Name: high-resolution respirometry to assess mitochondrial function in permeabilized and intact cells
Uploaded: 2017-02-08T13:00:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about High-resolution Respirometry to Assess Mitochondrial Function in Permeabilized and Intact Cells at JoVE.com

This study was supported by the Swiss National Science Foundation (Grant n&#186; 32003B_127619).

1.细胞培养<ol><li>培养人肝癌HepG2细胞6 25厘米的Dulbecco含有10％热灭活的胎牛血清（FBS）和1％青霉素-链霉素，在37℃的恒温箱中（5％CO改良的Eagle培养基（DMEM）2细胞培养烧瓶2，95％空气）（接种密度：1×10每25 6个细胞cm 2的细胞培养瓶中，在37℃培养箱培养时间：48小时，在汇合的细胞密度：每25厘米4-5×10 6细胞2细胞培养瓶）。 </l...

<ol>
	<li>Brand, M. D., Nicholls, D. G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Assessing+mitochondrial+dysfunction+in+cells.">Assessing mitochondrial dysfunction in cells.</a> Biochem J. 435 (2), 297-312 (2011).</li><li>Lanza, I. R., Nair, K. S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Functional+assessment+of+isolated+mitochondria+in+vitro.">Functional assessment of isolated mitochondria in vitro.</a> Methods Enzymol. 457, 349-372 (2009).</li><li>Zhang, J., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Measuring+energy+metabolism+in+cultured+cells,+including+human+pluripotent+stem+cells+and+differentiated+cells.">Measuring energy metabolism in cultured cells, including human pluripotent stem cells and differentiated cells.</a> Nat Protoc. 7 (6), 1068-1085 (2012).</li><li>Gnaiger, E., Steinlechner-Maran, R., Mendez, G., Eberl, T., Margreiter, R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Control+of+mitochondrial+and+cellular+respiration+by+oxygen.">Control of mitochondrial and cellular respiration by oxygen.</a> J Bioenerg Biomembr. 27 (6), 583-596 (1995).</li><li>Wu, M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Multiparameter+metabolic+analysis+reveals+a+close+link+between+attenuated+mitochondrial+bioenergetic+function+and+enhanced+glycolysis+dependency+in+human+tumor+cells.">Multiparameter metabolic analysis reveals a close link between attenuated mitochondrial bioenergetic function and enhanced glycolysis dependency in human tumor cells.</a> Am J Physiol Cell Physiol. 292 (1), C125-C136 (2007).</li><li>Djafarzadeh, S., Vuda, M., Takala, J., Jakob, S. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Effect+of+remifentanil+on+mitochondrial+oxygen+consumption+of+cultured+human+hepatocytes.">Effect of remifentanil on mitochondrial oxygen consumption of cultured human hepatocytes.</a> PLoS One. 7 (9), e45195 (2012).</li><li>Horan, M. P., Pichaud, N., Ballard, J. W. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Review:+quantifying+mitochondrial+dysfunction+in+complex+diseases+of+aging.">Review: quantifying mitochondrial dysfunction in complex diseases of aging.</a> J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci. 67 (10), 1022-1035 (2012).</li><li>Niklas, J., Melnyk, A., Yuan, Y., Heinzle, E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Selective+permeabilization+for+the+high-throughput+measurement+of+compartmented+enzyme+activities+in+mammalian+cells.">Selective permeabilization for the high-throughput measurement of compartmented enzyme activities in mammalian cells.</a> Anal Biochem. 416 (2), 218-227 (2011).</li><li>Jeger, V., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Dose+response+of+endotoxin+on+hepatocyte+and+muscle+mitochondrial+respiration+in+vitro.">Dose response of endotoxin on hepatocyte and muscle mitochondrial respiration in vitro.</a> Biomed Res Int. 2015, 353074 (2015).</li><li>Nicholls, P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Cytochrome+c+binding+to+enzymes+and+membranes.">Cytochrome c binding to enzymes and membranes.</a> Biochim Biophys Acta. 346 (3-4), 261-310 (1974).</li><li>Cortese, J. D., Voglino, A. L., Hackenbrock, C. R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Multiple+conformations+of+physiological+membrane-bound+cytochrome+c.">Multiple conformations of physiological membrane-bound cytochrome c.</a> Biochemistry. 37 (18), 6402-6409 (1998).</li><li>Gorbenko, G. P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Structure+of+cytochrome+c+complexes+with+phospholipids+as+revealed+by+resonance+energy+transfer.">Structure of cytochrome c complexes with phospholipids as revealed by resonance energy transfer.</a> Biochim Biophys Acta. 1420 (1-2), 1-13 (1999).</li><li>Gnaiger, E., M&#233;ndez, G., Hand, S. C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=High+phosphorylation+efficiency+and+depression+of+uncoupled+respiration+in+mitochondria+under+hypoxia.">High phosphorylation efficiency and depression of uncoupled respiration in mitochondria under hypoxia.</a> Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 97, 11080-11085 (2000).</li><li>Pesta, D., Gnaiger, E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=High-resolution+respirometry:+OXPHOS+protocols+for+human+cells+and+permeabilized+fibers+from+small+biopsies+of+human+muscle.">High-resolution respirometry: OXPHOS protocols for human cells and permeabilized fibers from small biopsies of human muscle.</a> Methods Mol Biol. 810, 25-58 (2012).</li><li>Gnaiger, E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Mitochondrial+Pathways+and+Respiratory+Control.+An+Introduction+to+OXPHOS+Analysis.">Mitochondrial Pathways and Respiratory Control. An Introduction to OXPHOS Analysis.</a> Mitochondr Physiol Network 17.18. , (2012).</li></ol>

本议定书的目标是利用高分辨率的呼吸测量，测量线粒体呼吸链复合物“（I-IV）呼吸频率，最大线粒体电子传递系统的容量和线粒体外膜的完整性。 还有，本协议中的一些关键步骤。第一，蜂窝式氧消耗率通常标准化为细胞数目（皮摩尔/ [细胞秒×号]）。因此，监测蜂窝氧消耗之前，重要的是使用的设备，使细胞的数目的精确和可靠的测量。在本协议的自动细胞计数器已使?...

线粒体履行细胞能量代谢的重要作用，特别是通过使用氧气产生三磷酸腺苷（ATP）。它们被牵连的细胞死亡，并在多种人类疾病。线粒体氧化磷酸化（OXPHOS）结合一起耗氧量和ATP合成的电子传输链电子传递。线粒体三羧酸（TCA）循环涉及的蛋白质，碳水化合物和脂肪转化为能量丰富化合物作为烟酰胺腺嘌呤二核苷酸（NADH）和黄素腺嘌呤二核苷酸（FADH 2）。 （I至IV）位于线粒体内膜则NADH和FADH 2的电子被转移到呼吸电子传递链蛋白复合物。此外，另外两个氧化还原途径可以转移电子至电子传输链：ⅰ）线粒体电子转移黄素蛋白（ETF），其位于内线粒体的基质面从脂肪酸β氧化chondrial膜，和供给电子;及ii）线粒体甘油脱氢酶氧化甘油至磷酸二羟丙酮和线粒体电子传递链馈送电子。复合物IV（最终电子受体）的电子传送到一个氧分子，转换氧两份水分子。从呼吸电子传递链复合体I的电子的移动至IV是加上从线粒体基质以它建立跨线粒体内膜的电化学梯度的间空间质子流量。事后，线粒体复合物V（ATP合酶）穿梭氢离子放回线粒体基质并合成ATP分子。 OXPHOS函数可以在体内和体外使用各种技术和各种线粒体呼吸状态可以得到进行评估。在分离线粒体以下respiratoRY状态可测：ⅰ）基底线粒体呼吸（状态1）在加入线粒体呼吸链复合物的特异性底物的后，ⅱ）氧气量（状态2），ⅲ）最大线粒体耗氧量加入饱和浓度的后腺苷二磷酸（ADP）（状态3）和，ⅳ）ADP量（转化为ATP后搁置呼吸）（状态4）。在完整细胞以下呼吸状态可测：ⅰ）基底蜂窝耗氧内源性底物和ADP的存在下，ⅱ）在寡霉素的存在下基底蜂窝氧消耗（寡霉素不敏感的呼吸）和寡敏感呼吸（ATP营业额），ⅲ）FCCP解偶联呼吸作用和加法抗霉素A和鱼藤酮的后ⅳ）非线粒体呼吸。在透化的细胞中，电子传递链复合物和ADP的特异性底物，可以添加和最大复杂依赖性呼吸率小号UCH复杂I-，II-和IV依赖性呼吸率可以被测量。 细胞呼吸的测量提供了重要的见解特定络合物I-IV，线粒体完整性和能量代谢1，2，3线粒体呼吸的能力。其中之一使线粒体耗氧具有高精确度，分辨率和灵敏度的测量装置是高分辨率oxygraph 4。高分辨率oxygraph设备包含两个室与喷射口和每个室配备有极谱氧传感器。蜂窝式或分离的线粒体悬浮液中的呼吸连续搅拌。为了评估线粒体功能，底物和抑制剂对线粒体复合物活性可以根据标准协议来添加。底物和抑制剂可通过注射INT滴定澳oxygraph的内室，耗氧率正在使用的软件计算并表示为每细胞数第二皮摩尔。高分辨率呼​​吸测量比传统和常规极谱氧电极装置，包括增加的敏感性，并与生物样品如完整的或透化的细胞的小的数字工作能力提供了几个优点。此外，每个设备包括两个腔室，和呼吸率可以同时记录的氧浓度的比较。高分辨率oxygraph还具有相对于传统极谱氧电极装置从设备室的氧减少了泄漏的优点。最近开发的用于测量蜂窝氧消耗另一个设备是96孔细胞外磁通分析器5。胞外通量分析仪配有荧光代替极谱法传感器。外的优点因此磁通分析器相比高分辨率oxygraph是ⅰ）它是一个高度自动化设备，ii）其可以测量在24和用于高通量筛选96孔板耗氧量，需要较低量的生物样品，和iii）细胞糖酵解流量的附加测量是可能的。胞外通量分析仪相比于高分辨率oxygraph的缺点是：i）所述设备和消耗品如荧光板，这是不可再用的成本高，和ii）每测定只有四种化合物/孔是可注射因此该系统是不为衬底解偶联剂抑制剂滴定协议可行的。 在本研究中，我们使用高分辨率的呼吸测量来确定线粒体呼吸。用于蜂窝耗氧量的实验中，将细胞透化，以允许外源ADP和可氧化线粒体基质的入口用于供给电子到配合物S中的呼吸系统。这种方法允许个别线粒体络合物呼吸能力夹层，这是一个明显的优势相比完整细胞（多底物是细胞不通透性）。然而，细胞膜透化会破坏细胞质和细胞外的空间和介质（洗出胞质溶质）和细胞内空间的组合物之间的屏障与胞外介质平衡。一个透化的细胞在完整细胞的缺点之一是，如果细胞透期间采用洗涤剂过量线粒体外膜可被损坏。在完整细胞，基底，完整细胞的耦合和解偶联呼吸作用可以测量。这种方法计算的完整细胞的氧消耗而不添加外源性底物和ADP的，在一体化细胞再现呼吸功能并且还提供对最大线粒体电子TRANSPO信息室温容量6,7。之一的完整细胞的过度渗透细胞的优点是，蜂窝环境将不中断，线粒体是在与细胞的整个组分的接触。为了透化细胞质膜，洗涤剂如毛地黄皂苷已用于8。然而，如果采用毛地黄皂苷过量线粒体外膜的完整性可受到损害。以确认线粒体外膜的完整性在透化的细胞不受损害，毛地黄皂苷滴定被执行以确定用于蜂窝透的最佳浓度。对于这些实验，将细胞再悬浮于呼吸介质和毛地黄皂苷浓度由线粒体底物和ADP和呼吸速率的存在呼吸测量滴定进行测定。完好，无渗透细胞的呼吸是不mitocho的存在刺激ndrial基板和ADP。然而，随后逐步毛地黄皂苷滴定将产生等离子体的膜逐渐透，并且获得最佳的毛地黄皂苷浓度。这是由呼吸达到充分透的增加所示。线粒体的质量和外膜的完整性可以通过添加外源细胞色素C 2,9进行验证。细胞色素c是线粒体电子传递链10，11，12的12 kDa的电子携载蛋白。它被定位于线粒体膜间隙，并参与耗氧量，携带来自复合物III电子以复合物IV。一旦线粒体外膜被破坏，细胞色素C释放和线粒体氧消耗减少。在加入外源细胞色素c，在线粒体呼吸任何增强指示的一个破坏线粒体外膜。 在透细胞，基质和线粒体复合体活性的抑制剂加入以下各种协议3,9。例如为了研究线粒体复合驱动呼吸速率，可以使用以下协议。细胞的透化后，第一复合物I由基板苹果酸盐和谷氨酸盐，其中生成的NADH作为底物的呼吸链和挑衅复杂导之后，ADP加到转换为ATP（状态3，活性的活化刺激的复杂的I-依赖呼吸）。达到稳定的信号后，鱼藤酮（线粒体复合物I抑制剂）被施用以抑制复杂一鱼藤酮后跟琥珀到FADH 2和激活复合体II（状态3，活性复合物II依赖呼吸）。为了测量复合物IV依赖性呼吸，第一复合物III依赖呼吸是通过添加抗霉素A（线粒体复合物III抑制剂）抑制。之后，复合物IV依赖性呼吸通过施用抗坏血酸和tetramethylphenylendiamine（TMPD）刺激。在呼吸缓冲TMPD可自动氧化，因此最大复合物IV依赖性呼吸速率（状态3）由之前和加入叠氮化钠，线粒体复合物IV的抑制剂后减去呼吸速率计算。呼吸实验可以在平行酮作为对照（未刺激细胞）的oxygraph的两个腔室，另一个含有刺激的细胞来进行。显然，细胞可以以各种方式， 例如 ，预先处理，以影响线粒体功能的药物，在oxygraph室被测量它们的氧气消耗量之前。该协议允许个体线粒体呼吸链复合物的功能检查。此外，一个可以测量最大ADP刺激呼吸通透细胞，棕榈酸的形式使用外源性脂肪酸（状态3）。在这个协议中，棕榈酸钠的浓缩存量缀合的超无脂肪酸的牛血清白蛋白（BSA）（6:1摩尔比棕榈酸：BSA）中。之后，将细胞首先被透用毛地黄皂苷和线粒体呼吸通过加入肉碱评估和棕榈酸，随后加入ADP（状态3，最大呼吸）的。然后，寡霉素加到模拟状态4（状态40），并呼吸控制率（RCR值）计算为状态3 /状态4O。 β氧化促进生产乙酰CoA（其进入在TCA循环），并代FADH 2和NADH，电子内容通过电子转移黄素蛋白和β羟酰-CoA脱氢酶传递到电子传递链。线粒体是在脂肪酸代谢的中心与所述棕榈酸BSA的协议可以由研究者检查脂肪可以使用TY酸氧化。在完整细胞，活化和线粒体络合物活性的抑制剂加入以下一个不同的协议6,9。对于这些实验，在不存在外源性底物的非透化的细胞的第一氧消耗测量（磷酸呼吸率）。然后，所述非磷酸化的呼吸速率在加入寡的，这是线粒体ATP合酶的抑制剂后进行测定。此后，protonophore羰氰化物对 - trifluoromethoxyphenylhydrazone（FCCP）以各种浓度被施用并测量最大线粒体耦合呼吸速率。 Protonophores如FCCP可诱导内膜的质子透过性的增大，使质子的被动运动消散化学渗透梯度。质子通透性增加氧化脱开呼吸（无ATP生产），并诱导邻增加xygen消耗。之后，鱼藤酮和抗霉素A加到抑制线粒体呼吸和非线粒体呼吸从所有其他呼吸率中减去。 氧消耗率可以表示为其中是通过分割特定体积的氧通量（在闭合氧舱）计算值IO 2 [皮摩尔点¯x秒-1×10 -6细胞（每百万个细胞的氧气流量），N-，O- 2 [皮摩尔点¯x秒到1×毫升-1]通过细胞浓度在细胞室（细胞每卷号码[10 6个细胞∙毫升1]）15。小区质量比氧通量，JO 2 [皮摩尔点¯x秒到1×毫克-1]，是每信元流，IO 2 [皮摩尔点¯x秒-1×10 -6细胞]，以质量每个小区划分[毫克∙10 ] 6细胞;或体积比通量，合资，O 2 [皮摩尔点¯x秒到1×毫升-1]，每卷分为质量乌梅[毫克∙毫升1]。 JO 2是每细胞蛋白，干重或细胞体积的氧通量。 在使用高分辨率呼​​吸测量本研究中，我们描述了协议使用外源性细胞色素C来确定i）在完整细胞质膜通透性最佳毛地黄皂苷浓度（毛地黄皂苷滴定测定），ⅱ）线粒体外膜的完整性，ⅲ）线粒体呼吸链复合物我，在外源ADP和线粒体呼吸链底物，和存在毛地黄皂苷通透HepG2细胞II和IV最大呼吸率ⅳ）基，耦合和完整细胞的最大解偶联呼吸作用（最大电子传输容量）不加入外源基片的和ADP，再现中的一体化细胞的呼吸功能。

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="415">
	<tbody>
		<tr height="24">
			<td height="24" style="height:24px;width:156px;">ADP</td>
			<td style="width:92px;">Sigma</td>
			<td style="width:75px;">A 4386</td>
			<td style="width:92px;">Chemical</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="41">
			<td height="41" style="height:41px;width:156px;">Antimycin A</td>
			<td style="width:92px;">Sigma</td>
			<td style="width:75px;">A 8674</td>
			<td style="width:92px;">Chemical, dissolve in ethanol</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="23">
			<td height="23" style="height:23px;width:156px;">Ascorbate</td>
			<td style="width:92px;">Merck</td>
			<td style="width:75px;">1.00127</td>
			<td style="width:92px;">Chemical</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="24">
			<td height="24" style="height:24px;width:156px;">BSA</td>
			<td style="width:92px;">Sigma</td>
			<td style="width:75px;">A 6003</td>
			<td style="width:92px;">Chemical</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="24">
			<td height="24" style="height:24px;width:156px;">FCCP</td>
			<td style="width:92px;">Sigma</td>
			<td style="width:75px;">C 2920</td>
			<td style="width:92px;">Chemical, dissolve in ethanol</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="41">
			<td height="41" style="height:41px;width:156px;">Countess automated cell counter&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:92px;">Thermo Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td style="width:75px;">n/a</td>
			<td style="width:92px;">Automated cell counting instrument</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="24">
			<td height="24" style="height:24px;width:156px;">Cytochrome c</td>
			<td style="width:92px;">Sigma</td>
			<td style="width:75px;">C 7752</td>
			<td style="width:92px;">Chemical</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="24">
			<td height="24" style="height:24px;width:156px;">Digitonin</td>
			<td style="width:92px;">Sigma</td>
			<td style="width:75px;">D 5628</td>
			<td style="width:92px;">Chemical, dissolve in DMSO</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="24">
			<td height="24" style="height:24px;width:156px;">DMEM&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:92px;">Gibco</td>
			<td style="width:75px;">31966021</td>
			<td style="width:92px;">Medium</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="24">
			<td height="24" style="height:24px;width:156px;">EGTA</td>
			<td style="width:92px;">fluka</td>
			<td style="width:75px;">3779</td>
			<td style="width:92px;">Chemical</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="24">
			<td height="24" style="height:24px;width:156px;">FBS</td>
			<td style="width:92px;">Gibco</td>
			<td style="width:75px;">26010-074</td>
			<td style="width:92px;">Medium component</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="24">
			<td height="24" style="height:24px;width:156px;">Glutamate</td>
			<td style="width:92px;">Sigma,</td>
			<td style="width:75px;">G 1626</td>
			<td style="width:92px;">Chemical</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="24">
			<td height="24" style="height:24px;width:156px;">Hepes</td>
			<td style="width:92px;">Sigma</td>
			<td style="width:75px;">H 7523</td>
			<td style="width:92px;">Chemical</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="24">
			<td height="24" style="height:24px;width:156px;">KCl</td>
			<td style="width:92px;">Merck</td>
			<td style="width:75px;">1.04936</td>
			<td style="width:92px;">Chemical</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="24">
			<td height="24" style="height:24px;width:156px;">KH2PO4</td>
			<td style="width:92px;">Merck</td>
			<td style="width:75px;">1.04873</td>
			<td style="width:92px;">Chemical</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="24">
			<td height="24" style="height:24px;width:156px;">K-lactobionate</td>
			<td style="width:92px;">Sigma</td>
			<td style="width:75px;">L 2398</td>
			<td style="width:92px;">Chemical</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="24">
			<td height="24" style="height:24px;width:156px;">MgCl2</td>
			<td style="width:92px;">Sigma</td>
			<td style="width:75px;">M 9272</td>
			<td style="width:92px;">Chemical</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="41">
			<td height="41" style="height:41px;width:156px;">O2k-Core: Oxygraph-2k&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:92px;">Oroboros Instruments</td>
			<td style="width:75px;">10000-02</td>
			<td style="width:92px;">High-resolution respirometry instrument</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="24">
			<td height="24" style="height:24px;width:156px;">Oligomycin</td>
			<td style="width:92px;">Sigma</td>
			<td style="width:75px;">O 4876</td>
			<td style="width:92px;">Chemical, dissolve in ethanol</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="24">
			<td height="24" style="height:24px;width:156px;">Penicillin-streptomycin</td>
			<td style="width:92px;">Gibco</td>
			<td style="width:75px;">15140122</td>
			<td style="width:92px;">Chemical</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="24">
			<td height="24" style="height:24px;width:156px;">Sodium azide</td>
			<td style="width:92px;">Sigma</td>
			<td style="width:75px;">S2002</td>
			<td style="width:92px;">Chemical</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="24">
			<td height="24" style="height:24px;width:156px;">Rotenone</td>
			<td style="width:92px;">Sigma</td>
			<td style="width:75px;">R 8875</td>
			<td style="width:92px;">Chemical, dissolve in ethanol</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="24">
			<td height="24" style="height:24px;width:156px;">Succinate</td>
			<td style="width:92px;">Sigma</td>
			<td style="width:75px;">S 2378</td>
			<td style="width:92px;">Chemical</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="24">
			<td height="24" style="height:24px;width:156px;">Taurine</td>
			<td style="width:92px;">Sigma</td>
			<td style="width:75px;">T 8691</td>
			<td style="width:92px;">Chemical</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="24">
			<td height="24" style="height:24px;width:156px;">TMPD</td>
			<td style="width:92px;">Sigma</td>
			<td style="width:75px;">T 3134</td>
			<td style="width:92px;">Chemical</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Trypsin</td>
			<td style="width:92px;">Sigma</td>
			<td>T 4674</td>
			<td style="width:92px;">Chemical</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

high-resolution respirometry to assess mitochondrial function in permeabilized and intact cells

A high-resolution oxygraph is a device for measuring cellular oxygen consumption in a closed-chamber system with very high resolution and sensitivity in biological samples (intact and permeabilized cells, tissues or isolated mitochondria). The high-resolution oxygraph device is equipped with two chambers and uses polarographic oxygen sensors to measure oxygen concentration and calculate oxygen consumption within each chamber. Oxygen consumption rates are calculated using software and expressed as picomoles per second per number of cells. Each high-resolution oxygraph chamber contains a stopper with injection ports, which makes it ideal for substrate-uncoupler-inhibitor titrations or detergent titration protocols for determining effective and optimum concentrations for plasma membrane permeabilization. The technique can be applied to measure respiration in a wide range of cell types and also provides information on mitochondrial quality and integrity, and maximal mitochondrial respiratory electron transport system capacity.

最佳毛地黄皂苷含量的测定细胞透：毛地黄皂苷滴定实验毛地黄皂苷滴定被执行以确定用于HepG2细胞透化的最佳浓度。对于这些实验，毛地黄皂苷是在完整细胞滴定在鱼藤酮，琥珀酸盐（线粒体复合物II衬底）和ADP的饱和量的存在下，和呼吸率在基线和之后每个测量（到复合体II依赖性状态3诱导）滴定（ 图1A和1...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about High-resolution Respirometry to Assess Mitochondrial Function in Permeabilized and Intact Cells at JoVE.com

High-resolution Respirometry to Assess Mitochondrial Function in Permeabilized and Intact Cells

高分辨率呼​​吸测量被用于确定线粒体耗氧量。这是一个简单的技术来确定线粒体呼吸链复合物&#39;（I-IV）的呼吸率，最大线粒体电子传递系统容量，和线粒体外膜的完整性。

高分辨率呼​​吸测量，以评估线粒体功能的通透和完整细胞

A high-resolution oxygraph is a device for measuring cellular oxygen consumption in a closed-chamber system with very high resolution and sensitivity in ...

Research

Education

JoVE Core

JoVE Journal

Biology

Cellular Processes

Cellular Respiration

SCIENTISTS IN ACTION

A Faster, High Resolution, mtPA-GFP-based Mitochondrial Fusion Assay Acquiring Kinetic Data of Multiple Cells in Parallel Using Confocal Microscopy

速度更快，高分辨率，MTPA-GFP基于线粒体融合含量的收购多个单元格的动力学数据，在并行使用共聚焦显微镜

Mitochondrial fusion plays an essential role in mitochondrial calcium homeostasis, bioenergetics, autophagy and quality control. Fusion is quantified in ...

科研

生物学

Using High Resolution Computed Tomography to Visualize the Three Dimensional Structure and Function of Plant Vasculature

使用高解析度电脑断层可视化的三维结构和功能的植物血管

High resolution x-ray computed tomography (HRCT) is a non-destructive diagnostic imaging technique with sub-micron resolution capability that is now being ...

Force Measurement During Contraction to Assess Muscle Function in Zebrafish Larvae

在收缩力测量评估肌肉功能在斑马鱼幼虫

Zebrafish larvae provide models of muscle development, muscle disease and muscle-related chemical toxicity, but related studies often lack functional ...

High Resolution Whole Mount In Situ Hybridization within Zebrafish Embryos to Study Gene Expression and Function

High Resolution Whole Mount In Situ Hybridization within Zebrafish Embryos to Study Gene Expression and Function

高解析度全山<em&gt;在原位</em杂交斑马鱼胚胎内，研究基因表达和功能

This article focuses on whole-mount in situ hybridization (WISH) of zebrafish embryos. The WISH technology facilitates the assessment of gene expression ...

Confocal Imaging of Single Mitochondrial Superoxide Flashes in Intact Heart or In Vivo

Confocal Imaging of Single Mitochondrial Superoxide Flashes in Intact Heart or In Vivo

单线粒体超氧闪烁在完整心脏或共聚焦成像<em&gt;在体内</em

Mitochondrion is a critical intracellular organelle responsible for energy production and intracellular signaling in eukaryotic systems. Mitochondrial ...

Experimental Approaches to Study Mitochondrial Localization and Function of a Nuclear Cell Cycle Kinase, Cdk1

实验方法来研究线粒体定位和核细胞周期激酶CDK1功能

Although mitochondria possess their own transcriptional machinery, merely 1% of mitochondrial proteins are synthesized inside the organelle. The ...

High Resolution Quantification of Crystalline Cellulose Accumulation in Arabidopsis Roots to Monitor Tissue-specific Cell Wall Modifications

High Resolution Quantification of Crystalline Cellulose Accumulation in Arabidopsis Roots to Monitor Tissue-specific Cell Wall Modifications

结晶纤维素积累高分辨率的量化<em&gt;拟南芥</em&gt;根监视特定组织细胞壁修改

Plant cells are surrounded by a cell wall, the composition of which determines their final size and shape. The cell wall is composed of a complex matrix ...

High-resolution Time-lapse Imaging and Automated Analysis of Microtubule Dynamics in Living Human Umbilical Vein Endothelial Cells

高分辨率成像定时，并在活体人脐静脉内皮细胞微管动力学自动分析

The physiological process by which new vasculature forms from existing vasculature requires specific signaling events that trigger morphological changes ...

Studying Mitochondrial Structure and Function in Drosophila Ovaries

Studying Mitochondrial Structure and Function in Drosophila Ovaries

研究线粒体结构与功能<em&gt;果蝇</em&gt;卵巢

Analysis of the mitochondrial structure-function relationship is required for a thorough understanding of the regulatory mechanisms of mitochondrial ...

Isolation of Intact Mitochondria from Skeletal Muscle by Differential Centrifugation for High-resolution Respirometry Measurements

骨骼肌完整的线粒体的分离差速离心高分辨率测量呼吸运动

Mitochondria are involved in cellular energy metabolism and use oxygen to produce energy in the form of adenosine triphosphate (ATP). Differential ...

高分辨率呼​​吸测量，以评估线粒体功能的通透和完整细胞

高分辨率呼吸测量，以评估线粒体功能的通透和完整细胞