Name: design and implementation of an automated illuminating, culturing, and sampling system for microbial optogenetic applications
Uploaded: 2017-02-19T14:00:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Design and Implementation of an Automated Illuminating, Culturing, and Sampling System for Microbial Optogenetic Applications at JoVE.com

我们要感谢莫莉拉扎尔和Veronica德尔加多协助在测试协议，基兰·斯威尼有益的讨论和编辑，和泰勒·斯科特，我的安adirekkun，和斯蒂芬妮盖勒的手稿的批判性阅读。梅根妮可麦克林博士拥有事业奖从宝来惠康基金科学接口。

<img alt="图1" src="/files/ftp_upload/54894/54894fig1.jpg" /> 图1：连续培养装置。这简化框图显示了如何，当它被用来培养，照亮该装置应进行组装，并测量微生物的光学性质。 <a href="http://ecsource.jove.com/files/ftp_upload/54894/54894fig1large.jpg" target="_blank">请点击此处查看该图的放大版本。</a> <img alt="图2" src="/files/ftp_upload/54894/54...

<ol>
	<li>Motta-Mena, L. B., Reade, A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=An+optogenetic+gene+expression+system+with+rapid+activation+and+deactivation+kinetics.">An optogenetic gene expression system with rapid activation and deactivation kinetics.</a> Nature chemical biology. 10 (3), 196-202 (2014).</li><li>Hughes, R. M., Bolger, S., Tapadia, H., Tucker, C. L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Light-mediated+control+of+DNA+transcription+in+yeast.">Light-mediated control of DNA transcription in yeast.</a> Methods. 58 (4), 385-391 (2012).</li><li>Shimizu-Sato, S., Huq, E., Tepperman, J. M., Quail, P. H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+light-switchable+gene+promoter+system.">A light-switchable gene promoter system.</a> Nature biotechnology. 20 (10), 1041-1044 (2002).</li><li>Polstein, L. R., Gersbach, C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=a+Light-inducible+spatiotemporal+control+of+gene+activation+by+customizable+zinc+finger+transcription+factors.">a Light-inducible spatiotemporal control of gene activation by customizable zinc finger transcription factors.</a> J Am Chem Soc. 134 (40), 16480-16483 (2012).</li><li>Polstein, L. R., Gersbach, C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=a+A+light-inducible+CRISPR-Cas9+system+for+control+of+endogenous+gene+activation.">a A light-inducible CRISPR-Cas9 system for control of endogenous gene activation.</a> Nature Chemical Biology. 11 (3), 198-200 (2015).</li><li>Yang, X., Jost, A. P. T., Weiner, O. D., Tang, C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+light-inducible+organelle-targeting+system+for+dynamically+activating+and+inactivating+signaling+in+budding+yeast.">A light-inducible organelle-targeting system for dynamically activating and inactivating signaling in budding yeast.</a> Molecular biology of the cell. 24 (15), 2419-2430 (2013).</li><li>Lee, S., Park, H., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Reversible+protein+inactivation+by+optogenetic+trapping+in+cells.">Reversible protein inactivation by optogenetic trapping in cells.</a> Nature methods. 11 (6), 633-636 (2014).</li><li>Kennedy, M. J., Hughes, R. M., Peteya, L. A., Schwartz, J. W., Ehlers, M. D., Tucker, C. L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Rapid+blue-light-mediated+induction+of+protein+interactions+in+living+cells.">Rapid blue-light-mediated induction of protein interactions in living cells.</a> Nature Methods. 7 (12), 973-975 (2010).</li><li>Yazawa, M., Sadaghiani, A. M., Hsueh, B., Dolmetsch, R. E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Induction+of+protein-protein+interactions+in+live+cells+using+light.">Induction of protein-protein interactions in live cells using light.</a> Nat Biotechnol. 27 (10), 941-945 (2009).</li><li>Zoltowski, B. D., Motta-Mena, L. B., Gardner, K. H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Blue+light-induced+dimerization+of+a+bacterial+LOV-HTH+DNA-binding+protein.">Blue light-induced dimerization of a bacterial LOV-HTH DNA-binding protein.</a> Biochemistry. 52 (38), 6653-6661 (2013).</li><li>Renicke, C., Schuster, D., Usherenko, S., Essen, L. O., Taxis, C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+LOV2+Domain-Based+Optogenetic+Tool+to+Control+Protein+Degradation+and+Cellular+Function.">A LOV2 Domain-Based Optogenetic Tool to Control Protein Degradation and Cellular Function.</a> Chemistry &amp; Biology. 20 (4), 619-626 (2013).</li><li>Novick, A., Szilard, L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Description+of+the+chemostat.">Description of the chemostat.</a> Science (New York, N.Y.). 112 (2920), 715-716 (1950).</li><li>Monod, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=La+technique+de+culture+continue.+Th&#233;orie+et+applications.">La technique de culture continue. Th&#233;orie et applications.</a> Ann. Inst. Pasteur. 79 (4), 390-410 (1950).</li><li>Shimizu-Sato, S., Huq, E., Tepperman, J. M., Quail, P. H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+light-switchable+gene+promoter+system.">A light-switchable gene promoter system.</a> Nature Biotechnology. 20, 1041-1044 (2002).</li><li>Kennedy, M. J., Hughes, R. M., Peteya, L. A., Schwartz, J. W., Ehlers, M. D., Tucker, C. L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Rapid+blue-light-mediated+induction+of+protein+interactions+in+living+cells.">Rapid blue-light-mediated induction of protein interactions in living cells.</a> Nature Methods. 7, 973-975 (2010).</li><li>Olson, E. J., Tabor, J. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Optogenetic+characterization+methods+overcome+key+challenges+in+synthetic+and+systems+biology.">Optogenetic characterization methods overcome key challenges in synthetic and systems biology.</a> Nature chemical biology. 10 (7), 502-511 (2014).</li><li>Botstein, D., Fink, G. R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Yeast:+An+experimental+organism+for+21st+century+biology.">Yeast: An experimental organism for 21st century biology.</a> Genetics. 189 (3), 695-704 (2011).</li><li>Galanie, S., Smolke, C. D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Optimization+of+yeast-based+production+of+medicinal+protoberberine+alkaloids.">Optimization of yeast-based production of medicinal protoberberine alkaloids.</a> Microbial cell factories. 14 (1), 144 (2015).</li><li>Gerngross, T. U. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Advances+in+the+production+of+human+therapeutic+proteins+in+yeasts+and+filamentous+fungi.">Advances in the production of human therapeutic proteins in yeasts and filamentous fungi.</a> Nature biotechnology. 22 (11), 1409-1414 (2004).</li><li>van Maris, A. J. A., Abbott, D. A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Alcoholic+fermentation+of+carbon+sources+in+biomass+hydrolysates+by+Saccharomyces+cerevisiae:+current+status.">Alcoholic fermentation of carbon sources in biomass hydrolysates by Saccharomyces cerevisiae: current status.</a> Antonie van Leeuwenhoek. 90 (4), 391-418 (2006).</li><li>Edelstein, A., Amodaj, N., Hoover, K., Vale, R., Stuurman, N. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Computer+control+of+microscopes+using+&#181;Manager.">Computer control of microscopes using &#181;Manager.</a> Curr Protoc Mol Biol. , (2010).</li><li>Edelstein, A. D., Tsuchida, M. A., Amodaj, N., Pinkard, H., Vale, R. D., Stuurman, N. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Advanced+methods+of+microscope+control+using+&#181;Manager+software.">Advanced methods of microscope control using &#181;Manager software.</a> Journal of biological methods. 1 (2), (2014).</li><li>Schindelin, J., Arganda-Carreras, I., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Fiji:+an+open-source+platform+for+biological-image+analysis.">Fiji: an open-source platform for biological-image analysis.</a> Nature methods. 9 (7), 676-682 (2012).</li><li>Bhattacharya, S., Datta, A., Berg, J. M., Gangopadhyay, S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Studies+on+surface+wettability+of+poly(dimethyl)+siloxane+(PDMS)+and+glass+under+oxygen-plasma+treatment+and+correlation+with+bond+strength.">Studies on surface wettability of poly(dimethyl) siloxane (PDMS) and glass under oxygen-plasma treatment and correlation with bond strength.</a> Journal of Microelectromechanical Systems. 14 (3), 590-597 (2005).</li><li>Saldanha, A. J., Brauer, M. J., Botstein, D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Nutritional+homeostasis+in+batch+and+steady-state+culture+of+yeast.">Nutritional homeostasis in batch and steady-state culture of yeast.</a> Molecular Biology of the Cell. 15, 4089-4104 (2004).</li><li>Boer, V. M., Tai, S. L., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Transcriptional+responses+of+Saccharomyces+cerevisaie+to+preferred+and+nonpreferred+nitrogen+sources+in+glucose-limited+chemostat+cultures.">Transcriptional responses of Saccharomyces cerevisaie to preferred and nonpreferred nitrogen sources in glucose-limited chemostat cultures.</a> FEMS Yeast Research. 7, 604-620 (2007).</li><li>Boer, V. M., Amini, S., Botstein, D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Influence+of+genotype+and+nutrition+on+survival+and+metabolism+of+starving+yeast.">Influence of genotype and nutrition on survival and metabolism of starving yeast.</a> Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 105, 6930-6935 (2008).</li><li>Brauer, M. J., Huttenhower, C., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Coordination+of+growth+rate,+cell+cycle,+stress+response+and+metabolic+activity+in+yeast.">Coordination of growth rate, cell cycle, stress response and metabolic activity in yeast.</a> Molecular Biology of the Cell. 19, 352-367 (2008).</li><li>Gresham, D., Dunham, M. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+enduring+utility+of+continuous+culturing+in+experimental+evolution.">The enduring utility of continuous culturing in experimental evolution.</a> Genomics. 104 (6), 399-405 (2014).</li><li>Liu, H., Yu, X., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Photoexcited+CRY2+interacts+with+CIB1+to+regulate+transcription+and+floral+initiation+in+Arabidopsis.">Photoexcited CRY2 interacts with CIB1 to regulate transcription and floral initiation in Arabidopsis.</a> Science (New York, N.Y.). 322 (5907), 1535-1539 (2008).</li><li>McIsaac, R. S., Oakes, B. L., Wang, X., Dummit, K. A., Botstein, D., Noyes, M. B. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Synthetic+gene+expression+perturbation+systems+with+rapid,+tunable,+single-gene+specificity+in+yeast.">Synthetic gene expression perturbation systems with rapid, tunable, single-gene specificity in yeast.</a> Nucleic Acids Research. 41 (4), 1-10 (2013).</li><li>McIsaac, R. S., Petti, A. A., Bussemaker, H. J., Botstein, D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Perturbation-based+analysis+and+modeling+of+combinatorial+regulation+in+the+yeast+sulfur+assimilation+pathway.">Perturbation-based analysis and modeling of combinatorial regulation in the yeast sulfur assimilation pathway.</a> Molecular biology of the cell. 23 (15), 2993-3007 (2012).</li><li>McIsaac, R. S., Silverman, S. J., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Fast-acting+and+nearly+gratuitous+induction+of+gene+expression+and+protein+depletion+in+Saccharomyces+cerevisiae.">Fast-acting and nearly gratuitous induction of gene expression and protein depletion in Saccharomyces cerevisiae.</a> Molecular biology of the cell. 22 (22), 4447-4459 (2011).</li><li>Melendez, J., Patel, M., Oakes, B. L., Xu, P., Morton, P., McClean, M. N. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Real-time+optogenetic+control+of+intracellular+protein+concentration+in+microbial+cell+cultures.">Real-time optogenetic control of intracellular protein concentration in microbial cell cultures.</a> Integrative biology quantitative biosciences from nano to macro. 6 (3), 366-372 (2014).</li><li>Brauer, M. J., Huttenhower, C., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Coordination+of+growth+rate,+cell+cycle,+stress+response,+and+metabolic+activity+in+yeast.">Coordination of growth rate, cell cycle, stress response, and metabolic activity in yeast.</a> Molecular biology of the cell. 19 (1), 352-367 (2008).</li><li>Boer, V. M., Crutchfield, C. A., Bradley, P. H., Botstein, D., Rabinowitz, J. D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Growth-limiting+intracellular+metabolites+in+yeast+growing+under+diverse+nutrient+limitations.">Growth-limiting intracellular metabolites in yeast growing under diverse nutrient limitations.</a> Molecular biology of the cell. 21 (1), 198-211 (2010).</li><li>Markham, B. E., Byrne, W. J., Methods, E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Uptake,+storage+and+utilization+of+phosphate+by+yeast.">Uptake, storage and utilization of phosphate by yeast.</a> Journal of the Institute of Brewing. 73, 271-273 (1967).</li><li>Kazemi Seresht, A., Palmqvist, E. A., Olsson, L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+impact+of+phosphate+scarcity+on+pharmaceutical+protein+production+in+S.+cerevisiae:+linking+transcriptomic+insights+to+phenotypic+responses.">The impact of phosphate scarcity on pharmaceutical protein production in S. cerevisiae: linking transcriptomic insights to phenotypic responses.</a> Microbial cell factories. 10 (1), 104 (2011).</li><li>Shimizu, K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Regulation+Systems+of+Bacteria+such+as+Escherichia+coli+in+Response+to+Nutrient+Limitation+and+Environmental+Stresses.">Regulation Systems of Bacteria such as Escherichia coli in Response to Nutrient Limitation and Environmental Stresses.</a> Metabolites. 4 (1), 1-35 (2013).</li><li>Olson, E. J., Hartsough, L. A., Landry, B. P., Shroff, R., Tabor, J. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Characterizing+bacterial+gene+circuit+dynamics+with+optically+programmed+gene+expression+signals.">Characterizing bacterial gene circuit dynamics with optically programmed gene expression signals.</a> Nature methods. 11 (4), 449-455 (2014).</li></ol>

我们设计时考虑的灵活性本设备。所有使用的代码是自由和开放源码。默认的图像分析过程分割单元简单，运行速度很快。定制分析可以通过记录用户输入，同时与斐济图形用户界面进行分析的代表性图像，所述输入转换为BeanShell的脚本，然后设置插件调用脚本来实现。当它被调用时，该脚本将被送到称为“图像”包含文件路径到最近一套扣除背景的图像的字符串数组。图像和数据，因为它们被?...

光遗传学系统使用光来控制细胞过程，包括基因表达，1，2，3，4，5蛋白质定位，6蛋白活性，6，7，8蛋白结合，8，9，10和蛋白质降解的一个增长的名单。 11，用于在与编程光学刺激受控环境中培养的细胞，并用于测量其响应在生物学相关的时间尺度的方法，有必要利用这些工具的潜力在细胞生物学和生物技术研究。我们的方法利用chemostasis的优势，在充分混合以保持恒定的细胞生长速率，AE额定，并且暴露于编程照度温度控制玻璃培养容器12，13。在倒置显微镜培养流出我们图像单个细胞来测量培养的以编程照明的响应。培养，取样，成像和图像分析完全自动化，使得荧光强度和流出物细胞培养物的细胞形态可以在多天进行测量，而无需用户输入。 这种协议可以在熟悉生长的细胞培养和显微镜检查大多数实验室来实现，并且所使用的装置是廉价且随时提供的组件。透明培养容器被放置的发光二极管（LED）能够发光的1μW/ cm 2的-10毫瓦/厘米2的矩阵的上方。微生物生长在连续培养容器; 1蠕动泵用于在添加媒体稀释率，另一个用于在较小速度到显微镜撤回培养，差值逸出通过溢流出口。一个加热垫维持温度。空气连续地泵入培养容器保持正压以及混合和通气培养。除了空气泵，功率到这些设备是由还接收来自温度计和连接台式计算机输入微控制器调节。流出物细胞培养物被泵送到微流体装置上的倒置显微镜的阶段。非荧光和荧光图像自动获得的。在影像中的细胞是由位于每个小区作为感兴趣区域（ROI）的区域，并测量每个ROI的属性的算法表征。 为了证明该协议的应用，我们测量了蓝光responsi工程酵母细胞的不同光强的响应已经控制荧光蛋白的转录光遗传学系统。 酿酒酵母 ，俗称面包酵母，被选中是因为在这一系统中控制基因表达的多个光遗传学系统已经存在14，15，16。此外，该模型生物体通常在系统生物学17和作为用于生物技术应用18，19，20中的底盘用于研究。我们的代表性的结果表明，该协议可以用于通过改变输入光强度和测量的生产荧光报道的以控制培养多天的转录。

<table border="1" fo:keep-together.within-page="1" fo:keep-with-next.within-page="always">
	<tbody>
		<tr >
			<td >Extensive lab manual</td>
			<td >GitHub</td>
			<td >NA</td>
			<td >An extensive, regularly updated lab manual is available in the &#8220;Optogenetic Chemostat Files&#8221; GitHub repository (https://github.com/McCleanResearch/Optogenetic-Chemostat-Files). This also includes a description of the microfluidic mold used to generate the representative results.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr >
			<td >Fritzing Design Viewer</td>
			<td >Fritzing</td>
			<td >NA</td>
			<td >The free, open-sourced software to view and edit the .fzz type circuit board designs is available at &#34;http://fritzing.org/download/&#34;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr >
			<td >Arduino Uno R3 (Atmega328 - assembled)</td>
			<td >Adafruit</td>
			<td >50</td>
			<td >Microcontroller. 1 required.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr >
			<td >Arduino Stackable Header Kit</td>
			<td >SparkFun Electronics</td>
			<td >10007</td>
			<td >Female pin headers for connecting PCB to microcontroller. 1 required.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr >
			<td >Adjustable 30W 110V soldering iron - XY-258 110V</td>
			<td >Adafruit</td>
			<td >180</td>
			<td >For making electrical connections to the PCB. 1 required.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr >
			<td >Soldering iron stand</td>
			<td >Adafruit</td>
			<td >150</td>
			<td >For making electrical connections to the PCB. 1 required.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr >
			<td >Mini Solder spool - 60/40 lead rosin-core solder 0.031&#34; diameter - 100g</td>
			<td >Adafruit</td>
			<td >145</td>
			<td >For making electrical connections to the PCB. 1 required.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr >
			<td >0.1 &#956;F capacitor</td>
			<td >SparkFun Electronics</td>
			<td >COM-08375</td>
			<td >Stabilizes voltage in PCB. 1 required.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr >
			<td >10 &#956;F capacitor</td>
			<td >SparkFun Electronics</td>
			<td >COM-00523</td>
			<td >Stabilizes voltage in PCB. 1 required.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr >
			<td >MAX7219CNG LED Matrix/Digit Display Driver - MAX7219</td>
			<td >Maxim</td>
			<td >MAX7219CNG</td>
			<td >LED driver. 1 required.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr >
			<td >8 pin IC Socket</td>
			<td >Mouser Electronics</td>
			<td >575-144308</td>
			<td >16 required. These will be stacked on top of each other to support the culture vessel above the LED matrix.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr >
			<td >24 Pin IC socket</td>
			<td >Mouser Electronics</td>
			<td >535-24-3518-10</td>
			<td >Optional. Use this to reversibly attach the MAXIM 7219CNG driver to the PCB.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr >
			<td >Digital multimeter</td>
			<td >Adafruit</td>
			<td >2034</td>
			<td >For troubleshooting electronics. 1 required.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr >
			<td >Break Away Headers - 40-pin Male (Long Centered, PTH, 0.1&#34;)</td>
			<td >SparkFun Electronics</td>
			<td >PRT-12693</td>
			<td >Male pin headers for connected LED matrix to printed circuit board. Ends can be trimmed with wire cutters. 1 set required.&#160;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr >
			<td >Flush diagonal wire cutters</td>
			<td >Adafruit</td>
			<td >152</td>
			<td >For trimming long pin headers and cutting power cables. 1 required.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr >
			<td >Premium Female/Female Jumper Wires - 40 x 12&#34; (300mm)</td>
			<td >Adafruit</td>
			<td >793</td>
			<td >Wire ribbon for connecting breadboard to LED matrix. Can be connected end-to-end with male pin-headers to be longer. 1 required.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr >
			<td >Half-size breadboard</td>
			<td >Adafruit</td>
			<td >64</td>
			<td >The LED matrix will connect to this and the culturing vessel will rest above it.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr >
			<td >Miniature 8x8 Blue LED Matrix</td>
			<td >Adafruit</td>
			<td >956</td>
			<td >Light source. Dominant wavelength is 470nm (blue). 1 required. Alternative miniature LED matrices from the same vendor are available with dominant wavelengths: 624 nm (red), 588 nm (yellow), 525 nm (green), 572 nm (yellow-green), and white.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr >
			<td >Stackable header-3 pin</td>
			<td >SparkFun Electronics</td>
			<td >13875</td>
			<td >8 required.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr >
			<td >Resistor Kit - 1/4W (500 total)</td>
			<td >SparkFun Electronics</td>
			<td >10969</td>
			<td >For electronics. 1 required.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr >
			<td >&#160;IRL520N MOSFET</td>
			<td >International Rectifier</td>
			<td >IRL520N</td>
			<td >Voltage regulating switch for controlling DC current. 4 required.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr >
			<td >Hook-Up Wire - Assortment (Solid Core, 22 AWG)</td>
			<td >SparkFun Electronics</td>
			<td >PRT 11367</td>
			<td >Wire for electronics. 1 required.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr >
			<td >5V 2A (2000mA) switching power supply - UL Listed</td>
			<td >Adafruit</td>
			<td >276</td>
			<td >Power supply for the heating pad and Arduino. 2 required.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr >
			<td >12 VDC 1000mA regulated switching power adapter - UL listed</td>
			<td >Adafruit</td>
			<td >798</td>
			<td >For peristaltic pumps. 2 required.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr >
			<td >Electric Heating Pad - 10cm x 5cm</td>
			<td >Adafruit</td>
			<td >1481</td>
			<td >For heating the bioreactor. 1 required.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr >
			<td >Low flow variable flow peristaltic pump</td>
			<td >Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td >13-876-1</td>
			<td >For pumping media. 1 required</td>
		</tr>
		<tr >
			<td >Medium flow variable flow peristaltic pump</td>
			<td >Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td >13-876-2</td>
			<td >For pumping culture. 1 required.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr >
			<td >9 VDC 1000mA regulated switching power adapter - UL listed</td>
			<td >Adafruit</td>
			<td >63</td>
			<td >For microcontroller power supply. Order 1.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr >
			<td >High Temp Waterproof DS18B20 Digital temperature sensor + extras</td>
			<td >Adafruit</td>
			<td >642</td>
			<td >Thermometer for the bioreactor. 1 required.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr >
			<td >Micromanager</td>
			<td >Micromanager</td>
			<td >NA</td>
			<td >The free, open-sourced microscope control software is available at &#34;https://micro-manager.org/wiki/Download_Micro-Manager_Latest_Release&#34;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr >
			<td >FIJI</td>
			<td >ImageJ</td>
			<td >NA</td>
			<td >The free, open-sourced image analysis software is available at &#34;http://fiji.sc/&#34;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr >
			<td >Arduino Integrated Development Environment</td>
			<td >Arduino</td>
			<td >NA</td>
			<td >The free, open-sourced IDE is available at &#34;https://www.arduino.cc/en/Main/Software&#34;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr >
			<td >Custom code</td>
			<td >GitHub</td>
			<td >NA</td>
			<td >The custom microcontroller code and &#34;Bioreactor Controller&#34; plugin are available in the &#8220;Optogenetic Chemostat Files&#8221; GitHub repository (https://github.com/McCleanResearch/Optogenetic-Chemostat-Files).</td>
		</tr>
		<tr >
			<td >USB Cable A to B - 6 Foot</td>
			<td >SparkFun Electronics</td>
			<td >CAB-00512</td>
			<td >Used to download data to microcontroller. 1 required.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr >
			<td >bioreactorTimecourse_example.csv</td>
			<td >GitHub</td>
			<td >NA</td>
			<td >The advantage of loading LED matrix values from a CSV file is that a program can be called by the plugin to update those values based on image analysis results, and those values can be reloaded to the microcontroller, enabling feed-back control. It is available from the &#8220;Optogenetic Chemostat Files&#8221; GitHub repository (https://github.com/McCleanResearch/Optogenetic-Chemostat-Files).</td>
		</tr>
		<tr >
			<td >Tota-frost gels (diffusion paper)</td>
			<td >B&#38;H</td>
			<td >B&#38;H # LOFSFTL 
			MFR # T1-72</td>
			<td >For LED matrix. 1 required.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr >
			<td >Kitting Sheet Crosslink 1/4x12x24in</td>
			<td >Grainger, inc</td>
			<td >20JL37</td>
			<td >Black foam for culturing vessel enclosure. 4 required.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr >
			<td >Standard Photodiode Power Sensor, Si, 200 - 1100 nm, 50 mW&#160;</td>
			<td >Thorlabs</td>
			<td >S120VC</td>
			<td >For measuring light intensity. 1 required.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr >
			<td >Labelling Tape</td>
			<td >Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td >159015N</td>
			<td >For labelling and securing loose components. 1 required.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr >
			<td >Compact Power and Energy Meter Console, Digital 4&#34; LCD</td>
			<td >Thorlabs</td>
			<td >PM100D</td>
			<td >For measuring light intensity. 1 required.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr >
			<td >100mL GL45 hybridization glass bottle</td>
			<td >Bellco Glass, Inc.</td>
			<td >(7910-40150)</td>
			<td >Bioreactor vessel. 1 required.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr >
			<td >Six port assembly</td>
			<td >Bellco Glass, Inc.</td>
			<td >Custom&#160;</td>
			<td >For the bioreactor vessel. Tubing Specs: .125&#34; OD x .055&#34;ID. Port A: 1.0&#34; long above cap slug and to bottom of tube. Ports B,C,E,F: 1.0&#34; long above cap slug, 33 mm long below. Port D: 1.0&#34; long above cap slug, 65 mm&#160; long below. 1 required. Includes 45 mm diameter polypropylene open top screw cap and a white silicone gasket to ensure a tight seal between the cap and the vessel.&#160;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr >
			<td >Scotch Magic Tape 3105, 3/4 x 300 Inches, Pack of 3</td>
			<td >Amazon</td>
			<td >B0009F3P3U</td>
			<td >Clear scotch tape. This is available from many other vendors. It is used to cover markings on the culturing vessel and to secure the coverglass with the PDMS channel to the aluminum support frame.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr >
			<td >1/16&#34; ID x 3/16&#34; OD x 1/16&#34; Wall Tygon Sanitary Silicone Tubing</td>
			<td >United States Plastic Corp.</td>
			<td >57288</td>
			<td >Tubing. ~25&#39; required.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr >
			<td >Cole-Parmer Twistit white rubber stopper, size 10</td>
			<td >Cole-Parmer</td>
			<td >EW-62992-32</td>
			<td >Media flask stopper and effluent flask stopper. 2 required.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr >
			<td >2L Laboratory Flask</td>
			<td >Pyrex</td>
			<td >4980</td>
			<td >Media flask and effluent flask. 2 required.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr >
			<td >Day pinchcock</td>
			<td >Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td >5867</td>
			<td >For pinching tubes shut. 3 required.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr >
			<td >Replacement tubing assembly 1/16&#34; ID</td>
			<td >Traceable Products</td>
			<td >3372</td>
			<td >The peristaltic pumps come with a set of tubes, but they wear out after weeks of use.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr >
			<td >Replacement tubing assembly 1/50&#34; ID</td>
			<td >Traceable Products</td>
			<td >3371</td>
			<td >The peristaltic pumps come with a set of tubes, but they wear out after weeks of use.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr >
			<td >Male luer with lock ring x 1/16&#34; hose barb, Nylon, 25/pk</td>
			<td >Cole-Parmer</td>
			<td >EW-45505-00</td>
			<td >Connectors. ~10 luers are required.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr >
			<td >Male luer with lock ring x 1/8&#34; hose barb, Nylon, 25/pk</td>
			<td >Cole-Parmer</td>
			<td >EW-45505-04</td>
			<td >Connectors. 5 required, one for each rubber stopper hole to fill with tubing.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr >
			<td >Female luer x 1/16&#34; hose barb adapter, Nylon, 25/pk</td>
			<td >Cole-Parmer</td>
			<td >EW-45502-00</td>
			<td >Connectors. ~10 luers required.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr >
			<td >Female luer x 3/16&#34; hose barb adapter</td>
			<td >Cole-Parmer</td>
			<td >EW-45502-08</td>
			<td >Connectors. ~10 luers required.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr >
			<td >Cole-Parmer Luer Accessory, Female Luer Cap, Nylon, 25/Pk</td>
			<td >Cole-Parmer</td>
			<td >SC-45502-28</td>
			<td ></td>
		</tr>
		<tr >
			<td >Cole-Parmer Luer Accessory, Male Luer Lock Plug, Nylon, 25/Pk</td>
			<td >Cole-Parmer</td>
			<td >EW-45505-56</td>
			<td ></td>
		</tr>
		<tr >
			<td >Microbore PTFE Tubing, 0.022&#34;ID x 0.042&#34;OD, 100 ft/roll</td>
			<td >Cole-Parmer</td>
			<td >EW-06417-21</td>
			<td >Tubing. 1 roll required.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr >
			<td >Masterflex platinum-cured silicone tubing, L/S 13, 25 ft</td>
			<td >Cole-Parmer</td>
			<td >EW-96410-13</td>
			<td >Tubing. ~25&#39; required.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr >
			<td >3/16&#34; ID x 1/4&#34; OD x 1/32&#34; Wall Tygon Sanitary Silicone Tubing</td>
			<td >United States Plastic Corp.</td>
			<td >57293</td>
			<td >Tubing. ~1&#39; required.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr >
			<td >Vacuum filter</td>
			<td >Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td >974107</td>
			<td >Nalgene vacuum filter for sterile filtering media.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr >
			<td >Aquel Oxy-Boost 200</td>
			<td >Rena Aquatic Supply</td>
			<td >AP200</td>
			<td >Dual diaphram adjustable flow air pump for aerating and mixing media. 1 required.&#160;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr >
			<td >0.2 &#956;m pore syringe filter</td>
			<td >Corning International</td>
			<td >431229</td>
			<td >This ensures that air from the aquarium pump does not contaminate the apparatus. 1 required.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr >
			<td >Slygard 184 Silicone Elastomer Kit</td>
			<td >Dow Corning</td>
			<td >Slygard 184</td>
			<td >For microfluidic device. 1 required.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr >
			<td >American Safety Razor GEM Scientific Single-Edge Razor Blades</td>
			<td >Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td >17989000</td>
			<td >For cutting tubes and PDMS. 1 blade required.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr >
			<td >Harris Uni-Core hole puncher 1.2mm ID</td>
			<td >Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td >WHAWB100028 ALDRICH</td>
			<td >For punching inlet/outlet in microfluidic device. 1 required.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr >
			<td >Microscope cover glass 22x60-1.5</td>
			<td >Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td >12-544-G</td>
			<td >For microfluidic device. 1 required.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr >
			<td >Rectangular aluminum frame with a square window</td>
			<td >Custom</td>
			<td >Custom</td>
			<td >To support the microfluidic channel. Outer dimensions: 3 inches x 1.25 inches. 
			Inner dimmensions (cut out portion): 7/8 inches x 7/8 inches 
			Thickness: ~1/32 inches</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

design and implementation of an automated illuminating, culturing, and sampling system for microbial optogenetic applications

光遗传学系统利用改变构响应于特定波长的光，以改变细胞过程遗传编码的蛋白质。有需要用于培养和测量对于包含编程光遗传学系统的照明和刺激系统。我们提出了构建和使用连续培养装置照亮的微生物细胞与编程的剂量的光，并自动采集和分析流出物中的细胞的图像的协议。该装置作为一个恒化器的操作允许的生长速率和细胞的环境中进行严格控制。连续细胞培养物的流出物定期采样，将细胞由多通道显微镜成像。培养，取样，成像和图像分析完全自动化，使得在荧光强度和从培养流出物取样细胞的细胞形态的动态响应多天测量无需用户输入。我们通过动态诱导蛋白生产中与激活转录的光遗传学系统设计的酿酒酵母的菌株证明这种培养装置的效用。

此装置用于通过基于所述CRY2 / CIB1蛋白对30可诱导光遗传学转录系统刺激酿酒酵母的表达响应于蓝光黄色荧光蛋白（YFP）的培养。细胞在磷酸盐限制培养基chemostatically生长为0.2±0.008的平均稀释率。磷酸盐限制在酿酒酵母恒化实验通常用于控制生长速率和磷酸盐限制的效果很好的特点。 31，32，</...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Design and Implementation of an Automated Illuminating, Culturing, and Sampling System for Microbial Optogenetic Applications at JoVE.com

Design and Implementation of an Automated Illuminating, Culturing, and Sampling System for Microbial Optogenetic Applications

我们设计用于光遗传学系统一起使用，照亮微生物的培养，并定期图像细胞出水倒置显微镜连续培养装置。培养，取样，成像和图像分析完全自动化，使得光照动态响应可以在几天进行测量。

设计和自动照明，培养和取样系统实现微生物光遗传学的应用

Optogenetic systems utilize genetically-encoded proteins that change conformation in response to specific wavelengths of light to alter cellular ...

The overall goal of this procedure is to assemble a continuous culturing vessel, in which the response to illumination of optogenetic microbes can be measured with a microscope automatically in real time and over multiple days. This method can help answer key questions in cellular biology and metabolic engineering, such as how dynamic gene expression can elicit responses which differ from static gene expression. The main advantage of this method it that continuous culture enables measurements to be collected for multiple days.To begin, solder the ground line, the data line, and the positive voltage line of the digital thermometer to the printed circuit board. Clip off one pin from a female three pin header and trim the remaining two pins. Solder this in the pair of holes labeled R2, and connect the two soldered pins by inserting a 4.7 kilo ohm resistor in the pin header.Next connect the remaining components to the circuit board. Overlay the circuit board on to the micro controller. Set up the light proof enclosure, and install all software as described in the accompanying text protocol.First, place the long end of the aluminum port through the gasket into the culturing vessel and screw on the cap. Cover one short aluminum port outlet with medium diameter silicone tubing. Plug the distill end by inserting a female luer lock, and then connecting a male luer lock plug.This outlet is supplementary and will not be used. Connect two short segments of medium diameter silicone tubing with male and female luer locks. Then connect one end to a short aluminum port outlet, and plug the distill end.The vessel will be inoculated through this tube. Next, connect two medium tubes to the ends of the medium diameter peristaltic tubing and connectors. Connect one end to a short aluminum port, and plug the other.Later, this will be connected to the media flask. Connect a medium diameter silicone tube to the longest aluminum port. The tube should be long enough to reach the media flask.Connect another short segment a few inches long to the end, and then insert it into the rubber stopper on the media flask. Clamp the tube. When later unclamped, this connection allows the culture to be mixed, aerated, and kept at a positive pressure by the incoming bubbles.Insert a medium diameter tube long enough to reach the bottom of the flask into the stopper through which media will be transferred. Connect another medium diameter tube to this one, and then a wide diameter tube on the end. Plug the distill end.Fill the third hole in the stopper with a short segment of medium diameter tubing, connected to two other segments of medium diameter tubing, and plugged at the distill end. This will be connected to a vacuum pump, and later to an aquarium pump. Insert a male luer lock into a segment of narrow diameter silicone tubing and then firmly insert PTFE tubing.Then attach a female luer lock to a medium diameter tube. Thread the female lock along the PTFE tube to connect the locks and the other to a short aluminum port. Ensure that the PTFE tube inside the culturing vessel dangles below the second longest aluminum tube, and above the bottom.Trim as needed. Media will be sampled from here to the imaging channel, and the narrow tubing minimizes the intermediate volume. Next, connect the exposed narrow silicone tube to the narrow peristaltic tube and connectors.To this connect three segments of narrow diameter tubing and two segments of PTFE tubing, alternating them. Connect this to the effluent flask, via medium diameter tubing. Then connect one end of a medium diameter silicone tube to the second longest tube of the aluminum port in the other end of the effluent flask.This aluminum tube sets the culture volume, and excess culture overflows into the effluent container. Wrap the lids of the flask with aluminum foil, and then autoclave the assembly for 30 minutes at 121 degrees Celsius and 15 PSI. Attach the vacuum filter to a 100 milliliter bottle.Remove the nipple cover, and then remove the white plug from the nipple of the vacuum filter with sterile tweezers. Connect the wide silicone tube to the nipple, the media flask's other free tube to a vacuum pump, and ensure that the third tube connecting the media flask to the culturing vessel is clamped shut. Fill the filter with media, turn on the vacuum pump, and then filter the rest of the media.Clamp the medium silicone tubing connected to the vacuum and turn off the vacuum pump. Remove the luers from the intermediate segment of medium silicone tubing connected to the vacuum pump and insert the blue end of a sterile syringe air filter into this tube. Then clamp the wide silicone tube and disconnect the male luer from it.Disconnect the plug from the female luer of the culturing vessel's media inlet tube. Connect these luers to enable media to be pumped into the culturing vessel. Then, remove the filter from the 100 milliliter bottle, and attach the bottle cap.Use this media to prepare a starter culture. Set the continuous culturing assembly near a microscope with the media flask higher than the culturing vessel, and the effluent flask lower than the culturing vessel to prevent back flow. Securely tape down the rubber stoppers on the media and effluent flasks.Next unplug the ends of the PTFE tube from the narrow silicone tube connecting them and plug these ends into the inlet and outlet of a prepared microfluidic device. Then push media into the culturing vessel, by connecting the white end of the syringe air filter to the aquarium pump. When media reaches the level of the effluent port wrap the medium media inlet tubing and connectors around the slow peristaltic pump, and the narrow sample outlet tubing and connectors around the fast peristaltic pump.Aerate the media by unclamping the air tube between the media flask and culturing vessel. Then, tape the heating pad and thermometer to the culturing vessel so that it's temperature can be controlled. Coil the media tubing around the culturing vessel, so the entering media will be at the same temperature as the vessel.Then insert the culturing vessel into the black foam enclosure over the LED matrix and ensure that the tubes are not pinched. Use the bioreactor controller plugin to set the slow media pump on for one tenth of every 30 second interval. The flow rate will be very low, but greater than the rate of evaporation.Clamp the incoming air tube between the media flask and culturing vessel. Use a pipette to inoculate the culturing vessel with one milliliter from a starter culture. Then clamp the distill end of this tube, and unclamp the air tube.Let the culture grow overnight. Cover the enclosure so that no light enters. The next day, use the bioreactor controller plugin to set the peristaltic pumps to rotate for a greater proportion of time, corresponding to the desired media and sampling flow rates.Let the culture density equilibrate overnight. The next day fill the stage position list and micro manager with a set of non overlapping positions where cells pumped into the microfluidic channel will be in the focal plane. Then open the bio reactor controller plugin.Select the desired LED matrix time course, imaging channels, and other experimental settings from the prompts, and then begin collecting data. This apparatus was used to stimulate a culture of saccharomyces cerevisiae, expressing yellow fluorescent protein in response to blue light via an inducible optogenetic transcription system. Base contrast and fluorescent images of the microfluidic channel were acquired.Cell outlines were identified from the phase contrast images, mapped to the fluorescent images, and the fluorescent images were recorded in real time. The heat map here shows the fluorescence distribution of a culture due to yellow fluorescent protein production upon activation of the optogenetic system. The fluorescence of approximately of 170, 000 cells was analyzed from over 30, 000 images, acquired from 28 stage positions over 70 hours.During this study, the culture was exposed to varying intensities of blue light for six hour intervals, followed by six hours of complete darkness. Cells had been exposed to light prior to the first measurement which is why it's fluorescence intensity is decreasing during the first dark period. Once mastered, this technique can be done in eight hours, over the course of three days, if it is performed properly.While attempting this procedure, it's very important to use sterile technique. Following this procedure, other methods, like real time feedback control, can be used to control protein concentration. This technique will enable organisms with optogenetic constructs to be studied dynamically, over longer periods of time, longer than what is possible using plates or batch culture.After watching this video, you should have a good understanding of how to integrate a continuous culturing apparatus, a light, and a microscope, to stimulate and study optogenetic microbes.

Research

JoVE Journal

Bioengineering

Silk Film Culture System for in vitro Analysis and Biomaterial Design

Silk Film Culture System for in vitro Analysis and Biomaterial Design

丝绸电影文化系统在体外分析和生物材料设计

Silk films are promising protein-based biomaterials that can be fabricated with high fidelity and economically within a research laboratory environment ...

科研

生物工程

Microfluidic Picoliter Bioreactor for Microbial Single-cell Analysis: Fabrication, System Setup, and Operation

In this protocol the fabrication, experimental setup and basic operation of the recently introduced microfluidic picoliter bioreactor (PLBR) is described ...

Design and Fabrication of an Elastomeric Unit for Soft Modular Robots in Minimally Invasive Surgery

设计和弹性股软模块化机器人微创手术制造

In recent years, soft robotics technologies have aroused increasing interest in the medical field due to their intrinsically safe interaction in ...

Automated Robotic Liquid Handling Assembly of Modular DNA Devices

模块化 DNA 设备的自动机器人液体处理组件

Recent advances in modular DNA assembly techniques have enabled synthetic biologists to test significantly more of the available &#34;design space&#34; ...

Live Cell Analysis of Shear Stress on Pseudomonas aeruginosa Using an Automated Higher-Throughput Microfluidic System

Live Cell Analysis of Shear Stress on Pseudomonas aeruginosa Using an Automated Higher-Throughput Microfluidic System

利用自动高通量微流控系统对铜绿假单胞菌剪切应力的活细胞分析

A higher-throughput microfluidic in vitro bioreactor coupled with fluorescence microscopy has been used to study bacterial biofilm growth and morphology, ...

Purification and Analytics of a Monoclonal Antibody from Chinese Hamster Ovary Cells Using an Automated Microbioreactor System

使用自动微生物反应器系统从中国仓鼠卵巢细胞中纯化和分析单克隆抗体

Monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) are one of the most popular and well-characterized biological products manufactured today. Most commonly produced using ...

Design and Analysis for Fall Detection System Simplification

坠落检测系统简化的设计与分析

This paper presents a methodology based on multimodal sensors to configure a simple, comfortable and fast fall detection and human activity recognition ...

Automated Counterflow Centrifugal System for Small-Scale Cell Processing

用于小型细胞处理的自动逆流离心系统

Successful commercialization of gene and cell-based therapies requires manufacturing processes that are cost-effective and scalable. Buffer exchange and ...

Building a Simple and Versatile Illumination System for Optogenetic Experiments

为光遗传学实验构建简单通用的照明系统

Controlling biological processes using light has increased the accuracy and speed with which researchers can manipulate many biological processes. Optical ...