Name: quantitative 3d in silico modeling (q3dism) of cerebral amyloid-beta phagocytosis in rodent models of alzheimer's disease
Uploaded: 2016-12-26T13:00:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Quantitative 3D In Silico Modeling q3DISM of Cerebral Amyloid-beta Phagocytosis in Rodent Models of Alzheimer's Disease at JoVE.com

M-V.G-S. is supported by a BrightFocus Foundation Alzheimer's Disease Research Fellowship Award (A2015309F) and an Alzheimer's Association, California Southland Chapter Young Investigator Award. T.M.W. is supported by an ARCS Foundation and John Douglas French Alzheimer's Foundation Maggie McKnight Russell-JDFAF Memorial Postdoctoral Fellowship. This work was supported by the National Institute on Neurologic Disorders and Stroke (1R01NS076794-01, to T.T.), an Alzheimer's Association Zenith Fellows Award (ZEN-10-174633, to T.T.), and an American Federation of Aging Research/Ellison Medical Foundation Julie Martin Mid-Career Award in Aging Research (M11472, to T.T.). We are grateful for startup funds from the Zilkha Neurogenetic Institute, which helped to make this work possible. &#8195;

연구 윤리의 진술 : 여기에 설명 된 동물을 포함한 모든 실험은 남부 캘리포니아 기관 동물 관리 및 사용위원회 (IACUC)의 대학에 의해 승인 및 연구소의 평가 및 인증을위한 협회 국민 건강 지침의 연구소 및 권장 사항을 엄격히 준수 수행 하였다 동물 관리 국제. 1. 쥐의 뇌 분리 및 면역 염색을위한 준비 DAY 1 : <ol><li> 세 TgF344-AD 쥐를 놓습니다 (14 개월) 또는 연속 깊은 이소...

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우리는 단핵 식세포에 의해 생체 내에서 Aβ의 식세포 작용의 진정한 3D 정량이 보고서에서 설명하는 프로토콜은 특정 세포와 세포 내 구획의 표시뿐만 아니라 Aβ 예금에 의존한다. 특히, 우리는 Iba1 (이온화 된 칼슘이 어댑터 분자 1 바인딩), 세포 활성화 (18, 19)에 막 파동 운동과 식균 작용에 관여하는 단백질이 뇌 단핵 식세포를 염색하는 데 사용. Iba1 + 세포...

알츠하이머 병 (AD), 가장 일반적으로 노인성 치매 1 &quot;치매&quot;β 아밀로이드 플라크 만성 낮은 수준의 신경 염증, 타우 병증, 신경 세포의 상실,인지 장애이 대뇌 아밀로이드 β (Aβ)의 축적을 특징으로 . AD 환자의 뇌에서 신경 염증이 성상 세포와 단핵 식세포 반응에 의해 책정되어 주변 Aβ 예금 3 (자신의 주변 기원은 불분명 대 중앙 있지만, 미세 아교 세포로 함). 중추 신경계의 선천성 면역 파수꾼으로, 미세 아교 세포는 중앙 뇌 Aβ을 취소 위치한다. 그러나, Aβ 플라크에 소교 모집이있는 경우, 약간의 Aβ의 식세포 작용 4,5 동반한다. 하나의 가설은 미세 아교 세포가 Aβ의 작은 어셈블리를 phagocytozing에 의해 초기에 신경 있다는 것입니다. 그러나 결국 이러한 세포는 압도적 인 Aβ 부담 및 / 또는 연령 관련 기능 D와 같은 신경 독성이 될ecline, 신경 독성과인지 기능 저하 (6)에 기여, 기능 장애 염증성 표현형에 미세 아교 세포를 불러 일으킨다. 최근 게놈 넓은 협회 연구 (GWAS)는 식균 작용 8-11을 조절하는 핵심 선천성 면역 경로 (7)에 속하는 AD 위험 대립 유전자의 클러스터를 확인했다. 따라서, 대뇌 아밀로이드 침착에 대한 면역 반응은 AD의 원인을 이해의 관점에서 새로운 치료 방법 개발 12-14 모두에 관심있는 주요 영역이되었다. 그러나, 생체 내에서 Aβ 식균 작용을 평가하는 방법에 대한 중요한 필요가있다. 이 충족되지 않은 요구를 충족하기 위해, 우리는 알츠하이머와 같은 질병의 쥐 모델에서 단핵 식세포에 의해 대뇌 Aβ의 식세포 작용의 진정한 3D 정량을 가능하게 실리 모델링 (q3DISM)의 양적 차원을 개발했다. 그들은 동물 모델 질병을 요점을 되풀이하는 정도에 의해서만 제한AD의 pathoetiology을 이해하고 실험적인 치료법을 평가하는 귀중한 입증. 프레 (PS) 및 아밀로이드 전구체 단백질 (APP) 유전자의 돌연변이는 상 염색체 우성 독립적 AD의 원인이된다는 사실로 인해, 이러한 돌연변이 유전자는 광범위하게 형질 전환 설치류 모델을 생성하는 데 사용되어왔다. 형질 전환 APP / PS1 마우스는 동시에 &quot;스웨덴어&quot;돌연변이 인간 APP (APP의 SWE) 및 가속 뇌 아밀로이드증과 신경 염증 (15, 16)에 존재 Δ 엑손 9 돌연변이 인간의 프레 1 (PS1ΔE9)를 coexpressing. 또한, 우리는 (피셔 (344) 배경에 라인 TgF344-AD) APP의 SWE와 PS1ΔE9 구조와 coinjected 이중 형질 전환 쥐를 생성했습니다. 뇌 아밀로이드증의 형질 전환 마우스 모델과 달리, TgF344-AD 쥐 타우 병증, 신경 세포의 사멸 손실 및 행동 장애 (17) 앞에 대뇌 아밀로이드을 개발한다. 이 보고서에서 우리는 IMM위한 프로토콜을 설명APP / PS1 마우스 및 TgF344-AD 쥐, 큰 Z 차원 공 촛점 이미지의 취득에서 뇌 부분에서 미세 아교 세포, phagolysosomes 및 Aβ 예금을 unostaining. 실리 생성 및 소교 phagolysosomes에 Aβ 흡수의 정량을 허용 공 초점 데이터 세트에서 진정한 3D 복원의 분석에서 우리는 세부 사항. 더 광범위하게, 여기에 자세히 우리 방법론은 생체 내에서 식균 사실상 어떠한 형태를 정량화하는데 사용될 수있다.

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		<col />
		<col />
		<col />
	</colgroup>
	<tbody>
		<tr height="40">
			<td height="40" style="height:40px;width:384px;">Isoflurane</td>
			<td style="width:152px;">Abbott</td>
			<td style="width:127px;">NDC 0044-5260-05</td>
			<td style="width:249px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:384px;">Dissecting scissors</td>
			<td style="width:152px;">VWR</td>
			<td style="width:127px;">82027-582</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:384px;">Dissecting scissors Blunt tip</td>
			<td style="width:152px;">VWR</td>
			<td style="width:127px;">82027-588</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:384px;">Tweezers</td>
			<td style="width:152px;">VWR</td>
			<td>94024-408</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:384px;">23G needle</td>
			<td style="width:152px;">VWR</td>
			<td>BD305145</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:384px;">peristaltic pump FH10</td>
			<td style="width:152px;">Thermo Scientific</td>
			<td>72-310-010</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:384px;">PBS 10X</td>
			<td style="width:152px;">Bioland Scientific</td>
			<td style="width:127px;">PBS01-02</td>
			<td>Working concentration 1X</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:384px;">Adult Mouse Brain Matrix, Coronal slices, Stainless Steel 1mm&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:152px;">Kent Scientific</td>
			<td>RBMS-200C</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:384px;">Adult Rat Brain Matrix, Coronal slices, Stainless Steel 1mm&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:152px;">Kent Scientific</td>
			<td>RBMS-305C&#160;</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:384px;">32% Paraformaldehyde aqueous solution</td>
			<td style="width:152px;">EMS</td>
			<td style="width:127px;">15714-S</td>
			<td>Caution: Toxic. Working concentration 4% in PBS</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:384px;">Ethanol</td>
			<td style="width:152px;">VWR</td>
			<td>89125-188</td>
			<td>Various concentrations, see protocol</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:384px;">Tissue-Tek Uni-cassettes Sakura</td>
			<td style="width:152px;">VWR</td>
			<td>25608-774</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:384px;">Embedding and Infiltration Paraffin</td>
			<td style="width:152px;">VWR</td>
			<td>15147-839</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:384px;">Microtome Leica RM2125</td>
			<td style="width:152px;">Leica Biosystems</td>
			<td style="width:127px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:384px;">Disposable Microtome Blades&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:152px;">VWR</td>
			<td style="width:127px;">25608-964</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:384px;">Water bath Leica HI 1210</td>
			<td style="width:152px;">Leica Biosystems</td>
			<td style="width:127px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:384px;">Micro slide Superfrost plus</td>
			<td style="width:152px;">VWR</td>
			<td style="width:127px;">48311-703</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:384px;">Xylene</td>
			<td style="width:152px;">Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:127px;">534056-4X4L</td>
			<td style="width:249px;">Caution: Toxic&#160;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:384px;">Target Retrieval Solution 10X</td>
			<td style="width:152px;">DAKO</td>
			<td style="width:127px;">S1699</td>
			<td>Working concentration 1X</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">KimWipes</td>
			<td style="width:152px;">VWR</td>
			<td>21905-026</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:384px;">Hydrophobic PAP pen</td>
			<td style="width:152px;">VWR</td>
			<td style="width:127px;">95025-252</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:384px;">Triton X-100</td>
			<td style="width:152px;">VWR</td>
			<td style="width:127px;">97062-208</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:384px;">Normal Donkey Serum</td>
			<td style="width:152px;">Jackson Immuno</td>
			<td style="width:127px;">017-000-121</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:384px;">Coverslips</td>
			<td style="width:152px;">VWR</td>
			<td style="width:127px;">48393081</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:384px;">Prolong Gold antifade reagent with DAPI</td>
			<td style="width:152px;">Life Technologies</td>
			<td style="width:127px;">P36935</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:384px;">Glass Slide Rack</td>
			<td style="width:152px;">VWR</td>
			<td style="width:127px;">100492-942</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:384px;">Iba1 antibody (polyclonal, rabbit)</td>
			<td style="width:152px;">Wako</td>
			<td style="width:127px;">019-19741&#160;</td>
			<td>Working concentration 1:200</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:384px;">Iba1 antibody (polyclonal, goat)</td>
			<td style="width:152px;">LifeSpan Bioscience</td>
			<td style="width:127px;">LS-B2645</td>
			<td>Working concentration 1:200</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:384px;">rat CD68 [KP1] antibody (monoclonal, mouse)</td>
			<td style="width:152px;">Abcam</td>
			<td style="width:127px;">ab955</td>
			<td>Working concentration 1:200</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:384px;">mouse CD68 [FA-11] antibody (monoclonal, rat)</td>
			<td style="width:152px;">Abcam</td>
			<td style="width:127px;">ab53444</td>
			<td>Working concentration 1:200</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:384px;">mouse CD107a (LAMP1) antibody (monoclonal, rat)</td>
			<td style="width:152px;">Affymetrix</td>
			<td style="width:127px;">14-1071</td>
			<td>Working concentration 1:100</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:384px;">Beta-Amyloid, 17-24 (4G8) antibody (monoclonal, mouse)</td>
			<td style="width:152px;">Covance</td>
			<td style="width:127px;">SIG-39220</td>
			<td>Working concentration 1:200</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:384px;">Beta-Amyloid, 1-16 (6E10) antibody (monoclonal, mouse)</td>
			<td style="width:152px;">Covance</td>
			<td style="width:127px;">SIG-39320</td>
			<td>Working concentration 1:200</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:384px;">OC antibody (polyclonal, rabbit)</td>
			<td colspan="2">Gifted by D. H. Cribbs and C. G. Glabe (UC Irvine)</td>
			<td>Working concentration 1:200</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:384px;">Alexa Fluor 488&#160; mouse secondary antibody</td>
			<td style="width:152px;">Invitrogen</td>
			<td style="width:127px;">A-11001</td>
			<td>Working concentration 1:1000</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:384px;">Alexa Fluor 488&#160; rat secondary antibody</td>
			<td style="width:152px;">Invitrogen</td>
			<td>A-11006</td>
			<td>Working concentration 1:1000</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:384px;">Alexa Fluor 594 rabbit secondary antibody</td>
			<td style="width:152px;">Invitrogen</td>
			<td>A-11037</td>
			<td>Working concentration 1:1000</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:384px;">Alexa Fluor 594 goat secondary antibody</td>
			<td style="width:152px;">Invitrogen</td>
			<td>A-11080</td>
			<td>Working concentration 1:1000</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:384px;">Alexa Fluor 647 mouse secondary antibody</td>
			<td style="width:152px;">Invitrogen</td>
			<td>A-21235</td>
			<td>Working concentration 1:1000</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:384px;">Alexa Fluor 647 rabbit secondary antibody</td>
			<td style="width:152px;">Invitrogen</td>
			<td>A-21443</td>
			<td>Working concentration 1:1000</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:384px;">Immersion oil</td>
			<td style="width:152px;">Nikon&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:127px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:384px;">A1 Confocal microscope</td>
			<td style="width:152px;">Nikon&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:127px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:384px;">NIS Elements Advanced Research software</td>
			<td style="width:152px;">Nikon&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:127px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:384px;">Imaris:Bitplane software version 7.6</td>
			<td style="width:152px;">Bitplane</td>
			<td style="width:127px;"></td>
			<td>&#34;coloc&#34; and &#34;supass&#34; modules are used.&#160;Alternatively, the open-source freeware&#160;ImageJ can be used for colocalization&#160;analysis of confocal z-stacks datasets.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;"></td>
			<td style="width:152px;"></td>
			<td style="width:127px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:384px;"></td>
			<td style="width:152px;"></td>
			<td style="width:127px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:384px;"></td>
			<td style="width:152px;"></td>
			<td style="width:127px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

quantitative 3d in silico modeling (q3dism) of cerebral amyloid-beta phagocytosis in rodent models of alzheimer's disease

신경 염증은 이제 신경 퇴행성 질환의 주요 병인 요소로 인식되고 있습니다. 단핵 식세포는 식균 작용 및 파편과 이물질의 통관에 대한 책임 선천성 면역 세포이다. 이 세포들은 주변에서 침투 미세 아교 세포로 알려진 CNS 상주 식세포 및 단핵 식세포를 포함한다. 광학 현미경은 일반적으로 쥐 또는 인간의 두뇌 표본 식세포를 시각화하는데 사용되었다. 그러나 질적 방법은 생체 내 식균 작용의 결정적인 증거를 제공하지 않았습니다. 여기, 우리는 실리 모델링 (q3DISM), 설치류 알츠하이머 병 (AD) 모델에서 단핵 식세포에 의해 아밀로이드 β (Aβ) 식균 작용의 진정한 3D 정량을 가능하게하는 강력한 방법 양적 차원을 설명합니다. 이 방법은 형광 Aβ는 쥐의 뇌 섹션 phagolysosomes 내에서 캡슐화 시각화하는 것을 포함한다. 대형 Z 차원 공 촛점 데이터 세트는 3D는 A &amp; 정량을 위해 재구성# 946; 공간적으로 phagolysosome 내에서 colocalized. 우리는 마우스 및 래트의 뇌에 q3DISM의 성공적인 적용을 설명하지만,이 방법은 모든 조직에서의 거의 모든 식세포 이벤트에 확장 될 수있다.

q3DISM 위에서 상세히위한 다단계 방법을 사용하여, 우리는 APP / PS1 마우스 (도 1) 및 TgF344-AD 래트 (도 2)의 뇌에서 단핵 phagolysosomes으로 Aβ 흡수를 정량화 할 수있다. 따라서, q3DISM 방법론은 AD의 마우스 및 쥐 모델에서 단핵 식세포의 분석을 사용할 수있다. 흥미롭게도, CD68 + phagolysosomes가 차지하는 체적은 크게 두 APP / PS1 마우스 (도 1b, C...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Quantitative 3D In Silico Modeling q3DISM of Cerebral Amyloid-beta Phagocytosis in Rodent Models of Alzheimer's Disease at JoVE.com

Quantitative 3D In Silico Modeling q3DISM of Cerebral Amyloid-beta Phagocytosis in Rodent Models of Alzheimer's Disease

우리는 알츠하이머 병의 쥐 모델에서 단핵 식세포에 의해 대뇌 아밀로이드 β (Aβ) 식균 작용의 실리코 모델링 (q3DISM)의 양적 3D에 대한 방법론을 개발했다. 이 방법은 생체 내에서 거의 모든 식세포 이벤트의 정량화를 위해 일반화 될 수있다.

양적 3D<em&gt; 인 실리코</em알츠하이머 병의 쥐 모델에서 뇌 아밀로이드 - 베타 탐식&gt; 모델링 (q3DISM)

Neuroinflammation is now recognized as a major etiological factor in neurodegenerative disease. Mononuclear phagocytes are innate immune cells responsible ...

Research

JoVE Journal

Medicine

Quantitative 3D In Silico Modeling (q3DISM) of Cerebral Amyloid-beta Phagocytosis in Rodent Models of Alzheimer's Disease

Examining the Characteristics of Episodic Memory using Event-related Potentials in Patients with Alzheimer's Disease

알츠하이머 병 환자에서 이벤트 관련 후보를 사용하여 에피소드 메모리의 특성을 검토

Our laboratory uses event-related EEG potentials (ERPs) to understand and support behavioral investigations of episodic memory in patients with amnestic ...

연구

의학

Quantitative Analysis of Chromatin Proteomes in Disease

질병의 염색질 Proteomes의 정량 분석

In the nucleus reside the proteomes whose functions are most intimately linked with gene regulation. Adult mammalian cardiomyocyte nuclei are unique due ...

Gene-environment Interaction Models to Unmask Susceptibility Mechanisms in Parkinson's Disease

파킨슨 병에서 감수성 메커니즘을 마스크를 해제하는 유전자 환경 상호 작용 모델

Lipoxygenase (LOX) activity has been implicated in neurodegenerative disorders such as Alzheimer&#39;s disease, but its effects in Parkinson&#39;s disease ...

Modeling Stroke in Mice: Permanent Coagulation of the Distal Middle Cerebral Artery

마우스의 모델링 스트로크 : 말초 중간 대뇌 동맥의 영구 응고

Stroke is the third most common cause of death and a main cause of acquired adult disability in developed countries. Only very limited therapeutical ...

Multi-electrode Array Recordings of Human Epileptic Postoperative Cortical Tissue

인간의 간질 수술 후 두피 조직의 다중 전극 어레이 레코딩

Epilepsy, affecting about 1% of the population, comprises a group of neurological disorders characterized by the periodic occurrence of seizures, which ...

Use of Ultra-high Field MRI in Small Rodent Models of Polycystic Kidney Disease for In Vivo Phenotyping and Drug Monitoring

Use of Ultra-high Field MRI in Small Rodent Models of Polycystic Kidney Disease for In Vivo Phenotyping and Drug Monitoring

대한 다낭성 신장 질환의 작은 설치류 모델에서 매우 높은 필드 MRI의 사용<em&gt; 생체</em&gt; 표현형 의약품 모니터링

Several in vivo pre-clinical studies in Polycystic Kidney Disease (PKD) utilize orthologous rodent models to identify and study the genetic and molecular ...

Ex Vivo Intestinal Sacs to Assess Mucosal Permeability in Models of Gastrointestinal Disease

Ex Vivo Intestinal Sacs to Assess Mucosal Permeability in Models of Gastrointestinal Disease

예 생체 내 창자 주머 니나는 위장 질환 모델에서 점막 투과성을 평가하는

The epithelial barrier is the first innate defense of the gastrointestinal tract and selectively regulates transport from the lumen to the underlying ...

Hemodynamic Characterization of Rodent Models of Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension

폐동맥 고혈압의 설치류 모델의 혈역학 특성

Pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) is a rare disease of the pulmonary vasculature characterized by endothelial cell apoptosis, smooth muscle ...

Neurodegeneration in an Animal Model of Chronic Amyloid-beta Oligomer Infusion Is Counteracted by Antibody Treatment Infused with Osmotic Pumps

만성 아밀로이드 - 베타 올리고머 주입의 동물 모델에서 신경 퇴행은 삼투 펌프와 항체 치료 인 퓨즈에 의해 상쇄되어

Decline in hippocampal-dependent explicit memory (memory for facts and events) is one of the earliest clinical symptom of Alzheimer&#39;s disease (AD). It ...

Application of Granger Causality Analysis of the Directed Functional Connection in Alzheimer's Disease and Mild Cognitive Impairment

알 츠 하이 머 질환과 경미한 인지 장애에 감독된 기능 연결의 그 랜 저 인과관계 분석의 응용 프로그램

Impaired functional connectivity in the Default Mode Network (DMN) may be involved in the progression of Alzheimer&#39;s Disease (AD). The Posterior ...