Name: quantitative 3d in silico modeling (q3dism) of cerebral amyloid-beta phagocytosis in rodent models of alzheimer's disease
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M-V.G-S. is supported by a BrightFocus Foundation Alzheimer's Disease Research Fellowship Award (A2015309F) and an Alzheimer's Association, California Southland Chapter Young Investigator Award. T.M.W. is supported by an ARCS Foundation and John Douglas French Alzheimer's Foundation Maggie McKnight Russell-JDFAF Memorial Postdoctoral Fellowship. This work was supported by the National Institute on Neurologic Disorders and Stroke (1R01NS076794-01, to T.T.), an Alzheimer's Association Zenith Fellows Award (ZEN-10-174633, to T.T.), and an American Federation of Aging Research/Ellison Medical Foundation Julie Martin Mid-Career Award in Aging Research (M11472, to T.T.). We are grateful for startup funds from the Zilkha Neurogenetic Institute, which helped to make this work possible. &#8195;

Erklärung der Forschungsethik: Alle Versuche mit hierin aufgeführten Tiere wurden von der University of Southern California Institutional Animal Care und Use Committee (IACUC) und durchgeführt in strikter Übereinstimmung mit den National Institutes of Health Leitlinien und Empfehlungen der Gesellschaft für Evaluierung und Akkreditierung von Labor genehmigt Animal Care international. 1. Gehirn von Nagetieren Isolierung und Vorbereitung für Immunostaining TAG 1: <ol><li> Legen Sie ...

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Das Protokoll , das wir in diesem Bericht für echte 3D - Quantifizierung von Aß Phagozytose in vivo durch mononukleäre Phagozyten beschreiben beruht auf einer spezifischen Kennzeichnung von zellulärer und subzellulärer Kompartimente sowie Aß Ablagerungen. Insbesondere verwenden wir Iba1 (ionisiertes-Calcium - Bindungs Adaptor - Molekül 1), ein Protein , das in 18 - Membran Kräuseln und Phagozytose bei Zellaktivierung beteiligt ist, 19, zerebrale mononukleären Phagozyten...

Alzheimer-Krankheit (AD) ist die häufigste Altersdemenz 1 wird durch die zerebrale Amyloid-β (Aß) ist eine Anreicherung als &quot;senile&quot; β-Amyloid - Plaques, chronische Low-Level - neuroinflammation, Tauopathie, Verlust von Neuronen charakterisiert und kognitive Störung 2 . In AD Patienten Gehirn wird bestimmt neuroinflammation durch reaktive Astrozyten und mononukleäre Phagozyten (bezeichnet als Mikroglia, obwohl ihre zentrale vs. peripheren Herkunft unklar bleibt) umgebende Aß Ablagerungen 3. Da die angeborene Immun Wächtern des ZNS, sind Mikroglia zentral Aß zu löschen Gehirn positioniert. Mikroglia Rekrutierung Aß - Plaques jedoch durch sehr wenig begleitet, wenn überhaupt, Aß Phagozytose 4,5. Eine Hypothese ist, dass Mikroglia zunächst neuroprotektive sind durch phagocytozing kleine Versammlungen von Aß. Doch schließlich werden diese Zellen neurotoxisch als überwältigend Aß Belastung und / oder altersbedingten Funktions decline, provoziert Mikroglia in einer dysfunktionalen proinflammatorischen Phänotyp, einen Beitrag zur Neurotoxizität und kognitive Abnahme 6. Aktuelle genomweite Assoziationsstudien (GWAS) haben einen Cluster von AD Risiko - Allele Gehören Kern angeborenen Immunwege 7 , die 8-11 Phagozytose identifiziert modulieren. Folglich hat die Immunantwort auf die zerebrale Amyloid - Ablagerung ein bedeutendes Interessengebiet geworden, sowohl in Bezug auf AD Ätiologie zu verstehen und für neue therapeutische Ansätze zu entwickeln 14.12. Dennoch gibt es ein wesentliches Bedürfnis nach Methodik Aß Phagozytose in vivo zu bewerten. Um diesen ungedeckten Bedarf adressieren, haben wir quantitative 3D in silico - Modellierung (q3DISM) zu ermöglichen , echte 3D - Quantifizierung von zerebralen Aß Phagozytose durch mononukleäre Phagozyten in Nagetiermodellen der Alzheimer-ähnliche Krankheit entwickelt. nur durch das Ausmaß beschränkt, auf die sie Krankheit rekapitulieren, Tiermodelle habenbewiesen von unschätzbarem Wert für das Verständnis der AD pathoetiology und für experimentelle Therapeutika zu bewerten. Aufgrund der Tatsache, dass Mutationen in den Presenilin (PS) und Amyloid Precursor Protein (APP) Gene unabhängig autosomal dominant AD verursachen, sind diese mutierten Transgene wurden verwendet, umfassend transgene Nagetiermodellen zu erzeugen. Transgene APP / PS1 - Mäuse Koexpression gleichzeitig &quot;Schwedisch&quot; mutiertes menschliches APP (APP swe) und Δ Exon 9 mutierten humanen Presenilin 1 (PS1ΔE9) vorhanden mit beschleunigten zerebraler Amyloidose und neuroinflammation 15,16. Ferner haben wir bi-transgenen Ratten co - injiziert mit APP swe und PS1ΔE9 Konstrukte (Linie TgF344-AD, auf einem Fischer - 344 - Hintergrund) erzeugt. Im Gegensatz zu transgenen Mausmodellen von zerebraler Amyloidose entwickeln TgF344-AD - Ratten , die zerebrale Amyloid - 17 Tauopathie, apoptotischen Verlust von Neuronen und Verhaltens Beeinträchtigung vorausgeht. In diesem Bericht beschreiben wir ein Protokoll für die immunostaining Mikroglia, Phagolysosome und Aß-Ablagerungen in Hirnschnitten von APP / PS1-Mäusen und TgF344-AD Ratten und Erwerb von großen z-dimensionalen konfokalen Bildern. Wir Detail in silico Erzeugung und Analyse von echten 3D - Rekonstruktionen aus konfokalen Datensätze ermöglicht die Quantifizierung von Aß - Aufnahme in Mikroglia Phagolysosome. Allgemeiner gesagt, dass die Methodik ausführlich hier können wir nahezu jede Form der Phagozytose in vivo zu quantifizieren.

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			<td height="40" style="height:40px;width:384px;">Isoflurane</td>
			<td style="width:152px;">Abbott</td>
			<td style="width:127px;">NDC 0044-5260-05</td>
			<td style="width:249px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:384px;">Dissecting scissors</td>
			<td style="width:152px;">VWR</td>
			<td style="width:127px;">82027-582</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:384px;">Dissecting scissors Blunt tip</td>
			<td style="width:152px;">VWR</td>
			<td style="width:127px;">82027-588</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:384px;">Tweezers</td>
			<td style="width:152px;">VWR</td>
			<td>94024-408</td>
			<td></td>
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			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:384px;">23G needle</td>
			<td style="width:152px;">VWR</td>
			<td>BD305145</td>
			<td></td>
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		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:384px;">peristaltic pump FH10</td>
			<td style="width:152px;">Thermo Scientific</td>
			<td>72-310-010</td>
			<td></td>
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			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:384px;">PBS 10X</td>
			<td style="width:152px;">Bioland Scientific</td>
			<td style="width:127px;">PBS01-02</td>
			<td>Working concentration 1X</td>
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			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:384px;">Adult Mouse Brain Matrix, Coronal slices, Stainless Steel 1mm&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:152px;">Kent Scientific</td>
			<td>RBMS-200C</td>
			<td></td>
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			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:384px;">Adult Rat Brain Matrix, Coronal slices, Stainless Steel 1mm&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:152px;">Kent Scientific</td>
			<td>RBMS-305C&#160;</td>
			<td></td>
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			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:384px;">32% Paraformaldehyde aqueous solution</td>
			<td style="width:152px;">EMS</td>
			<td style="width:127px;">15714-S</td>
			<td>Caution: Toxic. Working concentration 4% in PBS</td>
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			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:384px;">Ethanol</td>
			<td style="width:152px;">VWR</td>
			<td>89125-188</td>
			<td>Various concentrations, see protocol</td>
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			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:384px;">Tissue-Tek Uni-cassettes Sakura</td>
			<td style="width:152px;">VWR</td>
			<td>25608-774</td>
			<td></td>
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			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:384px;">Embedding and Infiltration Paraffin</td>
			<td style="width:152px;">VWR</td>
			<td>15147-839</td>
			<td></td>
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			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:384px;">Microtome Leica RM2125</td>
			<td style="width:152px;">Leica Biosystems</td>
			<td style="width:127px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:384px;">Disposable Microtome Blades&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:152px;">VWR</td>
			<td style="width:127px;">25608-964</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:384px;">Water bath Leica HI 1210</td>
			<td style="width:152px;">Leica Biosystems</td>
			<td style="width:127px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:384px;">Micro slide Superfrost plus</td>
			<td style="width:152px;">VWR</td>
			<td style="width:127px;">48311-703</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:384px;">Xylene</td>
			<td style="width:152px;">Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:127px;">534056-4X4L</td>
			<td style="width:249px;">Caution: Toxic&#160;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:384px;">Target Retrieval Solution 10X</td>
			<td style="width:152px;">DAKO</td>
			<td style="width:127px;">S1699</td>
			<td>Working concentration 1X</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">KimWipes</td>
			<td style="width:152px;">VWR</td>
			<td>21905-026</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:384px;">Hydrophobic PAP pen</td>
			<td style="width:152px;">VWR</td>
			<td style="width:127px;">95025-252</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:384px;">Triton X-100</td>
			<td style="width:152px;">VWR</td>
			<td style="width:127px;">97062-208</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:384px;">Normal Donkey Serum</td>
			<td style="width:152px;">Jackson Immuno</td>
			<td style="width:127px;">017-000-121</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:384px;">Coverslips</td>
			<td style="width:152px;">VWR</td>
			<td style="width:127px;">48393081</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:384px;">Prolong Gold antifade reagent with DAPI</td>
			<td style="width:152px;">Life Technologies</td>
			<td style="width:127px;">P36935</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:384px;">Glass Slide Rack</td>
			<td style="width:152px;">VWR</td>
			<td style="width:127px;">100492-942</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:384px;">Iba1 antibody (polyclonal, rabbit)</td>
			<td style="width:152px;">Wako</td>
			<td style="width:127px;">019-19741&#160;</td>
			<td>Working concentration 1:200</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:384px;">Iba1 antibody (polyclonal, goat)</td>
			<td style="width:152px;">LifeSpan Bioscience</td>
			<td style="width:127px;">LS-B2645</td>
			<td>Working concentration 1:200</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:384px;">rat CD68 [KP1] antibody (monoclonal, mouse)</td>
			<td style="width:152px;">Abcam</td>
			<td style="width:127px;">ab955</td>
			<td>Working concentration 1:200</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:384px;">mouse CD68 [FA-11] antibody (monoclonal, rat)</td>
			<td style="width:152px;">Abcam</td>
			<td style="width:127px;">ab53444</td>
			<td>Working concentration 1:200</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:384px;">mouse CD107a (LAMP1) antibody (monoclonal, rat)</td>
			<td style="width:152px;">Affymetrix</td>
			<td style="width:127px;">14-1071</td>
			<td>Working concentration 1:100</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:384px;">Beta-Amyloid, 17-24 (4G8) antibody (monoclonal, mouse)</td>
			<td style="width:152px;">Covance</td>
			<td style="width:127px;">SIG-39220</td>
			<td>Working concentration 1:200</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:384px;">Beta-Amyloid, 1-16 (6E10) antibody (monoclonal, mouse)</td>
			<td style="width:152px;">Covance</td>
			<td style="width:127px;">SIG-39320</td>
			<td>Working concentration 1:200</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:384px;">OC antibody (polyclonal, rabbit)</td>
			<td colspan="2">Gifted by D. H. Cribbs and C. G. Glabe (UC Irvine)</td>
			<td>Working concentration 1:200</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:384px;">Alexa Fluor 488&#160; mouse secondary antibody</td>
			<td style="width:152px;">Invitrogen</td>
			<td style="width:127px;">A-11001</td>
			<td>Working concentration 1:1000</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:384px;">Alexa Fluor 488&#160; rat secondary antibody</td>
			<td style="width:152px;">Invitrogen</td>
			<td>A-11006</td>
			<td>Working concentration 1:1000</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:384px;">Alexa Fluor 594 rabbit secondary antibody</td>
			<td style="width:152px;">Invitrogen</td>
			<td>A-11037</td>
			<td>Working concentration 1:1000</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:384px;">Alexa Fluor 594 goat secondary antibody</td>
			<td style="width:152px;">Invitrogen</td>
			<td>A-11080</td>
			<td>Working concentration 1:1000</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:384px;">Alexa Fluor 647 mouse secondary antibody</td>
			<td style="width:152px;">Invitrogen</td>
			<td>A-21235</td>
			<td>Working concentration 1:1000</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:384px;">Alexa Fluor 647 rabbit secondary antibody</td>
			<td style="width:152px;">Invitrogen</td>
			<td>A-21443</td>
			<td>Working concentration 1:1000</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:384px;">Immersion oil</td>
			<td style="width:152px;">Nikon&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:127px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:384px;">A1 Confocal microscope</td>
			<td style="width:152px;">Nikon&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:127px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:384px;">NIS Elements Advanced Research software</td>
			<td style="width:152px;">Nikon&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:127px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:384px;">Imaris:Bitplane software version 7.6</td>
			<td style="width:152px;">Bitplane</td>
			<td style="width:127px;"></td>
			<td>&#34;coloc&#34; and &#34;supass&#34; modules are used.&#160;Alternatively, the open-source freeware&#160;ImageJ can be used for colocalization&#160;analysis of confocal z-stacks datasets.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;"></td>
			<td style="width:152px;"></td>
			<td style="width:127px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:384px;"></td>
			<td style="width:152px;"></td>
			<td style="width:127px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:384px;"></td>
			<td style="width:152px;"></td>
			<td style="width:127px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

quantitative 3d in silico modeling (q3dism) of cerebral amyloid-beta phagocytosis in rodent models of alzheimer's disease

Neuroinflammation wird nun als wichtiger ätiologischer Faktor bei der neurodegenerativen Erkrankung anerkannt. Mononukleäre Phagozyten sind angeborene Immunzellen verantwortlich für die Phagozytose und die Räumung von Schutt und Geröll. Diese Zellen sind ZNS-Makrophagen als Mikroglia bekannt und mononukleäre Phagozyten von der Peripherie zu infiltrieren. Die Lichtmikroskopie wurde allgemein verwendet worden, die Phagozytose in Nagetieren oder menschliche Gehirn Proben zu visualisieren. Allerdings haben qualitative Methoden nicht definitive Beweise für in vivo Phagozytose zur Verfügung gestellt. Hier beschreiben wir quantitative 3D in silico - Modellierung (q3DISM), ein robustes Verfahren ermöglicht für echte 3D - Quantifizierung von Amyloid-β (Aß) Phagozytose durch mononukleäre Phagozyten in Nagetier Alzheimer-Krankheit (AD) Modelle. Das Verfahren beinhaltet das fluoreszenz VISUALISIEREN Aß innerhalb Phagolysosome in Nagetier Hirnschnitten verkapselt. Große z-dimensionale konfokalen Datensätze werden dann 3D für die Quantifizierung von A rekonstruiert &amp;# 946; räumlich innerhalb des Phagolysosom colocalized. Wir demonstrieren die erfolgreiche Anwendung von q3DISM zu Maus- und Rattengehirnen, aber diese Methode kann in jedem Gewebe zu praktisch jeder phagozytischen Ereignis verlängert werden.

Mit dem mehrstufigen Methodik für q3DISM oben beschrieben, sind wir in der Lage Aß - Aufnahme in Monozyten Phagolysosome im Gehirn von APP / PS1 - Mäuse (Abbildung 1) und TgF344-AD - Ratten (Abbildung 2) zu quantifizieren. Daher hat die q3DISM Methodik Analyse von mononukleären Phagozyten in Maus- und Rattenmodellen von AD aktiviert. Interessanterweise wird das Volumen besetzt durch CD68 + Phagolysosomen signifikant erhöht in Iba1 +<...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Quantitative 3D In Silico Modeling q3DISM of Cerebral Amyloid-beta Phagocytosis in Rodent Models of Alzheimer's Disease at JoVE.com

Quantitative 3D In Silico Modeling q3DISM of Cerebral Amyloid-beta Phagocytosis in Rodent Models of Alzheimer's Disease

Wir entwickelten eine Methode für die quantitative 3D in silico - Modellierung (q3DISM) zerebraler Amyloid-β (Aß) Phagozytose durch mononukleäre Phagozyten in Nagetiermodellen der Alzheimer-Krankheit. Dieses Verfahren kann für die Quantifizierung von praktisch jedem phagozytischen Ereignis in vivo verallgemeinert werden.

Quantitative 3D<em&gt; In Silico</em&gt; Modellierung (q3DISM) zerebraler Amyloid-beta Phagozytose in Nagetiermodellen der Alzheimer-Krankheit

Neuroinflammation is now recognized as a major etiological factor in neurodegenerative disease. Mononuclear phagocytes are innate immune cells responsible ...

Research

JoVE Journal

Medicine

Quantitative 3D In Silico Modeling (q3DISM) of Cerebral Amyloid-beta Phagocytosis in Rodent Models of Alzheimer's Disease

Examining the Characteristics of Episodic Memory using Event-related Potentials in Patients with Alzheimer's Disease

Die Untersuchung der Eigenschaften des episodischen Gedächtnisses mit Event-related potentials bei Patienten mit Alzheimer-Krankheit

Our laboratory uses event-related EEG potentials (ERPs) to understand and support behavioral investigations of episodic memory in patients with amnestic ...

Forschung

Medizin

Quantitative Analysis of Chromatin Proteomes in Disease

Quantitative Analyse von Chromatin Proteome in Disease

In the nucleus reside the proteomes whose functions are most intimately linked with gene regulation. Adult mammalian cardiomyocyte nuclei are unique due ...

Gene-environment Interaction Models to Unmask Susceptibility Mechanisms in Parkinson's Disease

Gen-Umgebung Interaktionsmodelle zur Entlarvung von Störmechanismen bei Parkinson-Krankheit

Lipoxygenase (LOX) activity has been implicated in neurodegenerative disorders such as Alzheimer&#39;s disease, but its effects in Parkinson&#39;s disease ...

Modeling Stroke in Mice: Permanent Coagulation of the Distal Middle Cerebral Artery

Modellierung Schlaganfall bei Mäusen: Permanent Koagulation der distalen A. cerebri media

Stroke is the third most common cause of death and a main cause of acquired adult disability in developed countries. Only very limited therapeutical ...

Multi-electrode Array Recordings of Human Epileptic Postoperative Cortical Tissue

Multi-Elektroden-Array Recordings of Human Epileptische Postoperative Rindengewebe

Epilepsy, affecting about 1% of the population, comprises a group of neurological disorders characterized by the periodic occurrence of seizures, which ...

Use of Ultra-high Field MRI in Small Rodent Models of Polycystic Kidney Disease for In Vivo Phenotyping and Drug Monitoring

Use of Ultra-high Field MRI in Small Rodent Models of Polycystic Kidney Disease for In Vivo Phenotyping and Drug Monitoring

Verwendung von Ultrahochfeld-MRT in Kleintier Modelle aus Polyzystische Nierenerkrankung für<em&gt; In Vivo</em&gt; Phänotypisierung und Drug Monitoring

Several in vivo pre-clinical studies in Polycystic Kidney Disease (PKD) utilize orthologous rodent models to identify and study the genetic and molecular ...

Ex Vivo Intestinal Sacs to Assess Mucosal Permeability in Models of Gastrointestinal Disease

Ex Vivo Intestinal Sacs to Assess Mucosal Permeability in Models of Gastrointestinal Disease

Ex vivo-Darm-Sacs zu beurteilen Durchlässigkeit der Schleimhaut in Modelle von Magen-Darm-Krankheit

The epithelial barrier is the first innate defense of the gastrointestinal tract and selectively regulates transport from the lumen to the underlying ...

Hemodynamic Characterization of Rodent Models of Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension

Hämodynamische Charakterisierung von Nagetiermodellen von pulmonaler arterieller Hypertonie

Pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) is a rare disease of the pulmonary vasculature characterized by endothelial cell apoptosis, smooth muscle ...

Neurodegeneration in an Animal Model of Chronic Amyloid-beta Oligomer Infusion Is Counteracted by Antibody Treatment Infused with Osmotic Pumps

Neurodegenerative Erkrankungen im Tiermodell der chronischen Amyloid-beta-Oligomers Infusion wird durch Antikörper-Behandlung Angereichert mit osmotische Pumpen entgegen gewirkt

Decline in hippocampal-dependent explicit memory (memory for facts and events) is one of the earliest clinical symptom of Alzheimer&#39;s disease (AD). It ...

Application of Granger Causality Analysis of the Directed Functional Connection in Alzheimer's Disease and Mild Cognitive Impairment

Anwendung von Granger Kausalität Analyse des gerichteten funktionalen Zusammenhangs in der Alzheimer-Krankheit und Mild Cognitive Impairment

Impaired functional connectivity in the Default Mode Network (DMN) may be involved in the progression of Alzheimer&#39;s Disease (AD). The Posterior ...