+Infection.">The interplay between microbiome dynamics and pathogen dynamics in a murine model of Clostridium difficile Infection.</a> Gut Microbes. 2, 145-158 (2014).</li><li>Owens, R. C., Donskey, C. J., Gaynes, R. P., Loo, V. G., Muto, C. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Antimicrobial-associated+risk+factors+for+Clostridium+difficile+infection.">Antimicrobial-associated risk factors for Clostridium difficile infection.</a> Clin Infect Dis. 46, 19-31 (2008).</li><li>Theriot, C. M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Cefoperazone-treated+mice+as+an+experimental+platform+to+assess+differential+virulence+of+Clostridium+difficile+strains.">Cefoperazone-treated mice as an experimental platform to assess differential virulence of Clostridium difficile strains.</a> Gut Microbes. 2, 326-334 (2011).</li><li>Martin, J. S., Monaghan, T. M., Wilcox, M. H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Clostridium+difficile+infection:+epidemiology,+diagnosis+and+understanding+transmission.">Clostridium difficile infection: epidemiology, diagnosis and understanding transmission.</a> Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol. , (2016).</li><li>Connor, J. R., Johnson, S., Gerding, D. N. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Clostridium+difficile+infection+caused+by+the+epidemic+BI/NAP1/027+strain.">Clostridium difficile infection caused by the epidemic BI/NAP1/027 strain.</a> Gastroenterology. 136, 1913-1924 (2009).</li><li>He, M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Emergence+and+global+spread+of+epidemic+healthcare-associated+Clostridium+difficile.">Emergence and global spread of epidemic healthcare-associated Clostridium difficile.</a> Nat Genet. 45, 109-113 (2013).</li><li>Perez, J., Springthorpe, V. S., Sattar, S. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Clospore:+a+liquid+medium+for+producing+high+titers+of+semi-purified+spores+of+Clostridium+difficile.">Clospore: a liquid medium for producing high titers of semi-purified spores of Clostridium difficile.</a> Journal of AOAC International. 94, 618-626 (2011).</li><li>Sorg, J. A., Dineen, S. S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Laboratory+maintenance+of+Clostridium+difficile.">Laboratory maintenance of Clostridium difficile.</a> Curr Protoc Microbiol. , (2009).</li><li>Edwards, A. N., Suarez, J. M., McBride, S. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Culturing+and+maintaining+Clostridium+difficile+in+an+anaerobic+environment.">Culturing and maintaining Clostridium difficile in an anaerobic environment.</a> Journal of visualized experiments : JoVE. , e50787 (2013).</li><li>George, W. L., Sutter, V. L., Citron, D., Finegold, S. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Selective+and+differential+medium+for+isolation+of+Clostridium+difficile.">Selective and differential medium for isolation of Clostridium difficile.</a> J Clin Microbiol. 9, 214-219 (1979).</li><li>Knoblaugh, S., Randolph-Habecker, J., Rath, S., Dintzis, S. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> Comparative Anatomy and Histology. , 15-40 (2012).</li><li>Ammerman, N. C., Beier-Sexton, M., Azad, A. F. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Growth+and+maintenance+of+Vero+cell+lines.">Growth and maintenance of Vero cell lines.</a> Curr Protoc Microbiol. , (2008).</li><li>Theriot, C. M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Antibiotic-induced+shifts+in+the+mouse+gut+microbiome+and+metabolome+increase+susceptibility+to+Clostridium+difficile+infection.">Antibiotic-induced shifts in the mouse gut microbiome and metabolome increase susceptibility to Clostridium difficile infection.</a> Nat Commun. 5, 3114 (2014).</li><li>Koenigsknecht, M. J., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Dynamics+and+establishment+of+Clostridium+difficile+infection+in+the+murine+gastrointestinal+tract.">Dynamics and establishment of Clostridium difficile infection in the murine gastrointestinal tract.</a> Infect Immun. 83, 934-941 (2015).</li><li>Theriot, C., Bowman, A., Young, V. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Antibiotic-Induced+Alterations+of+the+Gut+Microbiota+Alter+Secondary+Bile+Acid+Production+and+Allow+for+Clostridium+difficile+Spore+Germination+and+Outgrowth+in+the+Large+Intestine.">Antibiotic-Induced Alterations of the Gut Microbiota Alter Secondary Bile Acid Production and Allow for Clostridium difficile Spore Germination and Outgrowth in the Large Intestine.</a> mSphere. 1, 00045 (2016).</li><li>Xiao, L., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+catalog+of+the+mouse+gut+metagenome.">A catalog of the mouse gut metagenome.</a> Nature biotechnology. 33, 1103-1108 (2015).</li><li>Leslie, J. L., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Persistence+and+toxin+production+by+Clostridium+difficile+within+human+intestinal+organoids+result+in+disruption+of+epithelial+paracellular+barrier+function.">Persistence and toxin production by Clostridium difficile within human intestinal organoids result in disruption of epithelial paracellular barrier function.</a> Infect Immun. 83, 138-145 (2015).</li><li>Stabler, R. A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Comparative+genome+and+phenotypic+analysis+of+Clostridium+difficile+027+strains+provides+insight+into+the+evolution+of+a+hypervirulent+bacterium.">Comparative genome and phenotypic analysis of Clostridium difficile 027 strains provides insight into the evolution of a hypervirulent bacterium.</a> Genome Biol. 10, 102 (2009).</li><li>Valiente, E., Dawson, L. F., Cairns, M. D., Stabler, R. A., Wren, B. W. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Emergence+of+new+PCR+ribotypes+from+the+hypervirulent+Clostridium+difficile+027+lineage.">Emergence of new PCR ribotypes from the hypervirulent Clostridium difficile 027 lineage.</a> J Med Microbiol. 61, 49-56 (2012).</li></ol>

This protocol characterizes the clinical course, including weight loss, bacterial colonization, toxin cytotoxicity, and histopathological changes in the gastrointestinal tract, of antibiotic-treated mice challenged with C. difficile R20291 spores. There are several critical steps within the protocol where attention to detail is essential. Accurate calculation of the C. difficile spore inoculum is critical. This calculation is based on the original C. difficile spore stock enumeration, which sho...

Clostridium difficile er en anaerob, gram-positive, sporedannende Bacillus som forårsaker livstruende diaré 1. C. difficile infeksjon (CDI) er assosiert med økt menneskelig sykelighet og dødelighet og resultater i løpet av $ 4.8 milliarder i helsekostnader per år 1-4. I 2013, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention kategorisert C. difficile som et presserende antibiotikaresistens risiko, noe som indikerer at det utgjør en presserende trussel mot folkehelsen en. Foreløpig er antibiotikabehandling med vancomycin og metronidazol regnes som standard vare for CDI 5. Dessverre er tilbakefall av CDI etter vellykket behandling med antibiotika høy, som forekommer hos 20 - 30% av pasientene 2,5-7. Derfor er det nødvendig oppdagelsen av nye behandlingsformer mot denne ente patogen. For å evaluere legemiddel mot C. difficile, en dyremodell tilnærmet menneskelig sykdom i aclinically-relevant belastning er nødvendig. I utgangspunktet Kochs postulater ble etablert for C. difficile i 1977 ved hjelp av en klindamycin behandlet syrisk hamster modell 8. Denne modellen er fortsatt brukes i dag for å undersøke effektene av C. difficile toksiner på patogenesen 9,10. Men CDI i hamster-modellen resulterer i høy dødelighet og ikke omtrentlige kroniske lumske sykdommen manifestasjoner som kan sees hos mennesker med CDI 10,11. Basert på tilgjengelighet og reagenser tilgjengeligheten av murine plattformer i forskning, er en musemodell for CDI relevant. I 2008 ble en robust musemodell for CDI etablert ved å behandle mus med et antibiotikum cocktail i drikkevann (kanamycin, gentamicin, colistin, metronidazol, og vancomycin) i 3 dager etterfulgt av en intraperitoneal injeksjon av klindamycin 12. Dette gjengitt mus utsatt for CDI og alvorlig kolitt. Avhengeing på pode dose gis, kan en rekke kliniske tegn og dødelighet observeres ved hjelp av denne modellen. Siden denne tid har en rekke antibiotika regimer blitt undersøkt som endrer den murine tarmfloraen, mink kolonisering motstand til et punkt hvor C. difficile kan kolonisere mage-tarmkanalen (oversikt i beste et al., Og Lawley &amp; Young) 13,14. Mer nylig har et bredt spektrum cefalosporin, cefoperazon, gis i drikkevannet til 5 eller 10 dager reproduserbart gjengir mus utsatt for CDI 15. Siden administrasjon av tredje generasjons cefalosporiner er assosiert med økt risiko for CDI hos mennesker, bruk av cefoperazone modellen reflekterer mer nøyaktig naturlig forekommende sykdom 16. Cefoperazon-behandlede mus utsatt for C. difficile har blitt utfordret med begge C. difficile sporer og vegetative celler fra en rekke stammer som strekker seg i kliniskrelevans og virulens 17. Til tross for noen av de opprinnelige studier med C. difficile vegetative celler som den smittsomme skjema C. difficile sporer regnes som hovedmodus for overføring 18. I det siste tiåret, C. difficile R20291, en NAP1 / BI / 027-stammen, har dukket opp, forårsaker epidemier av CDI 19,20. Vi ønsket å finne ut det kliniske forløpet av sykdommen når cefoperazone-behandlede mus ble utfordret med klinisk relevant og genetisk medgjørlig C. difficile-stamme, R20291. Denne protokollen beskriver kliniske forløpet, herunder vekttap, bakteriell kolonisering, toksin cytotoksisitet, og histopatologiske forandringer i mage-tarmkanalen hos mus utfordret med C. difficile R20291 sporer. Samlet sett viser denne musemodell for å være en verdifull eksperimentell plattform for CDI tilnærmet menneskelig sykdom. Dette karakteriserte musemodell kan dermed brukes til å vurdere virkningeneav nye therapeutics på forbedring av klinisk sykdom og om restaureringen av kolonisering motstand mot C. difficile.

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="1037">
	<colgroup>
		<col />
		<col />
		<col />
		<col />
	</colgroup>
	<tbody>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:292px;">#62 Perisept Sporidicial Disinfectant Cleaner&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:143px;">SSS Navigator</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">48027</td>
			<td style="width:483px;">This product will require dilution as recommended by the manufacturer</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">0.22 &#956;m filter</td>
			<td>Fisherbrand</td>
			<td>09-720-3</td>
			<td>Alternative to filter plate for indivdiual samples tested in the Vero Cell Assay</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">0.25% Trypsin-EDTA</td>
			<td>Gibco</td>
			<td>25200-056</td>
			<td>Needs to be heated in water bath at 37C prior to use</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">0.4% Trypan Blue</td>
			<td>Gibco</td>
			<td>15250-061</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">1% Peniciilin/Streptomycin</td>
			<td>Gibco</td>
			<td>15070-063</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">10% heat inactivated FBS</td>
			<td>Gibco</td>
			<td>16140-071</td>
			<td>Needs to be heated in water bath at 37C prior to use</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">1ml plastic syringe&#160;</td>
			<td>BD Medical Supplies</td>
			<td>309628</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">1X PBS</td>
			<td>Gibco</td>
			<td>10010-023</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">2 ml Micro Centrifuge Screw Cap</td>
			<td>Corning</td>
			<td>430917</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">96 well cell culture flat bottom plate</td>
			<td>Costar Corning</td>
			<td>CL3595</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">96 well filter plate</td>
			<td>Millipore</td>
			<td>MSGVS2210</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Adhesive Seal</td>
			<td>ThermoScientific</td>
			<td>AB-0558</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:292px;">Bacto Agar</td>
			<td style="width:143px;">Becton Dickinson</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">214010</td>
			<td>Part of TCCFA plates (see below)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:292px;">Bacto Proteose Peptone</td>
			<td style="width:143px;">Becton Dickinson</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">211684</td>
			<td>Part of TCCFA plates (see below)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Cefoperazone</td>
			<td>MP Bioworks</td>
			<td>199695</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Cefoxitine</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>C47856</td>
			<td>Part of TCCFA plates (see below)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Clostridium difficile Antitoxin Kit</td>
			<td>Tech Labs</td>
			<td>T5000</td>
			<td>Used as control for Vero Cell Assay</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Clostridium difficile Toxin A</td>
			<td>List Biological Labs</td>
			<td>152C</td>
			<td>Positive control for Vero Cell Assay</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">D-cycloserine</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>C6880</td>
			<td>Part of TCCFA plates (see below)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Distilled Water</td>
			<td>Gibco</td>
			<td>15230</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">DMEM 1X Media</td>
			<td>Gibco</td>
			<td>11965-092</td>
			<td>Needs to be heated in water bath at 37C prior to use</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Fructose</td>
			<td>Fisher</td>
			<td>L95500</td>
			<td>Part of TCCFA plates (see below)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Hemocytometer</td>
			<td>Bright-Line, Sigma</td>
			<td>Z359629</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="26">
			<td height="26" style="height:26px;width:292px;">KH2PO4</td>
			<td style="width:143px;">Fisher</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">P285-500</td>
			<td>Part of TCCFA plates (see below)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="26">
			<td height="26" style="height:26px;width:292px;">MgSO4 (anhydrous)</td>
			<td style="width:143px;">Sigma</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">M2643</td>
			<td>Part of TCCFA plates (see below)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:292px;">Millex-GS 0.22 &#956;m filter</td>
			<td style="width:143px;">Millex-GS</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">SLGS033SS</td>
			<td style="width:483px;">Filter for TCCFA plates&#160;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="26">
			<td height="26" style="height:26px;width:292px;">Na2HPO4</td>
			<td style="width:143px;">Sigma</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">S-0876</td>
			<td>Part of TCCFA plates (see below)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">NaCl</td>
			<td style="width:143px;">Fisher</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">S640-3</td>
			<td>Part of TCCFA plates (see below)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Number 10 disposable scalpel blade</td>
			<td>Miltex, Inc</td>
			<td>4-410</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">PCR Plates</td>
			<td>Fisherbrand</td>
			<td>14230244</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Plastic petri dish</td>
			<td>Kord-Valmark Brand</td>
			<td>2900</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Sterile plastic L-shaped cell spreader</td>
			<td>Fisherbrand</td>
			<td>14-665-230</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Syringe Stepper</td>
			<td>Dymax Corporation</td>
			<td>T15469</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Taurocholate</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>T4009</td>
			<td>Part of TCCFA plates (see below)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Ultrapure distilled water</td>
			<td>Invitrogen</td>
			<td>10977-015</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="40">
			<td height="40" style="height:40px;width:292px;">C57BL/6J Mice</td>
			<td style="width:143px;">The Jackson Laboratory</td>
			<td align="right" style="width:119px;">664</td>
			<td style="width:483px;">Mice should be 5-8 weeks of age</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="40">
			<td height="40" style="height:40px;">Olympus BX43F light microscope</td>
			<td style="width:143px;">Olympus Life Science</td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td style="width:483px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="40">
			<td height="40" style="height:40px;">DP27 camera</td>
			<td style="width:143px;">Olympus Life Science</td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td style="width:483px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="40">
			<td height="40" style="height:40px;">cellSens Dimension software&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:143px;">Olympus Life Science</td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td style="width:483px;"></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

cefoperazone-treated mouse model of clinically-relevant clostridium difficile strain r20291

Clostridium difficile is an anaerobic, gram-positive, spore-forming enteric pathogen that is associated with increasing morbidity and mortality and consequently poses an urgent threat to public health. Recurrence of a C. difficile infection (CDI) after successful treatment with antibiotics is high, occurring in 20-30% of patients, thus necessitating the discovery of novel therapeutics against this pathogen. Current animal models of CDI result in high mortality rates and thus do not approximate the chronic, insidious disease manifestations seen in humans with CDI. To evaluate therapeutics against C. difficile, a mouse model approximating human disease utilizing a clinically-relevant strain is needed. This protocol outlines the cefoperazone mouse model of CDI using a clinically-relevant and genetically-tractable strain, R20291. Techniques for clinical disease monitoring, C. difficile bacterial enumeration, toxin cytotoxicity, and histopathological changes throughout CDI in a mouse model are detailed in the protocol. Compared to other mouse models of CDI, this model is not uniformly lethal at the dose administered, allowing for the observation of a prolonged clinical course of infection concordant with the human disease. Therefore, this cefoperazone mouse model of CDI proves a valuable experimental platform to assess the effects of novel therapeutics on the amelioration of clinical disease and on the restoration of colonization resistance against C. difficile.

I løpet av en representativ studie ble 5 uker gamle C57BL / 6 WT mus forbehandlet med cefoperazon i drikkevannet (0,5 mg / ml) i 5 dager, og tillot en 2-dagers vaske ut med vanlig drikkevann. Mus ble utfordret med 10 5 sporer av C. difficile R20291 via oral sonde på dag 0 (figur 1A). Musene ble overvåket for vekttap og kliniske tegn (slapphet, manglende appetitt, diaré, og krum holdning) av CDI i 14 dager. Utfordringen med C57BL / 6 WT mus med <em...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Cefoperazone-treated Mouse Model of Clinically-relevant Clostridium difficile Strain R20291 at JoVE.com

Cefoperazone-treated Mouse Model of Clinically-relevant Clostridium difficile Strain R20291

Denne protokollen beskriver cefoperazone musemodell for Clostridium difficile infeksjon (CDI) med en klinisk relevant og genetisk medgjørlig stamme, R20291. Vekt på klinisk sykdom overvåking, C. difficile bakteriell telling, toksin cytotoksisitet, og histopatologiske endringer gjennom CDI i en musemodell er beskrevet i protokollen.

Cefoperazone behandlet musemodell for klinisk relevante<em&gt; Clostridium difficile</em&gt; Strain R20291

Clostridium difficile is an anaerobic, gram-positive, spore-forming enteric pathogen that is associated with increasing morbidity and mortality and ...

Research

JoVE Journal

Immunology and Infection

Cefoperazone-treated Mouse Model of Clinically-relevant Clostridium difficile Strain R20291

Culturing and Maintaining Clostridium difficile in an Anaerobic Environment

Culturing and Maintaining Clostridium difficile in an Anaerobic Environment

Dyrking og Vedlikehold<em&gt; Clostridium difficile</em&gt; I et anaerobt miljø

Clostridium  difficile is a Gram-positive, anaerobic, sporogenic bacterium  that is primarily responsible for antibiotic associated diarrhea (AAD) and is ...

Prevention of Heat Stress Adverse Effects in Rats by Bacillus subtilis Strain

Prevention of Heat Stress Adverse Effects in Rats by Bacillus subtilis Strain

Forebygging av varmestress bivirkninger hos rotter etter<em&gt; Bacillus subtilis</em&gt; Strain

This study was designed to evaluate the protective effect of the Bacillus subtilis strain against complications related to heat stress. Thirty-two ...

A Protocol to Characterize the Morphological Changes of Clostridium difficile in Response to Antibiotic Treatment

A Protocol to Characterize the Morphological Changes of Clostridium difficile in Response to Antibiotic Treatment

En protokoll for å karakterisere de morfologiske endringene av<em&gt; Clostridium difficile</em&gt; Som svar på antibiotisk behandling

Assessment of antibiotic action with new drug development directed towards anaerobic bacteria is difficult and technically demanding. To gain insight into ...

Influenza A Virus Studies in a Mouse Model of Infection

Influensa A Virus studier i en musemodell av infeksjon

Influenza viruses cause over 500,000 deaths worldwide1 and are associated with an annual cost of 12 - 14 billion USD in the United States alone ...

A Protein Microarray Assay for Serological Determination of Antigen-specific Antibody Responses Following Clostridium difficile Infection

A Protein Microarray Assay for Serological Determination of Antigen-specific Antibody Responses Following Clostridium difficile Infection

En Protein Microarray analysen for serologisk fastsettelse av Antigen-spesifikke antistoffer svar følgende Clostridium difficile infeksjon

We provide a detailed overview of a novel high-throughput protein microarray assay for the determination of anti-Clostridium difficile antibody levels in ...

A Purification and In Vitro Activity Assay for a (p)ppGpp Synthetase from Clostridium difficile

A Purification and In Vitro Activity Assay for a pppGpp Synthetase from Clostridium difficile

En rensing og I Vitro aktivitet analysen for en (p) ppGpp Synthetase fra Clostridium difficile

Kinase and pyrophosphokinase enzymes transfer the gamma phosphate or the beta-gamma pyrophosphate moiety from nucleotide triphosphate precursors to ...

A Controlled Mouse Model for Neonatal Polymicrobial Sepsis

En kontrollert musemodell for neonatale Polymicrobial Sepsis

Neonatal sepsis remains a global burden. A preclinical model to screen effective prophylactic or therapeutic interventions is needed. Neonatal mouse ...

Measurement of Pulse Propagation Velocity, Distensibility and Strain in an Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm Mouse Model

Måling av pulsforplantningshastighet, distensibility og belastning i en abdominal aortaaneurisme musmodell

An abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA) is defined as a localized dilation of the abdominal aorta that exceeds the maximal intraluminal diameter (MILD) by 1.5 ...

Constructing Mutants in Serotype 1 Streptococcus pneumoniae strain 519/43

Constructing Mutants in Serotype 1 Streptococcus pneumoniae strain 519/43

Konstruksjon av mutanter i Serotype 1 Streptococcus pneumoniae stamme 519/43

Streptococcus pneumoniae serotype 1 remains a huge problem in low-and-middle income countries, particularly in sub-Saharan Africa. Despite its importance, ...

Experimental Autoimmune Uveitis: An Intraocular Inflammatory Mouse Model

Eksperimentell autoimmun uveitt: En intraokulær inflammatorisk musemodell

Experimental Autoimmune Uveitis (EAU) is driven by immune cells responding to self-antigens. Many features of this non-infectious, intraocular ...