Name: a protocol for using f&#246;rster resonance energy transfer (fret)-force biosensors to measure mechanical forces across the nuclear linc complex
Uploaded: 2017-04-11T12:30:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about A Protocol for Using FÃ¶rster Resonance Energy Transfer FRET-force Biosensors to Measure Mechanical Forces across the Nuclear LINC Complex at JoVE.com

이 작품은 (DEC에) R35GM119617을 부여 토마스 F.와 케이트 밀러 제프리스 Memoria (DEC에) 신뢰와 NIH에 의해 지원되었다. 공 초점 현미경 영상은 VCU 나노 물질 특성 코어 (NCC) 시설에서 수행되었다.

1. Nesprin-2G 센서 DNA 및 다른 플라스미드 DNA를 구합니다 <ol><li> 상업적인 소스로부터 Nesprin 2G-TS (인장 센서) Nesprin HL-2G (헤드리스) 제어 mTFP1 금성 및 TSmod를 구합니다. 모든 DNA 플라스미드를 전파 이전 12,13 바와 같이, 이러한 DH5-α 표준 E. 콜라이 균주를 사용하여 정제. </li></ol> Nesprin-2G 및 기타 플라스미드 DNA 2. 형질 세포 <ol><li> ?...

<ol>
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Biochem. 21 (5-6), 489-498 (2008).</li><li>Kardash, E., Bandemer, J., Raz, E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Imaging+protein+activity+in+live+embryos+using+fluorescence+resonance+energy+transfer+biosensors.">Imaging protein activity in live embryos using fluorescence resonance energy transfer biosensors.</a> Nat Protoc. 6 (12), 1835-1846 (2011).</li><li>Vaziri, A., Mofrad, M. R. 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U.S.A. 98 (14), 7765-7770 (2001).</li><li>Nagayama, K., Yahiro, Y., Matsumoto, T. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Stress+fibers+stabilize+the+position+of+intranuclear+DNA+through+mechanical+connection+with+the+nucleus+in+vascular+smooth+muscle+cells.">Stress fibers stabilize the position of intranuclear DNA through mechanical connection with the nucleus in vascular smooth muscle cells.</a> FEBS letters. 585 (24), 3992-3997 (2011).</li><li>Luxton, G. W. G., Gomes, E. R., Folker, E. S., Vintinner, E., Gundersen, G. G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Linear+arrays+of+nuclear+envelope+proteins+harness+retrograde+actin+flow+for+nuclear+movement.">Linear arrays of nuclear envelope proteins harness retrograde actin flow for nuclear movement.</a> Science. 329 (5994), 956-959 (2010).</li><li>Chen, Y., Mauldin, J. P., Day, R. N., Periasamy, A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Characterization+of+spectral+FRET+imaging+microscopy+for+monitoring+nuclear+protein+interactions.">Characterization of spectral FRET imaging microscopy for monitoring nuclear protein interactions.</a> J Microsc. 228, 139-152 (2007).</li><li>Ran, F. A., Hsu, P. D., Wright, J., Agarwala, V., Scott, D. 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방법 및 Nesprin-2G 핵 LINC 복잡 단백질 걸쳐 기계적 장력 생균 촬상 시연은 위에서 언급되었다. 이전이 연구에, 이러한 마이크로 피펫 흡인 세포 계측법, 자성 비드, 현미경 레이저 절제와 같은 다양한 기술들은, 세포핵에 변형을 적용하고, 벌크 물성 16, 17, 18을 측정하기 위해 사용되었다. 그러나, 최근의 작품까지, 어떤...

포스 성 유전자 부호화 FRET 센서 최근 생균 인장 계의 힘을 측정하는 단백질 1, 2, 3, 4에인가되는 방법을 기계적 힘에 대한 통찰력을 제공하기위한 중요한 도구로 떠오르고있다. 이러한 도구를 사용하여, 연구자들은 기존의 형광 현미경을 이용하여 살아있는 세포에서 비 침습적 영상 세포 내 힘 수 있습니다. 이러한 센서는 탄성 펩티드 (3)에 의해 분리 된 FRET 쌍 (도너와 억 셉터 형광 단백질, 자주 청색 공여체 및 수용체 노란색)로 구성된다. C- 또는 N- 말단 태그 대조적으로,이 센서는 분자 스트레인 게이지로서 행동하고,이 단백질에 걸쳐 전송되는 기계적인 힘을 측정 할 수있는 단백질의 내부 부위에 삽입된다. 프렛-P 사이의 증가 된 거리에서 센서 결과 걸쳐 기계적 장력을 증대공기 감소 FRET 3의 결과. 그 결과, FRET 반비례 인장력에 관한 것이다. 이러한 형광 기반 센서는 초점 접착 단백질 (vinculin 3 talin 4), 세포 골격 단백질 (α-티닌 5), 및 세포 - 세포 접합 단백질을 위해 개발 된 (E-cadherin의 6, 7, VE-cadherin의 8 및 PECAM 8). 이러한 바이오 센서에서 가장 자주 사용되는 잘 특징으로하는 탄성 링커 TSmod라고도하고 거미줄 단백질 flagelliform로부터 유도 된 40 개 아미노산 (GPGGA) (8)의 반복되는 시퀀스로 구성된다. TSmod은 인장력 3/5 PN 1 FRET에 응답하여 선형 탄성 나노 스프링처럼 행동하는 것으로 나타났다. flagelliform의 다른 길이는 동적 R을 변경하는 데 사용할 수 있습니다TSmod FRET 힘 감도 (9)의 플랜지. flagelliform 외에도 스펙 트린은 (HP35라고도 함) (5)와 villin 투구 펩티드 4는 유사한 포스 바이오 센서 (4) 사이의 FRET 쌍 탄성 펩티드로서 사용되어왔다를 반복한다. 마지막으로, 최근의 보고서는 TSmod는 압축력 (10)를 감지하는 데 사용할 수 있다는 것을 보여 주었다. 최근 TSmod 내생 비슷하게 동작 미니 Nesprin2G (도 2C)로 알려진 이전에 개발 된 절두 Nesprin2G 단백질 삽입 이용하여 nucleo - 골격 (LINC) 복합 단백질 Nesprin2G의 링커 힘 센서를 개발 Nesprin-2G (11). LINC 복합체는 핵에 얇은 골격을 연결하는 세포질, 핵의 외부에서 내부로 이끌어 다중 단백질을 포함한다. Nesprin-2G는 구조적 단백질에 결합되는 두세포질과 핵 주변 공간에 태양 단백질 액틴 세포 골격. 우리의 바이오 센서를 사용하여, 우리는 Nesprin-2G는 NIH3T3 섬유 아세포 2 액토 마이 오신에 의존 긴장 될 수 있음을 보여줄 수 있었다. 이것은 그 힘이 바로 핵 LINC 단지에 단백질을 통해 측정 한 처음, 그리고 제어 공학의 핵에 힘의 역할을 이해하는 중요한 도구가 될 가능성이 높습니다. 프로토콜은 아래 Nesprin-을 발현하는 세포의 FRET 화상의 포유 동물 세포에서 Nesprin 장력 센서 (Nesprin-TS)의 발현뿐만 아니라, 수집 및 분석을 포함하여 Nesprin-2G 힘 센서를 사용하는 방법의 상세한 방법을 제공한다 TS. 분광 검출기를 구비 한 반전 된 공 초점 레이저 주사 현미경을 사용하여, 발광 증감을 측정하는 방법을 설명 unmixing 스펙트럼을 이용하여 비율 적 FRET FRET 및 촬상이 제공된다. 출력 이미지가 상대적 비율 적 ...로서 확인하는데 사용될 수있다ntitative 힘 비교. 이 프로토콜은 섬유 아세포 Nesprin-TS의 발현에 집중되는 반면, 세포주 및 일차 전지 모두 포함한 다른 포유 동물 세포에 쉽게 적응할 수있다. 또한, 이미지 수집 및 FRET 분석에 관련된 프로토콜이 용이 다른 단백질에 대해 개발 된 다른 FRET 기반 포스 바이오 센서에 적용될 수있다.

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="1183">
	<tbody>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:483px;">Nesprin-TS DNA</td>
			<td style="width:108px;">Addgene</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">68127</td>
			<td style="width:475px;">Retrieve from https://www.addgene.org/68127/</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:483px;">Nesprin-HL DNA</td>
			<td style="width:108px;">Addgene</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">68128</td>
			<td>Retrieve from https://www.addgene.org/68128/</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:483px;">mTFP1 DNA</td>
			<td style="width:108px;">Addgene</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">54613</td>
			<td>Retrieve from https://www.addgene.org/54613/</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:483px;">mVenus DNA</td>
			<td style="width:108px;">Addgene</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">27793</td>
			<td>Retrieve from https://www.addgene.org/27793/</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:483px;">TSmod DNA</td>
			<td style="width:108px;">Addgene</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">26021</td>
			<td>Retrieve from https://www.addgene.org/26021/</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:483px;">Competent Cells</td>
			<td style="width:108px;">Bioline</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">BIO-85026</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:483px;">Liquid LB Media</td>
			<td style="width:108px;">ThermoFisher</td>
			<td align="right" style="width:119px;">10855001</td>
			<td>https://www.thermofisher.com/order/catalog/product/10855001</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:483px;">Solid LB Bacterial Culture Plates</td>
			<td style="width:108px;">Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">L5667</td>
			<td>http://www.sigmaaldrich.com/catalog/product/sigma/l5667?lang=en&#38;region=US</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:483px;">Ampicillin</td>
			<td style="width:108px;">Sigma</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">A9518</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:483px;">Spectrophotometer</td>
			<td style="width:108px;">Biorad</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">273 BR 07335</td>
			<td>SmartSpec Plus</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:483px;">quartz cuvette</td>
			<td style="width:108px;">Biorad</td>
			<td align="right" style="width:119px;">1702504</td>
			<td>Cuvette for SmartSpec Plus</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:483px;">&#160;DNA isolation kit</td>
			<td style="width:108px;">Macherey-Nagel</td>
			<td align="right" style="width:119px;">740412.5</td>
			<td>NucleoBond Xtra Midi Plus</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:483px;">6-well cell culture dish</td>
			<td style="width:108px;">Falcon-Corning</td>
			<td align="right" style="width:119px;">353046</td>
			<td>Multiwell 6-well Polystrene Culture Dish</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:483px;">Dulbecco&#39;s Modified Eagle Medium, (DMEM) cell media</td>
			<td style="width:108px;">Gibco</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">11995-065</td>
			<td>DMEM(1x)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:483px;">&#160;Bovine Serum</td>
			<td>Life Technologies</td>
			<td>16170-078</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:483px;">reduced serum cell media</td>
			<td style="width:108px;">Gibco</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">31985-070</td>
			<td>Reduced Serum Medium, &#34;optimem&#34;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:483px;">Lipid Carrier Solution</td>
			<td style="width:108px;">invitrogen</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">11668-019</td>
			<td>Lipid Reagent, &#34;Lipofectamine 2000&#34;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:483px;">1.5mL sterile plastic tube</td>
			<td style="width:108px;">Denville</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">c2170</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:483px;">Trypsin</td>
			<td style="width:108px;">Gibco</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">25200-056</td>
			<td>0.25% Trypsin-EDTA (1x)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:483px;">glass-bottom microscope viewing dish</td>
			<td style="width:108px;">In Vitro Scientific</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">D35-20-1.5-N</td>
			<td>35mm Dish with 20mm Bottom Well #1.5 glass</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:483px;">Fibronectin</td>
			<td style="width:108px;">ThermoFisher</td>
			<td align="right" style="width:119px;">33016015</td>
			<td>fibronectin human protein,plasma</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:483px;">Phosphate Buffered Saline (PBS)</td>
			<td style="width:108px;">Gibco</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">14190-144</td>
			<td>Dulbecco&#39;s Phosphate Buffered Saline</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:483px;">15mL sterile centrifuge tube</td>
			<td style="width:108px;">Greiner bio-one</td>
			<td align="right" style="width:119px;">188261</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:483px;">swinging rotor centrifuge&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:108px;">Thermo electron</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">Centra CL2</td>
			<td>Swinging rotor thermo electron 236</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:483px;">cell culture biosafety hood</td>
			<td style="width:108px;">Forma Scientific</td>
			<td align="right" style="width:119px;">1284</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:483px;">&#160;climate controlled cell culture incubator</td>
			<td style="width:108px;">ThermoFisher</td>
			<td align="right" style="width:119px;">3596</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:483px;">inverted LED widefield fluorescent microscope</td>
			<td style="width:108px;">Life technologies</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">EVOS FL</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:483px;">Clear HEPES buffered imaging media</td>
			<td style="width:108px;">Molecular Probes</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">A14291DJ</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:483px;">Fetal bovine Serum</td>
			<td style="width:108px;">Life technologies</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">10437-028</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="63">
			<td height="63" style="height:63px;width:483px;">Temperature Controlled-Inverted confocal w/458 and 515nm laser sources&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:108px;">Zeiss</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">&#160;LSM 710-w/spectral META detector</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:483px;">Outgrowth Media</td>
			<td style="width:108px;">Newengland Biolabs</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">B9020s</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:483px;">NIH 3T3 Fibroblasts</td>
			<td style="width:108px;">ATCC</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">CRL-1658</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

a protocol for using f&#246;rster resonance energy transfer (fret)-force biosensors to measure mechanical forces across the nuclear linc complex

The LINC complex has been hypothesized to be the critical structure that mediates the transfer of mechanical forces from the cytoskeleton to the nucleus. Nesprin-2G is a key component of the LINC complex that connects the actin cytoskeleton to membrane proteins (SUN domain proteins) in the perinuclear space. These membrane proteins connect to lamins inside the nucleus. Recently, a F&#246;rster Resonance Energy Transfer (FRET)-force probe was cloned into mini-Nesprin-2G (Nesprin-TS (tension sensor)) and used to measure tension across Nesprin-2G in live NIH3T3 fibroblasts. This paper describes the process of using Nesprin-TS to measure LINC complex forces in NIH3T3 fibroblasts. To extract FRET information from Nesprin-TS, an outline of how to spectrally unmix raw spectral images into acceptor and donor fluorescent channels is also presented. Using open-source software (ImageJ), images are pre-processed and transformed into ratiometric images. Finally, FRET data of Nesprin-TS is presented, along with strategies for how to compare data across different experimental groups.

전술 한 프로토콜에 따라, 플라스미드 DNA는 DNA 저장소로부터 취득하고, 대장균에 형질 전환. 센서 DNA를 발현하는 대장균을 LB / 암피실린 플레이트로부터 선택 LB 액체 배지에서 증폭 하였다. 벡터의 증폭에 이어, 플라스미드 DNA는 표준 시판 DNA 분리 키트를 이용 TRIS-EDTA 버퍼로 정제 하였다. 분광 광도계를 사용하여, 정제 된 DNA는 ㎍ / ㎖ (도 1a, 1-2 ...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about A Protocol for Using FÃ¶rster Resonance Energy Transfer FRET-force Biosensors to Measure Mechanical Forces across the Nuclear LINC Complex at JoVE.com

A Protocol for Using F&#246;rster Resonance Energy Transfer (FRET)-force Biosensors to Measure Mechanical Forces across the Nuclear LINC Complex

A number of FRET-based force biosensors have recently been developed, enabling the protein-specific resolution of intracellular force. In this protocol, we demonstrate how one of these sensors, designed for the linker of the nucleoskeleton-cytoskeleton (LINC) complex protein Nesprin-2G can be used to measure actomyosin forces on the nuclear LINC complex.

포스터 공명 에너지 전달 (FRET) -force의 바이오 센서를 사용하는 프로토콜은 핵 LINC 단지에서 기계의 힘을 측정하는

The LINC complex has been hypothesized to be the critical structure that mediates the transfer of mechanical forces from the cytoskeleton to the nucleus. ...

The overall goal of this procedure is to determine forces on the linker of the nucleoskeleton cytoskeleton, or LINC complex, through FRET microscopy in living cells via a biosensor designed for the LINC complex protein, nesprin-2G. This method can help answer keys questions in the field of mechanotransduction, such as the forces placed on proteins in the nucleus of living cells, and how these forces change under variant conditions. The main advantage of this technique is its ability to measure very small levels of force on proteins and living cells.Generally, individuals new to this method will struggle with capturing images. Optimizing the microscope laser power and gain to receive a good signal between all experimental groups is difficult. To begin, grow NIH 3T3 fiber blast cells to between 70%and 90%confluence in a six-well cell culture dish in a standard cell culture incubator with temperature and CO2 regulation.In a cell culture hood, remove the medium and rinse each well with approximately 1 milliliter of a reduced serum cell medium. Add 800 microliters of reduced serum cell medium to each well, and place the six-well chamber in the incubator. Then, pipette 700 microliters of reduced serum cell medium into a 1.5 milliliter tube labeled L with 35 microliters of lipid carrier solution to form the lipo mix.Mix the suspension by pipetting. Next, pipette 100 microliters of the reduced serum cell medium into each of six 1.5 milliliter tubes labeled one through six. Pipette the plasma DNA for nesprin tension sensor, nesprin headless zero force control, mTFP1, and venus into tubes one through six, as described in the text protocol.Do not reuse pipette tips when pipetting different types of DNA. Then, pipette 100 microliters of the lipo mix from the L tube into each labeled tube, and mix by repeated pipetting, using a clean pipette for each tube. Incubate the suspension for 10 to 20 minutes.Next, add 200 microliters from each labeled tube to a well of the prepared six-well chamber containing cells. Label the top of each well with the corresponding DNA added. Then, place the six-well chamber in an incubator for four to six hours.Following incubation, aspirate the medium, and add one to two milliliters of reduced serum cell medium to rinse. Aspirate the reduced serum cell medium, and add two milliliters of trypsin to each well before placing the six-well dish in the incubator for five to 15 minutes. While the cells detach in the incubator, coat six glass-bottom viewing dishes with a layer of fibronectin at a concentration of 20 micrograms per milliliter dissolved in phosphate-buffered saline.Allow the dishes to coat the surface in the cell culture hood. Neutralize the trypsin by adding two milliliters of DMEM once the cells are detached. Then, transfer the contents of each well to a labeled 15 milliliter centrifuge tube and spin down at 90 times g for five minutes in a swinging rotor centrifuge.Aspirate the supernatant and re-suspend each cell pellet in 1, 000 microliters of DMEM using a pipette. Aspirate the fibronectin mixture from the glass dishes and pipette 1, 000 microliters of each cell suspension onto the dishes. After the cells settle to the bottom of the glass dishes, add another one milliliter of media to each well.Allow the cells to attach and express sensor in the cell incubator for at least 18 to 24 hours. To verify the transfection efficiency, use a fluorescent microscope equipped with an excitation frequency near 462 nanometers for mTFP1, or 525 nanometers for venus. Use an emission filter centered near 492 nanometers for mTFP1, or 525 nanometers for venus.Roughly 18 to 24 hours after completing the transfection, use an inverted fluorescent microscope to examine the efficiency of transfection by comparing the number of fluorescent cells to the total number of cells in view. If live cells cannot be imaged within 48 hours after transfection, fix the cells in 4%paraformaldehyde for five minutes. Allow cells to express sensor for 24 to 48 hours before fixation.Store the cells in PBS and view after 48 hours. In a cell culture hood, replace the cell medium with imaging medium supplemented with 10%fetal bovine serum. Place the viewing dishes in a temperature controlled confocal microscope stage.Place the glass viewing dish with mTFP1 transfected cells over the oil objective at 60X magnification with a numerical aperture of 1.4. Locate mTFP1-expressing cells in widefield fluorescent mode. With a fluorescent cell in the field of view, select the spectral detection mode and capture the spectral image.Include all frequencies beyond 458 nanometers using 10 nanometer increments. Select a bright fluorescent region on the cell. Add the fluorescent ROI mean as the normalized intensity to the spectral database by clicking Save Spectra to Database.Optimize the laser power and gain such that a good signal to noise ratio is achieved. Settings will vary for different equipment. Repeat the process for venus-expressing cells and remain in spectral mode.Use an excitation frequency of 488 nanometers instead of 458 nanometers. Adjust the power settings as needed, but do not change the emission frequencies. Select a bright fluorescent ROI of around a 20-pixel radius.Add the fluorescent ROI mean as the normalized intensity to the spectral database, by clicking Save Spectra to Database. To capture the unmixed images, first switch the capturing mode to spectral unmixing. Add the spectral fingerprints of venus and mTFP1 to the unmixing channels.Set the excitation laser back to a 458 nanometer argon source. Place the nesprin tension sensor viewing dish above the 60X oil objective. After focusing on a fluorescent cell with sufficiently bright expression, adjust the gain and laser power to optimize the signal to noise ratio.Capture a minimum of 15 to 20 images of nesprin tension sensor cells with relatively similar brightness and avoid excessive pixel saturation. Repeat the image capturing process with nesprin headless cells using identical imaging parameters. A representative 10X magnified image of 3T3 fibroblasts transfected with nesprin tension sensor using a lipid mediated carrier is shown here.Typically, only a fraction of cells are transfected in a given field of view. Shown here is a representative pair of two 3T3 nuclei expressing nesprin-TS in the spectrally unmixed venus and mTFP channels. A merged color image of the two channels is shown in the far right panel.Here is a representative sampling of nesprin-TS masked nuclei from stable expressing MDCK cells on patterned and unpatterned substrates. Ratio images are defined as the ratio of the venus channel divided by the mTFP channel and can be used to make relative quantitative force comparisons. Once mastered, this technique can be done in about eight hours if it's performed properly.While attempting this procedure, it's important to remember to carefully label DNA tubes during the transfection, and keep the imaging parameters constant while capturing spectrally result images. After watching this video, you should have a good understanding of how to transfect cells with the nesprin tension sensor and capture spectrally resolved images to computer FRET index that correlates with force on the tension sensor. Though in this case, a FRET sensor is used for nesprin, it can also be applied to other proteins in the cell where measuring force is desired.

Research

JoVE Journal

Bioengineering

Attaching Biological Probes to Silica Optical Biosensors Using Silane Coupling Agents

실란 커플링 에이전트를 사용하여 실리카 광 Biosensors에 생물 학적 프로브를 부착

In order to interface with biological environments, biosensor platforms, such as the popular Biacore system (based on the Surface Plasmon Resonance (SPR) ...

연구

생체공학

Small and Wide Angle X-Ray Scattering Studies of Biological Macromolecules in Solution

솔루션의 생물 고분자의 작은 및 와이드 앵글 X-레이 산란 연구

In this paper, Small and Wide Angle X-ray Scattering (SWAXS) analysis of macromolecules is demonstrated through experimentation. SWAXS is a technique ...

Quantitative FRET (F&#246;rster Resonance Energy Transfer) Analysis for SENP1 Protease Kinetics Determination

Quantitative FRET F&#246;rster Resonance Energy Transfer Analysis for SENP1 Protease Kinetics Determination

정량은 SENP1 단백 분해 효소 반응 속도론 결정에 대해 (포스터 공명 에너지 전송) 분석 안달

Reversible posttranslational modifications of proteins with ubiquitin or ubiquitin-like proteins (Ubls) are widely used to dynamically regulate protein ...

Design of a Biaxial Mechanical Loading Bioreactor for Tissue Engineering

조직 공학을위한 이축 기계 로딩 생물 반응기의 설계

We  designed a loading device that is capable of applying uniaxial or biaxial  mechanical strain to a tissue engineered biocomposites fabricated for  ...

Measuring the Mechanical Properties of Living Cells Using Atomic Force Microscopy

원자 힘 현미경을 사용하여 살아있는 세포의 기계적 특성을 측정

Mechanical  properties of cells and extracellular matrix (ECM) play important roles in many  biological processes including stem cell differentiation, ...

Ratiometric Biosensors that Measure Mitochondrial Redox State and ATP in Living Yeast Cells

생활 효모 세포에서 미토콘드리아 산화 환원 상태와 ATP를 측정 비례 바이오 센서

Mitochondria have roles in many cellular processes, from energy metabolism and calcium homeostasis to control of cellular lifespan and programmed cell ...

From Voxels to Knowledge: A Practical Guide to the Segmentation of Complex Electron Microscopy 3D-Data

복셀에서 지식 : 복잡한 전자 현미경 3D-데이터의 분할에 대한 실용 가이드

Modern 3D electron microscopy approaches have recently allowed unprecedented insight into the 3D ultrastructural organization of cells and tissues, ...

Protocol for Biofilm Streamer Formation in a Microfluidic Device with Micro-pillars

마이크로 기둥 미세 유체 장치에서 바이오 필름 보리 형성을위한 프로토콜

Several bacterial species possess the ability to attach to surfaces and colonize them in the form of thin films called biofilms. Biofilms that grow in ...

Luminescence Resonance Energy Transfer to Study Conformational Changes in Membrane Proteins Expressed in Mammalian Cells

발광 공명 에너지는 포유 동물 세포에 표현 막 단백질의 구조 변화를 연구에 전송

Luminescence Resonance Energy Transfer, or LRET, is a powerful technique used to measure distances between two sites in proteins within the distance range ...

Fabricating Complex Culture Substrates Using Robotic Microcontact Printing (R-&#181;CP) and Sequential Nucleophilic Substitution

Fabricating Complex Culture Substrates Using Robotic Microcontact Printing R- &#181;CP and Sequential Nucleophilic Substitution

로봇 미세 접촉 인쇄 (R-μCP)를 사용하여 복합 문화 기판 및 순차 친 핵성 치환 제조

In tissue engineering, it is desirable to exhibit spatial control of tissue morphology and cell fate in culture on the micron scale. Culture substrates ...