Name: engineering artificial factors to specifically manipulate alternative splicing in human cells
Uploaded: 2017-04-26T13:00:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Engineering Artificial Factors to Specifically Manipulate Alternative Splicing in Human Cells at JoVE.com

Dette arbejde blev støttet af NIH tilskud R01-CA158283 og NSFC giver 31.400.726 til ZWYW er finansieret af Young Tusinde Talenter Program og National Natural Science Foundation of China (tilskud 31471235 og 81422038). XY er finansieret af postdoc Science Foundation of China (2015M571612).

1. Konstruktion af en PUF-stillads med tilpasset RNA-bindende specificitet ved overlappende PCR <ol><li> Design en række PCR-primere indeholdende PUF-sekvenserne, der specifikt genkender forskellige RNA-nukleotider i hver position 12 (se tabel 1 for primer-sekvenserne og se figur 1A for RNA: PUF-genkendelseskoden). For hver PUF gentagelse skal du designe fire forskellige primere for at genkende en anden base på hver position. BEMÆRK: Diss...

<ol>
	<li>Wang, E. T., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Alternative+isoform+regulation+in+human+tissue+transcriptomes.">Alternative isoform regulation in human tissue transcriptomes.</a> Nature. 456 (7221), 470-476 (2008).</li><li>Pan, Q., Shai, O., Lee, L. J., Frey, B. J., Blencowe, B. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Deep+surveying+of+alternative+splicing+complexity+in+the+human+transcriptome+by+high-throughput+sequencing.">Deep surveying of alternative splicing complexity in the human transcriptome by high-throughput sequencing.</a> Nat Genet. 40 (12), 1413-1415 (2008).</li><li>Wang, Z., Burge, C. B. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Splicing+regulation:+from+a+parts+list+of+regulatory+elements+to+an+integrated+splicing+code.">Splicing regulation: from a parts list of regulatory elements to an integrated splicing code.</a> Rna. 14 (5), 802-813 (2008).</li><li>Matera, A. G., Wang, Z. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+day+in+the+life+of+the+spliceosome.">A day in the life of the spliceosome.</a> Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol. 15 (2), 108-121 (2014).</li><li>Singh, R. K., Cooper, T. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Pre-mRNA+splicing+in+disease+and+therapeutics.">Pre-mRNA splicing in disease and therapeutics.</a> Trends Mol Med. 18 (8), 472-482 (2012).</li><li>Wang, G. -. S., Cooper, T. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Splicing+in+disease:+disruption+of+the+splicing+code+and+the+decoding+machinery.">Splicing in disease: disruption of the splicing code and the decoding machinery.</a> Nat Rev Genet. 8 (10), 749-761 (2007).</li><li>Li, Y. I., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=RNA+splicing+is+a+primary+link+between+genetic+variation+and+disease.">RNA splicing is a primary link between genetic variation and disease.</a> Science. 352 (6285), 600-604 (2016).</li><li>Scotti, M. M., Swanson, M. S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=RNA+mis-splicing+in+disease.">RNA mis-splicing in disease.</a> Nat Rev Genet. 17 (1), 19-32 (2016).</li><li>Black, D. L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Mechanisms+of+alternative+pre-messenger+RNA+splicing.">Mechanisms of alternative pre-messenger RNA splicing.</a> Annu Rev Biochem. 72 (1), 291-336 (2003).</li><li>Graveley, B. R., Maniatis, T. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Arginine/serine-rich+domains+of+SR+proteins+can+function+as+activators+of+pre-mRNA+splicing.">Arginine/serine-rich domains of SR proteins can function as activators of pre-mRNA splicing.</a> Mol cell. 1 (5), 765-771 (1998).</li><li>Del Gatto-Konczak, F., Olive, M., Gesnel, M. -. C., Breathnach, R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=hnRNP+A1+recruited+to+an+exon+in+vivo+can+function+as+an+exon+splicing+silencer.">hnRNP A1 recruited to an exon in vivo can function as an exon splicing silencer.</a> Mol Cell Biol. 19 (1), 251-260 (1999).</li><li>Auweter, S. D., Oberstrass, F. C., Allain, F. H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Sequence-specific+binding+of+single-stranded+RNA:+is+there+a+code+for+recognition.">Sequence-specific binding of single-stranded RNA: is there a code for recognition.</a> Nucleic Acids Res. 34 (17), 4943-4959 (2006).</li><li>Dong, S., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Specific+and+modular+binding+code+for+cytosine+recognition+in+Pumilio/FBF+(PUF)+RNA-binding+domains.">Specific and modular binding code for cytosine recognition in Pumilio/FBF (PUF) RNA-binding domains.</a> J Biol Chem. 286 (30), 26732-26742 (2011).</li><li>Filipovska, A., Razif, M. F., Nyg&#229;rd, K. K., Rackham, O. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+universal+code+for+RNA+recognition+by+PUF+proteins.">A universal code for RNA recognition by PUF proteins.</a> Nat Chem Biol. 7 (7), 425-427 (2011).</li><li>Wei, H., Wang, Z. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Engineering+RNA-binding+proteins+with+diverse+activities.">Engineering RNA-binding proteins with diverse activities.</a> Wiley Interdiscip Rev RNA. 6 (6), 597-613 (2015).</li><li>Wang, Y., Cheong, C. -. G., Hall, T. M. T., Wang, Z. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Engineering+splicing+factors+with+designed+specificities.">Engineering splicing factors with designed specificities.</a> Nat Methods. 6 (11), 825-830 (2009).</li><li>Choudhury, R., Tsai, Y. S., Dominguez, D., Wang, Y., Wang, Z. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Engineering+RNA+endonucleases+with+customized+sequence+specificities.">Engineering RNA endonucleases with customized sequence specificities.</a> Nat Commun. 3, 1147 (2012).</li><li>Wang, Y., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+complex+network+of+factors+with+overlapping+affinities+represses+splicing+through+intronic+elements.">A complex network of factors with overlapping affinities represses splicing through intronic elements.</a> Nat Struct Mol Biol. 20 (1), 36-45 (2013).</li><li>McCabe, B. C., Gollnick, P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Cellular+levels+of+trp+RNA-binding+attenuation+protein+in+Bacillus+subtilis.">Cellular levels of trp RNA-binding attenuation protein in Bacillus subtilis.</a> J Bacteriol. 186 (15), 5157-5159 (2004).</li><li>Wang, Y., Ma, M., Xiao, X., Wang, Z. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Intronic+splicing+enhancers,+cognate+splicing+factors+and+context-dependent+regulation+rules.">Intronic splicing enhancers, cognate splicing factors and context-dependent regulation rules.</a> Nat Struct Mol Biol. 19 (10), 1044-1052 (2012).</li><li>Choudhury, R., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+splicing+activator+DAZAP1+integrates+splicing+control+into+MEK/Erk-regulated+cell+proliferation+and+migration.">The splicing activator DAZAP1 integrates splicing control into MEK/Erk-regulated cell proliferation and migration.</a> Nat Commun. 5, (2014).</li><li>Xiao, X., Wang, Z., Jang, M., Burge, C. B. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Coevolutionary+networks+of+splicing+cis-regulatory+elements.">Coevolutionary networks of splicing cis-regulatory elements.</a> Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 104 (47), 18583-18588 (2007).</li><li>Wang, Z., Xiao, X., Van Nostrand, E., Burge, C. B. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=General+and+specific+functions+of+exonic+splicing+silencers+in+splicing+control.">General and specific functions of exonic splicing silencers in splicing control.</a> Mol Cell. 23 (1), 61-70 (2006).</li><li>Li, M., Husic, N., Lin, Y., Snider, B. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Production+of+lentiviral+vectors+for+transducing+cells+from+the+central+nervous+system.">Production of lentiviral vectors for transducing cells from the central nervous system.</a> J Vis Exp. (63), e4031 (2012).</li><li>Tiscornia, G., Singer, O., Verma, I. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Production+and+purification+of+lentiviral+vectors.">Production and purification of lentiviral vectors.</a> Nat Protoc. 1 (1), 241-245 (2006).</li><li>Venables, J. P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Aberrant+and+alternative+splicing+in+cancer.">Aberrant and alternative splicing in cancer.</a> Cancer Res. 64 (21), 7647-7654 (2004).</li><li>Cooke, A., Prigge, A., Opperman, L., Wickens, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Targeted+translational+regulation+using+the+PUF+protein+family+scaffold.">Targeted translational regulation using the PUF protein family scaffold.</a> Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 108 (38), 15870-15875 (2011).</li><li>He, C., Zhou, F., Zuo, Z., Cheng, H., Zhou, R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+global+view+of+cancer-specific+transcript+variants+by+subtractive+transcriptome-wide+analysis.">A global view of cancer-specific transcript variants by subtractive transcriptome-wide analysis.</a> PloS one. 4 (3), 4732 (2009).</li><li>Venables, J. P., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Identification+of+alternative+splicing+markers+for+breast+cancer.">Identification of alternative splicing markers for breast cancer.</a> Cancer Res. 68 (22), 9525-9531 (2008).</li><li>Shapiro, I., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=An+EMT-Driven+Alternative+Splicing+Program+Occurs+in+Human+Breast+Cancer.">An EMT-Driven Alternative Splicing Program Occurs in Human Breast Cancer.</a> PLoS Genet. 7 (8), 1002218 (2011).</li><li>David, C. J., Manley, J. L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Alternative+pre-mRNA+splicing+regulation+in+cancer:+pathways+and+programs+unhinged.">Alternative pre-mRNA splicing regulation in cancer: pathways and programs unhinged.</a> Genes Dev. 24 (21), 2343-2364 (2010).</li><li>Ladomery, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Aberrant+alternative+splicing+is+another+hallmark+of+cancer.">Aberrant alternative splicing is another hallmark of cancer.</a> Int J Cell biol. 2013, (2013).</li><li>Karni, R., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+gene+encoding+the+splicing+factor+SF2/ASF+is+a+proto-oncogene.">The gene encoding the splicing factor SF2/ASF is a proto-oncogene.</a> Nat Struct Mol Biol. 14 (3), 185-193 (2007).</li><li>Anczuk&#242;w, O., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=SRSF1-regulated+alternative+splicing+in+breast+cancer.">SRSF1-regulated alternative splicing in breast cancer.</a> Mol cell. 60 (1), 105-117 (2015).</li></ol>

Denne rapport giver en detaljeret beskrivelse af konstruktion og fremstilling af kunstige splejsningsfaktorer som specifikt kan manipulere alternativ splejsning af et målgen. Denne fremgangsmåde drager fordel af den unikke RNA bindende tilstand af PUF gentager at producere et RNA-bindende stillads med tilpassede specificitet. Det kan bruges til enten at aktivere eller undertrykke splejsning. Det kritiske trin i denne protokol er frembringelsen af ​​reprogramed PUF domæne, der definere...

De fleste humane gener undergår alternativ splejsning (AS) for at fremstille flere isoformer med særskilte aktiviteter, hvilket har stærkt forøgede den kodende kompleksiteten af genomet 1, 2. AS tilvejebringer en større mekanisme til at regulere genfunktion, og det reguleres stramt gennem diverse veje i forskellige cellulære og udviklingsstadier 3, 4. Fordi splejsning misregulering er en almindelig årsag til sygdom hos mennesker 5, 6, 7, 8, målretning splejsning regulering bliver en attraktiv terapeutisk rute. Ifølge en forenklet model af splejsning regulering, AS hovedsageligt kontrolleres af Splejsning Regulatory cis -elementer (SRE&#39;er) i præ-mRNA, der fungerer som splejsning enhancere eller dæmpere af alternative exons. thESE SRE&#39;er specifikt rekruttere forskellige trans-agerende proteinfaktorer (dvs. splejsning faktorer), der fremmer eller undertrykker splejsningsreaktionen 3, 9. Fleste trans-agerende splejsningsfaktorer har separate sekvensspecifik RNA bindingsdomæner at genkende deres mål og effektordomæner at kontrollere splejsning. De mest kendte eksempler er medlemmer af serin / argininrige (SR) proteinfamilie, som indeholder N-terminale RNA Recognition Motifs (RRMS), som binder exoniske splejsning enhancere og C-terminale RS domæner, som fremmer exon integration 10 . Omvendt hnRNP A1 binder til exoniske splejsning lyddæmpere gennem RRM domæner og inhiberer exon integration gennem en C-terminal glycin-rige domæne 11. Ved anvendelse af sådanne modulære konfigurationer, forskere kunne konstruere kunstige splejsningsfaktorer ved at kombinere et specifikt RNA-bindingsdomænet (RBD) med forskellig effekTor-domæner, der aktiverer eller hæmmer splejsning. Nøglen til et sådant design er at anvende en RBD, der genkender givne mål med programmerbar RNA-bindingsspecificitet, som er analog med DNA-bindingsmodusen for TALE-domænet. Imidlertid indeholder de fleste native splejsningsfaktorer RRM eller K Homology (KH) domæner, der genkender korte RNA-elementer med svag affinitet og således mangler en prædiktiv RNA-proteingenkendelse &quot;kode&quot; 12 . RBD af PUF gentag proteiner ( dvs. PUF-domænet) har en unik RNA-genkendelsestilstand, der muliggør redesign af PUF-domæner til specifikt at genkende forskellige RNA-mål 13 , 14 . Det canoniske PUF-domæne indeholder otte gentagelser af tre a-helikser, som hver genkender en enkelt base i et 8-nt RNA-mål. Sidekæderne af aminosyrer i visse positioner af den anden a-helix danner specifikke hydrogenbindinger med Watson-Crick-kanten af ​​than rna base, som bestemmer det RNA-bindende specificitet hver gentagelse (figur 1A). Koden til RNA basis erkendelse af PUF repeat er overraskende enkel (figur 1A), hvilket muliggør frembringelsen af PUF domæner, som genkender enhver mulig 8-bund-kombination (gennemgået af Wei og Wang 15). Dette design princip modulære muliggør genereringen af en Engineered Splejsning Factor (ESF), der består af en tilpasset PUF domæne og en splejsning modulation domæne (dvs. en SR-domæne eller en Gly-rige domæne). Disse ESFS kan fungere som enten splejsnings- aktivatorer eller som inhibitorer til at kontrollere forskellige typer af splejsningsbegivenheder, og de har vist sig egnede som redskaber til at manipulere splejsning af endogene gener relateret til human sygdom 16, 17. Som et eksempel, har vi konstrueret PUF-Gly-typen ESFS til specifikt at ændre splejsning af Bcl-x-genetOmdannelse af antiapoptotiske lang isoform (Bd-XL) til pro-apoptotiske korte isoform (Bcl-XS). Shifting forholdet mellem Bcl-x-isoform var tilstrækkelig til at sensibilisere flere cancerceller til flere anti-cancer kemoterapeutiske lægemidler 16, antyder, at disse kunstige faktorer kan være nyttige som potentielle terapeutiske reagenser. Udover at kontrollere splejsning med kendte splejsning effektordomæner (fx en RS eller Gly-rige domæne), kan de manipulerede PUF faktorer også anvendes til at undersøge aktiviteterne i nye splejsningsfaktorer. For eksempel ved hjælp af denne fremgangsmåde, har vi vist, at det C-terminale domæne af adskillige SR proteiner kan aktivere eller hæmme splejsning når binding til forskellige præ-mRNA-regioner 18, at alanin-rige motiv af RBM4 kan inhibere splejsning 19, og at den prolin-rige motiv af DAZAP1 kan forbedre splejsning 20, 21 &lt;/ Sup&gt;. Disse nye funktionelle domæner kan bruges til at konstruere flere typer kunstige faktorer til finjustering af splejsning.

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="1166">
	<colgroup>
		<col />
		<col />
		<col />
		<col />
	</colgroup>
	<tbody>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:420px;">High-fidelity DNA polymerase (Phusion High-Fidelity) with PCR buffer</td>
			<td style="width:155px;">New England Biolabs</td>
			<td style="width:103px;">M0530L</td>
			<td style="width:491px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">DNA ligase (T4 DNA ligase)</td>
			<td>New England Biolabs</td>
			<td>M0202L</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Liposomal transfection reagent (Lipofectamine 2000)</td>
			<td>Invitrogen</td>
			<td>11668-019</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Reduced serum medium (Opti-MEM)</td>
			<td>Gibco</td>
			<td>31985-062</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">RNA extraction buffer (TRIzol Reagent)</td>
			<td>ambion</td>
			<td>15596018</td>
			<td>TRIzol reagent includes phenol, which can cause burns. Wear gloves when handling</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">BSA (Bovine Serum Albumin)</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>A7638-5G</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">PBS (1X)</td>
			<td>Life Technologies</td>
			<td>10010-031</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">SuperScript III reverse transcriptase</td>
			<td>Invitrogen</td>
			<td>18080044</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Caspase-3 antibody</td>
			<td>Cell Signaling Technology</td>
			<td>9668</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">PARP&#160;antibody</td>
			<td>Cell Signaling Technology</td>
			<td>9542</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Bcl-x antibody</td>
			<td>BD Bioscience</td>
			<td>610211</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">beta-actin antibody</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>A5441</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">alpha-tubulin antibody</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>T5168</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">FLAG antibody</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>F4042</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Nitrocellulose membrane</td>
			<td>Amersham-Pharmacia</td>
			<td>RPN203D</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">ECL Western Blotting detection reagents</td>
			<td>Invitrogen</td>
			<td>WP20005</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Cy5-dCTP</td>
			<td>GE Healthcare</td>
			<td>PA55021</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Fluorescence-activated cell sorter</td>
			<td>BD Bioscience</td>
			<td>FACSCalibur&#160;</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Dulbecco&#8217;s Modified Eagle&#8217;s Medium (DMEM)</td>
			<td>GE Healthcare</td>
			<td>SH30243.01</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Fetal bovine serum</td>
			<td>Invitrogen</td>
			<td>26140079</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Propidium iodide (PI)</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>P4170</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Bovine Serum Albumin (BSA)</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>A7638-5G</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Triton-X100</td>
			<td>Promega</td>
			<td>H5142</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Poly-lysine&#160;</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>P-4832</td>
			<td>Filter sterilize and store at 4 &#176;C</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Vector&#160; pWPXLd</td>
			<td>Addgene</td>
			<td>12258</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Vector pMD2.G</td>
			<td>Addgene</td>
			<td>12259</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Vector psPAX2</td>
			<td>Addgene</td>
			<td>12260</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">DNase I (RNase-free)</td>
			<td>New England Biolabs</td>
			<td>M0303S</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="25">
			<td height="25" style="height:25px;">Oligo(dT)18 Primer</td>
			<td>Thermo Scientific</td>
			<td>SO131&#160;</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Anti-mouse secondary antibody (Anti-mouse IgG, HRP-linked Antibody)</td>
			<td>Cell Signaling Technology</td>
			<td>7076S</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

engineering artificial factors to specifically manipulate alternative splicing in human cells

Behandling af de fleste eukaryote RNA&#39;er medieres af RNA-bindende proteiner (RBP&#39;er) med modulære konfigurationer, herunder en RNA-genkendelse modul, som specifikt binder præ-mRNA mål for og et effektordomæne. Tidligere har vi draget fordel af den unikke RNA bindende tilstand af PUF-domænet i human pumilio 1 for at generere en programmerbar RNA-bindende stillads, som blev anvendt til at konstruere forskellige kunstige RBP&#39;er at manipulere RNA metabolisme. Her er en detaljeret protokol beskrevet til konstruktion Engineered splejsningsfaktorer (ESFS) som er specifikt designet til at modulere alternativ splejsning af målgener. Protokollen omfatter at designe og konstruere en tilpasset PUF skelet til en specifik RNA-mål, hvordan man konstruerer en ESF ekspressionsplasmid ved at fusionere en designer PUF domæne og et effektordomæne, og hvordan man bruger ESFS at manipulere splejsning af målgener. I de repræsentative resultater af denne fremgangsmåde, har vi også beskrevet de fælles assaysaf ESF aktiviteter ved hjælp splejsning reportere, anvendelsen af ​​ESF i dyrkede humane celler, og den efterfølgende effekt til at splejse ændringerne. Ved at følge de detaljerede protokoller i denne rapport, er det muligt at designe og generere ESFS for regulering af forskellige typer af alternativ splejsning (AS), hvilket giver en ny strategi for at studere splejsning regulering og funktionen af ​​forskellige splejsningsisoformer. Endvidere ved at fusionere forskellige funktionelle domæner med en konstrueret PUF domæne, kan forskerne ingeniør kunstige faktorer, der er målrettet mod specifikke RNA&#39;er til at manipulere forskellige trin af RNA-processering.

Denne rapport beskriver den komplette protokol for design og konstruktion af ESFS og splejsning reportere. Den beskriver også den videre anvendelse af ESFS i manipulere AS af endogene gener 16. For at illustrere typiske resultater af ESF-medieret splejsning ændringer, bruger vi data fra vores tidligere arbejde som et eksempel. ESFS med forskellige funktionelle domæner kan anvendes til at fremme eller hæmme optagelsen af målet kassette exon <strong class="xfig...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Engineering Artificial Factors to Specifically Manipulate Alternative Splicing in Human Cells at JoVE.com

Engineering Artificial Factors to Specifically Manipulate Alternative Splicing in Human Cells

Denne rapport beskriver en naturnær metode til at designe og konstruere hidtil ukendte Kunstige splejsningsfaktorer (ASFS), som specifikt modulerer splejsning af målgener i pattedyrceller. Denne fremgangsmåde kan udvides yderligere til at konstruere forskellige kunstige faktorer at manipulere andre aspekter af RNA metabolisme.

Tekniske kunstige faktorer til specifikt manipulation af alternativ splejsning i humane celler

The processing of most eukaryotic RNAs is mediated by RNA Binding Proteins (RBPs) with modular configurations, including an RNA recognition module, which ...

Research

JoVE Journal

Genetics

siRNA Transfection and EMSA Analyses on Freshly Isolated Human Villous Cytotrophoblasts

siRNA transfektion og EMSA Analyser på frisk isoleret humant villus cytotrophoblaster

Human primary villous cytotrophoblasts are a very useful source of primary cells to study placental functions and regulatory mechanisms, and to comprehend ...

Analysis of Cap-binding Proteins in Human Cells Exposed to Physiological Oxygen Conditions

Analyse af Cap-bindende proteiner i Human celler udsat for Fysiologiske iltforhold

Translational control is a focal point of gene regulation, especially during periods of cellular stress. Cap-dependent translation via the eIF4F complex ...

Highly Efficient Gene Disruption of Murine and Human Hematopoietic Progenitor Cells by CRISPR/Cas9

Højeffektive gen afbrydelse af Murine og menneskelige hæmatopoietisk stamceller ved CRISPR/Cas9

Advances in the hematopoietic stem cell (HSCs) field have been aided by methods to genetically engineer primary progenitor cells as well as animal models. ...

Quantitative Analysis of Alternative Pre-mRNA Splicing in Mouse Brain Sections Using RNA In Situ Hybridization Assay

Quantitative Analysis of Alternative Pre-mRNA Splicing in Mouse Brain Sections Using RNA In Situ Hybridization Assay

Kvantitativ analyse af Alternative Pre-mRNA-Splicing i mus hjernen sektioner ved hjælp af RNA In Situ hybridisering Assay

Alternative splicing (AS) occurs in more than 90% of human genes. The expression pattern of an alternatively spliced exon is often regulated in a cell ...

Endogenous Protein Tagging in Human Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells Using CRISPR/Cas9

Endogene Protein Tagging i menneskelige induceret pluripotente stamceller ved hjælp af CRISPR/Cas9

A protocol is presented for generating human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs) that express endogenous proteins fused to in-frame&#160;N- or ...

Cell Based Assays of SINEUP Non-coding RNAs That Can Specifically Enhance mRNA Translation

Celle baseret Assays af SINEUP ikke-kodende RNA'er, der specifikt kan forbedre mRNA Oversættelse

Targeted-protein enhancement is of importance not only for the study of biological processes but also for therapeutic and biotechnological applications. ...

Genetic Engineering of Dictyostelium discoideum Cells Based on Selection and Growth on Bacteria

Genetic Engineering of Dictyostelium discoideum Cells Based on Selection and Growth on Bacteria

Gensplejsning af Dictyostelium discoideum celler baseret på udvælgelse og vækst på bakterier

Dictyostelium discoideum is an intriguing model organism for the study of cell differentiation processes during development, cell signaling, and other ...

Artificial RNA Polymerase II Elongation Complexes for Dissecting Co-transcriptional RNA Processing Events

Kunstige RNA polymerase II forlængede komplekser til dissekering af co-transkriptionelle RNA-behandlings hændelser

Eukaryotic mRNA synthesis is a complex biochemical process requiring transcription of a DNA template into a precursor RNA by the multi-subunit enzyme RNA ...

Lentiviral Mediated Gene Silencing in Human Pseudoislet Prepared in Low Attachment Plates

Lentiviral medieret genhæmning i humant Pseudoø fremstillet i lave fastgørelses plader

Various genetic tools are available to modulate genes in pancreatic islets of rodents to dissect function of islet genes for diabetes research. However, ...

Pooled CRISPR-Based Genetic Screens in Mammalian Cells

Samlede CRISPR-baserede genetiske skærme i pattedyrsceller

Genome editing using the CRISPR-Cas system has vastly advanced the ability to precisely edit the genomes of various organisms. In the context of mammalian ...