Name: wicking tests for unidirectional fabrics: measurements of capillary parameters to evaluate capillary pressure in liquid composite molding processes
Uploaded: 2017-01-27T13:00:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Wicking Tests for Unidirectional Fabrics: Measurements of Capillary Parameters to Evaluate Capillary Pressure in Liquid Composite Molding Processes at JoVE.co

注意：请所有相关的材料安全数据表。用于试验的化学品是有毒和致癌性。使用个人防护装备（护目镜，手套，实验室外套，全长裤，封闭趾鞋）。 1.设置为测试<ol><li> 样品的制备 <ol><li>垂直切割织物带沿方向的纤维（以测试芯吸在纤维方向）。 注：该带的长度，以获得一个限定的纤维体积比来计算。为碳织物，以获得V F = 40％时，条带的?...

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	<li>Lawrence, J. M., Neacsu, V., Advani, S. G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Modeling+the+impact+of+capillary+pressure+and+air+entrapment+on+fiber+tow+saturation+during+resin+infusion+in+lcm.">Modeling the impact of capillary pressure and air entrapment on fiber tow saturation during resin infusion in lcm.</a> Compos Part A: Appl Sci Manuf. 40 (8), 1053-1064 (2009).</li><li>Ravey, C., Ruiz, E., Trochu, F. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Determination+of+the+optimal+impregnation+velocity+in+resin+transfer+molding+by+capillary+rise+experiments+and+infrared+thermography.">Determination of the optimal impregnation velocity in resin transfer molding by capillary rise experiments and infrared thermography.</a> Compos Sci Technol. 99, 96-102 (2014).</li><li>Verrey, J., Michaud, V., M&#229;nson, J. -. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Dynamic+capillary+effects+in+liquid+composite+moulding+with+non-crimp+fabrics.">Dynamic capillary effects in liquid composite moulding with non-crimp fabrics.</a> Compos Part A: Appl Sci Manuf. 37 (1), 92-102 (2006).</li><li>Abouorm, L., Moulin, N., Bruchon, J., Drapier, S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Monolithic+approach+of+Stokes-+Darcy+coupling+for+LCM+process+modelling.">Monolithic approach of Stokes- Darcy coupling for LCM process modelling.</a> Key Eng Mater. 554, 447-455 (2013).</li><li>Washburn, E. W. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Note+on+a+method+of+determining+the+distribution+of+pore+sizes+in+a+porous+material.">Note on a method of determining the distribution of pore sizes in a porous material.</a> Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. , 115-116 (1921).</li><li>Pucci, M. F., Liotier, P. -. J., Drapier, S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Capillary+effects+on+flax+fibers-modification+and+characterization+of+the+wetting+dynamics.">Capillary effects on flax fibers-modification and characterization of the wetting dynamics.</a> Compos Part A: Appl Sci Manuf. 77, 257-265 (2015).</li><li>Darcy, H., Dalmont, V. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> Les fontaines publiques de la ville de Dijon: exposition et application. , (1856).</li><li>Pucci, M. F., Liotier, P. -. J., Drapier, S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Capillary+wicking+in+a+fibrous+reinforcement-orthotropic+issues+to+determine+the+capillary+pressure+components.">Capillary wicking in a fibrous reinforcement-orthotropic issues to determine the capillary pressure components.</a> Compos Part A: Appl Sci Manuf. 77, 133-141 (2015).</li><li>Pucci, M. F., Liotier, P. -. J., Drapier, S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Capillary+wicking+in+flax+fabrics+-+effects+of+swelling+in+water.">Capillary wicking in flax fabrics - effects of swelling in water.</a> Colloids Surf A: Physicochem Eng Aspects. 498, 176-184 (2016).</li><li>Nguyen, V. H., Lagard&#232;re, M., Park, C. H., Panier, S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Permeability+of+natural+fiber+reinforcement+for+liquid+composite+molding+processes.">Permeability of natural fiber reinforcement for liquid composite molding processes.</a> J Mater Sci. 49 (18), 6449-6458 (2014).</li><li>Stuart, T., McCall, R., Sharma, H., Lyons, G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Modelling+of+wicking+and+moisture+interactions+of+flax+and+viscose+fibres.">Modelling of wicking and moisture interactions of flax and viscose fibres.</a> Carbohydr Polym. 123, 359-368 (2015).</li></ol>

在协议中的关键步骤涉及样品的准备。首先，在轧制采样必须紧，以使均匀的纤维体积比的假设。如果在样品中的紧密度梯度，Washburn等式5,6不能用于以适合芯吸的曲线。另外，织物和样品架之间的边界条件是难以控制。因此，过滤器纸（1.1.3）也必须仔细插入样品架8。 该技术的一些修改可以使进行分析，以评估?...

期间在液体复合成型（LSM）工艺纤维增强材料的浸渍，树脂的流动由压力梯度驱动。毛细效应有可与压力梯度，竞争取决于工艺参数的附加效果。它们对过程的影响因而具有待评估1,2。这可以通过定义一个明显的毛细压力P 帽 ，修改初始压力梯度3来完成。此参数可随后插入数字模型，以便在流程模拟流动，并准确地预测空洞形成4。 由液体（芯吸）织物的自发浸渍可以通过Washburn等式5进行说明。最初，Washburn等式中描述的液体的毛细上升的管。这个方程WA记者随后延长多孔结构，如纤维增强材料时，可以近似为一个毛细管网络。考虑具有半径R，填充有多孔介质的圆柱形样本保持器，Washburn等式中的平方质量增量（ 平方米（t））的随时间的形式被修改，如下6： <img alt="式（1）" src="/files/ftp_upload/55059/image001.jpg" /> （1） 其中，c是占迂曲的参数中，R是平均孔隙半径，ε= 1-V f是孔隙率（Ⅴf为纤维体积比）。在方括号的所有参数涉及在多孔介质的形态和结构，并且它们可以被合并到一个常数，C被称为“几何多孔介质因子”。其他参数表达毛细在介质和液体之间的相互作用（通过ρ，η依赖性，γL， 这分别是密度，粘度和表面的液体的张力，并且通过θA，表观前进接触角）。 平行地，通过多孔介质的流动通常与公知的达西定律7，其涉及的等效流体速度vð建模，通过介质，K和液体的粘度，的渗透性的压降η 。这个等式还允许质量增益在一段平方根，因此，供两个方程之间的等价的表达。从沃什伯恩方程和达西定律之间的等价，毛细管压力，然后定义如下8： （2） 这里，主要的焦点是描述的实验程序来测量的几何因素和单向织物表观前进接触角，以确定所述毛细管压力的目的。此方法依赖于使用张力进行芯吸测试（图1）。张力计是具有10微克的分辨率测量的液体物料或周围形成固体弯月面或上升纤维状介质微量天平。芯吸试验进行了考虑的一维表征（沿纤维方向）8,9。用于验证程序准单向织物是在一个V F = 40％的碳的单向（UD）织物。一旦方法进行了验证，亚麻织物提交热处理吨帽子修改纤维6的润湿行为，并分别具有不同的纤维体积比为未处理和处理亚麻织物进行芯吸测试（从30％至40％）。以确定形态和润湿参数，至少两个芯吸测试是强制性的：第一个具有完全润湿液体，如正己烷，以确定C（式1），而第二个与感兴趣的液体，以确定明显的前进接触角，一旦启用C是已知的。在第一种方法中，将水用于评估过程。 这种方法可以适用于不同的面料和液体，允许材料几何（面料的形态），孔隙率（不同纤维体积比），和粘度和在毛细管浸渍现象的液体表面张力的影响的评估。很明显，根据本沃什伯恩理论（等式1）中的步骤可以仅当芯吸立方米被采用rves（ 平方米（t））的由张力记录，具有线性的趋势。这意味着在公式1的参数必须在整个芯吸过程保持不变。如果不是这种情况下，作为在水中的亚麻增强，因为纤维离岗肿胀10，11，Washburn等式应修改成包括以描述的测试正确9肿胀的效果。处理过的织物被认为是对水吸附9不太敏感。几何因素和润湿参数可从线性拟合来测定，允许毛细管压力P 帽的计算。

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="700">
	<tbody>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Carbon UD fabrics</td>
			<td style="width:167px;">Hexcel&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:151px;">48580</td>
			<td style="width:167px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Flax UD fabrics</td>
			<td style="width:167px;">Libeco</td>
			<td style="width:151px;">FLAXDRY UD 180</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">n-Hexane</td>
			<td style="width:167px;">Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:151px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Sulfochromic acid</td>
			<td style="width:167px;">home made</td>
			<td style="width:151px;"></td>
			<td>toxic and corrosive</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Filter paper</td>
			<td style="width:167px;">Dataphysic</td>
			<td style="width:151px;">FP11</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Tensiometer</td>
			<td style="width:167px;">Dataphysic</td>
			<td style="width:151px;">DCAT11</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

wicking tests for unidirectional fabrics: measurements of capillary parameters to evaluate capillary pressure in liquid composite molding processes

期间在液体复合成型（LCM）的处理的纤维补强的浸渍，毛细管效应有，以便识别在复合材料部件其上形成空隙的影响可以理解。在由Washburn等式描述的纤维状介质芯吸被视为等同于根据达西定律的毛细压力的作用下的流动。为排汗的特性实验测试使用的碳和亚麻纤维加固进行。准单向织物然后通过一个张力的手段来确定沿光纤方向的形态和润湿参数测试。该过程被证明是有前途的，当织物的形态是毛细管芯吸过程中保持不变。在碳织物的情况下，该毛细管压力可以计算出来。亚麻纤维对水分的吸附敏感，并在水中溶胀。这种现象，必须考虑以评估润湿参数。一世n阶使纤维吸水较不敏感，热处理于亚麻增援进行。这种治疗方法增强纤维的形态稳定性和在水中的防止肿胀。结果表明，处理过的织物具有类似于在碳织物发现，允许毛细管压力的确定的线性芯吸的趋势。

与张力为碳和未处理的和处理过的亚麻织物芯吸得到期间增重的曲线示于图2和3。所有曲线的外部弯液面的两个权重的减法后示出由于样品保持器和过滤纸和被移位到零。 有可能从图2的曲线，与正己烷和水两者，公式1与实验芯吸的线性拟合是公实现，如果织物中的样品架正确插入到观察?...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Wicking Tests for Unidirectional Fabrics: Measurements of Capillary Parameters to Evaluate Capillary Pressure in Liquid Composite Molding Processes at JoVE.co

Wicking Tests for Unidirectional Fabrics: Measurements of Capillary Parameters to Evaluate Capillary Pressure in Liquid Composite Molding Processes

实验方法测量几何参数和说明毛细血管单向合成和天然面料吸湿排汗，提出了推进表观接触角。这些参数是强制性的，必须考虑到对液体复合成型（LCM）应用的毛细压力的确定。

吸湿排汗试验单向织物：毛细管参数的标准评价在液体复合成型工艺毛细管压力

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