我们感谢莫莉Stedfast稀释和农药制剂的援助。我们也感谢特洛伊安德森概率分析指导和扎卡里阿德尔曼与实验设计的帮助。这项研究部分由一个昆虫基金会奖和弗吉尼亚州的害虫管理奖学基金的支持。

注：此协议包括两个检测杀虫剂分开处理床虱卵和第一龄。两个协议都使用相同的杀虫剂进行的，然而，这些协议必须适应，以保证杀虫剂曝光和容易地操纵标本。 1.鸡蛋浸杀虫剂含量<ol><li>从殖民地拉交配，精心喂养成年雌性臭虫和女性（5-10）放入一个培养皿滤纸。有至少十个重复，以确保有足够的蛋的杀虫剂测定。检查是否女性每天都下蛋。 <ol><li>一旦他们下蛋，把女...

<ol>
	<li>Sabou, M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Bed+bugs+reproductive+life+cycle+in+the+clothes+of+a+patient+suffering+from+Alzheimer's+disease+results+in+iron+deficiency+anemia.">Bed bugs reproductive life cycle in the clothes of a patient suffering from Alzheimer's disease results in iron deficiency anemia.</a> Parasite. 20, (2013).</li><li>Reinhardt, K., Kempke, D., Naylor, R. A., Siva-Jothy, M. T. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Sensitivity+to+bites+by+the+bedbug,+Cimex+lectularius.">Sensitivity to bites by the bedbug, Cimex lectularius.</a> Med. Vet. Entomol. 23, 163-166 (2009).</li><li>Leverkus, M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Bullous+allergic+hypersensitivity+to+bed+bug+bites+mediated+by+IgE+against+salivary+nitrophorin.">Bullous allergic hypersensitivity to bed bug bites mediated by IgE against salivary nitrophorin.</a> J. invest. entomol. 126, 91-96 (2006).</li><li>Fletcher, C. L., Ardern-Jones, M. R., Hay, R. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Widespread+bullous+eruption+due+to+multiple+bed+bug+bites.">Widespread bullous eruption due to multiple bed bug bites.</a> Clin. Exp. Dermatol. 27, 74-75 (2002).</li><li>Pritchard, M. J., Hwang, S. W. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Severe+anemia+from+bedbugs.">Severe anemia from bedbugs.</a> Can. Med. Assoc. J. 181, 287-288 (2009).</li><li>Goddard, J., de Shazo, R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Psychological+effects+of+bed+bug+attacks+(Cimex+lectularius+L).">Psychological effects of bed bug attacks (Cimex lectularius L).</a> Am. J. Med. 125, 101-103 (2012).</li><li>Harlan, H. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Bed+bugs+101:+the+basics+of+Cimex+lectularius.">Bed bugs 101: the basics of Cimex lectularius.</a> Am. Entomol. 52, 99-101 (2006).</li><li>Pinto, L. J., Cooper, R., Kraft, S. K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> Bed Bug Handbook: The Complete Guide to Bed Bugs and Their Control. , (2007).</li><li>Toloza, A. C., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Differential+patterns+of+insecticide+resistance+in+eggs+and+first+instars+of+Triatoma+infestans+(Hemiptera:+Reduviidae)+from+Argentina+and+Bolivia.">Differential patterns of insecticide resistance in eggs and first instars of Triatoma infestans (Hemiptera: Reduviidae) from Argentina and Bolivia.</a> J. Med. Entomol. 45, 421-426 (2008).</li><li>Cueto, G. M., Zerba, E. N., Picollo, M. I. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Evidence+of+pyrethroid+resistance+in+eggs+of+Pediculus+humanus+capitis+(Phthiraptera:+Pediculidae)+from+Argentina.">Evidence of pyrethroid resistance in eggs of Pediculus humanus capitis (Phthiraptera: Pediculidae) from Argentina.</a> J. Med. Entomol. 45, 693-697 (2008).</li><li>Ho, S. H., Goh, P. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Deltamethrin+as+a+potential+ovicidal+pyrethroid+against+Plutella+xylostella+L.">Deltamethrin as a potential ovicidal pyrethroid against Plutella xylostella L.</a> Toxicol. let. 22, 161-164 (1984).</li><li>Bell, C. H., Hole, B. D., Evans, P. H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+occurrence+of+resistance+to+phosphine+in+adult+and+egg+stages+of+strains+of+Rhyzopertha+dominica+(F.)(Coleoptera:+Bostrichidae).">The occurrence of resistance to phosphine in adult and egg stages of strains of Rhyzopertha dominica (F.)(Coleoptera: Bostrichidae).</a> J. Stored Prod. Res. 13, 91-94 (1977).</li><li>Campbell, B. E., Miller, D. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Insecticide+Resistance+in+Eggs+and+First+Instars+of+the+Bed+Bug,+Cimex+lectularius+(Hemiptera:+Cimicidae).">Insecticide Resistance in Eggs and First Instars of the Bed Bug, Cimex lectularius (Hemiptera: Cimicidae).</a> Insects. 6, 122-132 (2015).</li><li>Price, L. A., Mills, K. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+toxicity+of+phosphine+to+the+immature+stages+of+resistant+and+susceptible+strains+of+some+common+stored+product+beetles,+and+implications+for+their+control.">The toxicity of phosphine to the immature stages of resistant and susceptible strains of some common stored product beetles, and implications for their control.</a> J. Stored Prod. Res. 24, 51-59 (1988).</li><li>Robertson, J. L., Preisler, H. K., Russel, R. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> PoloPlus: Probit and Logit Analysis User's Guide. , (2003).</li><li>Montes, C., Cuadrillero, C., Vilella, D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Maintenance+of+a+laboratory+colony+of+Cimex+lectularius+(Hemiptera:+Cimicidae)+using+an+artificial+feeding+technique.">Maintenance of a laboratory colony of Cimex lectularius (Hemiptera: Cimicidae) using an artificial feeding technique.</a> J. Med. Entomol. 39, 675-679 (2002).</li><li>Brogdon, W. G., McAllister, J. C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Simplification+of+adult+mosquito+bioassays+through+use+of+time-mortality+determinations+in+glass+bottles.">Simplification of adult mosquito bioassays through use of time-mortality determinations in glass bottles.</a> J. Am. Mosq. Control. Assoc. 14, 159-164 (1998).</li><li>Katarzyna, K., Saddler, A., Koella, J. C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Effects+of+age+and+larval+nutrition+on+phenotypic+expression+of+insecticide-resistance+in+Anopheles+mosquitoes.">Effects of age and larval nutrition on phenotypic expression of insecticide-resistance in Anopheles mosquitoes.</a> PLoS One. 8 (3), (2013).</li><li>Outram, I. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Factors+affecting+the+resistance+of+insect+eggs+to+sulphuryl+fluoride-II:+the+distribution+of+sulphuryl-35+S+fluoride+in+insect+eggs+after+fumigation.">Factors affecting the resistance of insect eggs to sulphuryl fluoride-II: the distribution of sulphuryl-35 S fluoride in insect eggs after fumigation.</a> J. Stored. Prod. Res. 3, 353-358 (1967).</li></ol>

A critical step in this assay is to ensure that no eggs that are removed from a surface are damaged prior to the assay. Many insects cement their eggs to a substrate, therefore, a preliminary test may be needed to ensure that removal does not cause mortality. This test can be conducted with several replications of a treated group (bed bugs removed from filter paper) compared to a control group (bed bugs not removed). Similar low rates of mortality (or no mortality) between the treated and control group will ensure that ...

臭虫一个显著城市害虫可导致血液流失，皮肤过敏，失眠，抑郁和焦虑中的人类宿主1，2，3，4，5，6。消除和控制臭虫的成本高，很多时候需要用灭虫公司7家多次访问。多次访问通常需要，因为臭虫的神秘行为与杀害他们的困难。特别是，臭虫蛋是困难的，因为它们的小的尺寸和由蛋壳保护胚胎的控制。 目前，许多灭虫公司在美国各地的普遍做法是将一个家使用化学杀虫剂臭虫。这非常出名该鸡蛋是很难控制，所以很多企业都实施了再治疗8两个星期的时间框架。这使得臭虫蛋足够的时间来孵化，这样一龄中脱颖而出，据称是更容易杀死杀虫剂。然而，在研究中评估针对床虱卵和第一龄液体杀虫剂的功效缺乏。 虫卵已记录在案，是最困难的阶段，生活在城市害虫控制，比臭虫等，此外还有许多农业害虫。大多数的这些困难已被归因于蛋壳，而很少有研究报告杀虫剂抗性。抵抗卵期已被记录在骚扰锥蝽 9，pediculus的头虱 10， 小菜蛾 11，Rhyzopertha多米尼加 12， <eM&gt;臭虫臭虫13，以及多个存储产品甲虫（ 即 锯谷盗，赤拟谷盗，Cryptolestes棕象甲和Rhyzopertha多米尼加 ）。 14在通过蛋壳与杀虫剂渗透相关的卵期和未成熟阶段，以及并发症抗性的发展，就必须对针对这些生命阶段杀虫剂功效的生物测定的需要。 该协议提供了一个一步一步的程序确定共同臭虫的卵和一龄阶段的杀虫剂的功效， 臭虫臭虫 。这两种协议是浓度-响应测定法，以允许LC 50值的量化。浓度 - 响应测定法通常用于毒理学研究，然而，这协议已被改编为容易处理臭虫卵和第一龄组。这些测定法可适于各种昆虫卵和未成熟的生命阶段。

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="1067">
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>Petri dishes</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific Inc.</td>
			<td>08-757-105</td>
			<td>Plastic</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Filter paper</td>
			<td>Whatman</td>
			<td>1001-042</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Featherweight forceps</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific Inc.</td>
			<td align="right">4750</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Temprid SC (imidacloprid/bifenthrin)</td>
			<td>Bayer CropScience</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Transport GHP (acetamiprid/bifenthrin)</td>
			<td>FMC Corp.</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Centrifuge tube</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>06-443-18</td>
			<td>50 mL; flat-top threaded</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Fine mesh</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>7250C</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>KimWipe</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>06-666A</td>
			<td>11 cm X 21 cm</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Small paint brush</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Any small paint brush</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Hardboard panels</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Composite wood or tile would be sufficient from a home improvement store</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Metal weights</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Any type of metal screw that will hold the weight of the Petri dish down onto a surface</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

a method for evaluating insecticide efficacy against bed bug, cimex lectularius, eggs and first instars

对害虫杀虫剂的毒性标准评价上成虫主要进行。评价是基于剂量 - 反应或浓度 - 响应曲线，其中死亡率随着剂量或杀虫剂的浓度增大。标准致死浓度（LC 50）和致死剂量（LD 50），导致在测试群体的50％的死亡率测试可以挑战用于评估对非成虫生命阶段的杀虫剂，如鸡蛋和早龄或若虫阶段的毒性。然而，这一信息对于理解在所有臭虫生命阶段的杀虫剂效力，从而影响控制和治疗工作是必不可少的。该协议使用修改臭虫鸡蛋标准浸渍生物测定和治疗若虫龄第一次接触杀虫试验。这些测定产生浓度-响应曲线，以进一步量化的LC 50值杀虫剂评估。

卵浸入5种不同浓度的吡虫啉/β氟氯氰菊酯的（微升/毫升）。第一龄被置于五个不同浓度的吡虫啉/β氟氯氰菊酯（ 图2）处理过的表面。 我们使用C.臭虫的三个不同的群体：哈兰，里士满，和Epic中心（ 表1）。哈伦应变易受拟除虫菊酯类杀虫剂和哈罗德·哈伦博士于2005年被收购。里士满...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about A Method for Evaluating Insecticide Efficacy against Bed Bug,  Cimex lectularius, Eggs and First Instars at JoVE.com

A Method for Evaluating Insecticide Efficacy against Bed Bug,  Cimex lectularius, Eggs and First Instars

杀虫剂评估经常靶向成虫，而不是不成熟的阶段。在这里，我们提出了一个协议有比较第一若虫臭虫阶段评估对臭虫的杀虫剂鸡蛋。这些协议可能会调整其他昆虫，以评估非成人的生命阶段杀虫剂效力。

一个反对臭虫评估杀虫剂效果的方法，<em&gt;臭虫臭虫</em&gt;，鸡蛋和一龄期

Standard toxicity evaluations of insecticides against insect pests are primarily conducted on adult insects. Evaluations are based on a dose-response or ...

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Environment

A Method for Evaluating Insecticide Efficacy against Bed Bug, Cimex lectularius, Eggs and First Instars

A Rapid and Efficient Method for Assessing Pathogenicity of Ustilago maydis on Maize and Teosinte Lines

A Rapid and Efficient Method for Assessing Pathogenicity of Ustilago maydis on Maize and Teosinte Lines

评估 乌西拉戈 病原性的快速高效方法，可在玉米和特奥辛特线上使用

Maize is a major cereal crop worldwide. However, susceptibility to biotrophic pathogens is the primary constraint to increasing productivity. U. maydis is ...

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A Simple Method for Automated Solid Phase Extraction of Water Samples for Immunological Analysis of Small Pollutants

对水样的自动固相萃取小污染物的免疫学分析的简单方法

A new method for solid phase extraction (SPE) of environmental water samples is proposed. The developed prototype is cost-efficient and user friendly, and ...

Use of a Battery of Chemical and Ecotoxicological Methods for the Assessment of the Efficacy of Wastewater Treatment Processes to Remove Estrogenic Potency

对污水处理工艺的疗效评估利用化学和生态毒理学方法的电池，以消除雌激素潜能

Endocrine Disrupting Compounds pose a substantial risk to the aquatic environment. Ethinylestradiol (EE2) and estrone (E1) have recently been included in ...

A Gusseted Thermogradient Table to Control Soil Temperatures for Evaluating Plant Growth and Monitoring Soil Processes

一个插角Thermogradient表来控制土壤温度为评估植物生长和监测土壤过程

Thermogradient tables were first developed in the 1950s primarily to test seed germination over a range of temperatures simultaneously without using a ...

Reliable Method for Assessing Seed Germination, Dormancy, and Mortality under Field Conditions

对于在野外条件下评估种子萌发，休眠和死亡率可靠的方法

We describe techniques for approximating seed bank dynamics over time using Helianthus annuus as an example study species. Strips of permeable polyester ...

A Flow-through Exposure System for Evaluating Suspended Sediments Effects on Aquatic Life

对水生生命值评价悬浮泥沙影响的流通系统曝光

This paper describes the Fish Larvae and Egg Exposure System (FLEES). The flow-through exposure system is used to investigate the effects of suspended ...

A Lipid Extraction and Analysis Method for Characterizing Soil Microbes in Experiments with Many Samples

用于表征土壤微生物的脂质提取和分析方法在许多样品的实验中

Microbial communities are important drivers and regulators of ecosystem processes. To understand how management of ecosystems may affect microbial ...

Image-based Lagrangian Particle Tracking in Bed-load Experiments

基于图像的拉格朗日粒子跟踪在床载荷实验

Image analysis has been increasingly used for the measurement of river flows due to its capabilities to furnish detailed quantitative depictions at a ...

A Novel Method for the Pentosan Analysis Present in Jute Biomass and Its Conversion into Sugar Monomers Using Acidic Ionic Liquid

利用酸性离子液体戊聚糖分析黄麻生物量及其转化为糖单体的新方法

Recently, ionic liquids (ILs) are used for biomass valorization into valuable chemicals because of their remarkable properties such as thermal stability, ...

Optimized Procedure for Determining the Adsorption of Phosphonates onto Granular Ferric Hydroxide using a Miniaturized Phosphorus Determination Method

用小型化磷测定法测定膦酸在粒状氢氧化铁上吸附的优化方法

This paper introduces a procedure to investigate the adsorption of phosphonates onto iron-containing filter materials, particularly granular ferric ...