Vi takker Molly, faste til fortynding og pesticidformulering assistance. Vi takker også Troy Anderson for probit analyse vejledning og Zachary Adelman for hjælp med eksperimentelt design. Denne forskning blev delvist støttet af en Entomologisk Foundation tildeling og ved Virginia Pest Management legat midler.

BEMÆRK: Denne protokol omfatter to insekticid analyser til særskilt behandling bed bug æg og første instars. Begge protokoller blev udført ved hjælp af de samme insekticider, dog skulle tilpasses for at sikre, insekticid eksponering og nemt manipulere prøver protokollerne. 1. Egg Dipping Insektmiddel Assay <ol><li> Træk parret, velnærede voksne kvindelige væggelus fra en koloni og placere hunnerne (5-10) i en petriskål med filtrerpapir. Have mindst ti gentagelser for at sikre, a...

<ol>
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Entomol. 23, 163-166 (2009).</li><li>Leverkus, M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Bullous+allergic+hypersensitivity+to+bed+bug+bites+mediated+by+IgE+against+salivary+nitrophorin.">Bullous allergic hypersensitivity to bed bug bites mediated by IgE against salivary nitrophorin.</a> J. invest. entomol. 126, 91-96 (2006).</li><li>Fletcher, C. L., Ardern-Jones, M. R., Hay, R. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Widespread+bullous+eruption+due+to+multiple+bed+bug+bites.">Widespread bullous eruption due to multiple bed bug bites.</a> Clin. Exp. Dermatol. 27, 74-75 (2002).</li><li>Pritchard, M. J., Hwang, S. W. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Severe+anemia+from+bedbugs.">Severe anemia from bedbugs.</a> Can. Med. Assoc. J. 181, 287-288 (2009).</li><li>Goddard, J., de Shazo, R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Psychological+effects+of+bed+bug+attacks+(Cimex+lectularius+L).">Psychological effects of bed bug attacks (Cimex lectularius L).</a> Am. J. Med. 125, 101-103 (2012).</li><li>Harlan, H. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Bed+bugs+101:+the+basics+of+Cimex+lectularius.">Bed bugs 101: the basics of Cimex lectularius.</a> Am. Entomol. 52, 99-101 (2006).</li><li>Pinto, L. J., Cooper, R., Kraft, S. K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> Bed Bug Handbook: The Complete Guide to Bed Bugs and Their Control. , (2007).</li><li>Toloza, A. C., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Differential+patterns+of+insecticide+resistance+in+eggs+and+first+instars+of+Triatoma+infestans+(Hemiptera:+Reduviidae)+from+Argentina+and+Bolivia.">Differential patterns of insecticide resistance in eggs and first instars of Triatoma infestans (Hemiptera: Reduviidae) from Argentina and Bolivia.</a> J. Med. Entomol. 45, 421-426 (2008).</li><li>Cueto, G. M., Zerba, E. N., Picollo, M. I. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Evidence+of+pyrethroid+resistance+in+eggs+of+Pediculus+humanus+capitis+(Phthiraptera:+Pediculidae)+from+Argentina.">Evidence of pyrethroid resistance in eggs of Pediculus humanus capitis (Phthiraptera: Pediculidae) from Argentina.</a> J. Med. Entomol. 45, 693-697 (2008).</li><li>Ho, S. H., Goh, P. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Deltamethrin+as+a+potential+ovicidal+pyrethroid+against+Plutella+xylostella+L.">Deltamethrin as a potential ovicidal pyrethroid against Plutella xylostella L.</a> Toxicol. let. 22, 161-164 (1984).</li><li>Bell, C. H., Hole, B. D., Evans, P. H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+occurrence+of+resistance+to+phosphine+in+adult+and+egg+stages+of+strains+of+Rhyzopertha+dominica+(F.)(Coleoptera:+Bostrichidae).">The occurrence of resistance to phosphine in adult and egg stages of strains of Rhyzopertha dominica (F.)(Coleoptera: Bostrichidae).</a> J. Stored Prod. Res. 13, 91-94 (1977).</li><li>Campbell, B. E., Miller, D. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Insecticide+Resistance+in+Eggs+and+First+Instars+of+the+Bed+Bug,+Cimex+lectularius+(Hemiptera:+Cimicidae).">Insecticide Resistance in Eggs and First Instars of the Bed Bug, Cimex lectularius (Hemiptera: Cimicidae).</a> Insects. 6, 122-132 (2015).</li><li>Price, L. A., Mills, K. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+toxicity+of+phosphine+to+the+immature+stages+of+resistant+and+susceptible+strains+of+some+common+stored+product+beetles,+and+implications+for+their+control.">The toxicity of phosphine to the immature stages of resistant and susceptible strains of some common stored product beetles, and implications for their control.</a> J. Stored Prod. Res. 24, 51-59 (1988).</li><li>Robertson, J. L., Preisler, H. K., Russel, R. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> PoloPlus: Probit and Logit Analysis User's Guide. , (2003).</li><li>Montes, C., Cuadrillero, C., Vilella, D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Maintenance+of+a+laboratory+colony+of+Cimex+lectularius+(Hemiptera:+Cimicidae)+using+an+artificial+feeding+technique.">Maintenance of a laboratory colony of Cimex lectularius (Hemiptera: Cimicidae) using an artificial feeding technique.</a> J. Med. Entomol. 39, 675-679 (2002).</li><li>Brogdon, W. G., McAllister, J. C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Simplification+of+adult+mosquito+bioassays+through+use+of+time-mortality+determinations+in+glass+bottles.">Simplification of adult mosquito bioassays through use of time-mortality determinations in glass bottles.</a> J. Am. Mosq. Control. Assoc. 14, 159-164 (1998).</li><li>Katarzyna, K., Saddler, A., Koella, J. C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Effects+of+age+and+larval+nutrition+on+phenotypic+expression+of+insecticide-resistance+in+Anopheles+mosquitoes.">Effects of age and larval nutrition on phenotypic expression of insecticide-resistance in Anopheles mosquitoes.</a> PLoS One. 8 (3), (2013).</li><li>Outram, I. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Factors+affecting+the+resistance+of+insect+eggs+to+sulphuryl+fluoride-II:+the+distribution+of+sulphuryl-35+S+fluoride+in+insect+eggs+after+fumigation.">Factors affecting the resistance of insect eggs to sulphuryl fluoride-II: the distribution of sulphuryl-35 S fluoride in insect eggs after fumigation.</a> J. Stored. Prod. Res. 3, 353-358 (1967).</li></ol>

A critical step in this assay is to ensure that no eggs that are removed from a surface are damaged prior to the assay. Many insects cement their eggs to a substrate, therefore, a preliminary test may be needed to ensure that removal does not cause mortality. This test can be conducted with several replications of a treated group (bed bugs removed from filter paper) compared to a control group (bed bugs not removed). Similar low rates of mortality (or no mortality) between the treated and control group will ensure that ...

Væggelus er en væsentlig urban skadedyr, der kan forårsage blodtab, hudirritationer, søvnløshed, depression og angst i deres menneskelige værter 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6. Omkostningerne ved at fjerne og kontrollere væggelus er høje og ofte gange kræver flere besøg til et hjem med en skadedyrsbekæmpelse selskab 7. Flere besøg er normalt nødvendig på grund af den kryptiske adfærd væggelus og vanskelighederne forbundet med at dræbe dem. Især bed bug æg er vanskelige at styre på grund af deres lille størrelse og beskyttelse af fostrene ved æggeskallen. I øjeblikket er en fælles praksis for mange skadedyrsbekæmpelse virksomheder i hele USA er at behandle et hjem for væggelus benytter en kemisk insektmiddel. Det er velkendtat æggene er vanskeligt at kontrollere, har så mange virksomheder implementeret en to-ugers tidsramme for re-behandlinger 8. Dette tillader bed bug æg tilstrækkelig tid til at udklække, således at den første stadiums vil opstå og angiveligt være lettere at dræbe med insekticider. Men der er en mangel i studier, der evaluerer effekten af ​​flydende insekticider mod bed bug æg og første instars. Insekt æg er blevet dokumenteret at være det vanskeligste livstrin at styre i bymæssige skadelige insekter, bortset væggelus, foruden mange skadedyr i landbruget. De fleste af disse vanskeligheder er blevet tilskrevet æggeskallen, mens nogle få undersøgelser har rapporteret insekticidresistens. Modstand i ægget fase er dokumenteret i Triatoma infestans 9, pediculus human capitis 10, Plutella xylostella 11, Rhyzopertha dominica 12, <em&gt; Cimex lectularius 13, og flere lagrede produkt biller (dvs. Oryzaephilus surinamensis, Tribolium castaneum, Cryptolestes ferrugineus og Rhyzopertha dominica). 14 Udviklingen af resistens i ægget scenen og umodne stadier, samt komplikationer i forbindelse med insekticid indtrængen gennem æggeskallen, nødvendiggør behovet for insekticid effekt bioassays mod disse livsstadier. Denne protokol giver en trin-for-trin procedure til bestemmelse af effektiviteten af insekticider i ægget og første instar etape af fælles væggelus, Cimex lectularius. Begge disse protokoller er koncentration-respons-assays for at tillade kvantificering af LC 50 værdier. Koncentration-respons-assays er almindeligt anvendt til toksikologiske undersøgelser, men denne protokol er blevet tilpasset til let at behandle grupper af bed bug æg og første instars. Disse assays kan tilpassestil forskellige insektarter &#39;æg og umodne livsstadier.

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="1067">
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>Petri dishes</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific Inc.</td>
			<td>08-757-105</td>
			<td>Plastic</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Filter paper</td>
			<td>Whatman</td>
			<td>1001-042</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Featherweight forceps</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific Inc.</td>
			<td align="right">4750</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Temprid SC (imidacloprid/bifenthrin)</td>
			<td>Bayer CropScience</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Transport GHP (acetamiprid/bifenthrin)</td>
			<td>FMC Corp.</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Centrifuge tube</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>06-443-18</td>
			<td>50 mL; flat-top threaded</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Fine mesh</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>7250C</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>KimWipe</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>06-666A</td>
			<td>11 cm X 21 cm</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Small paint brush</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Any small paint brush</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Hardboard panels</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Composite wood or tile would be sufficient from a home improvement store</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Metal weights</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Any type of metal screw that will hold the weight of the Petri dish down onto a surface</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

a method for evaluating insecticide efficacy against bed bug, cimex lectularius, eggs and first instars

Standard toksicitet evalueringer af insekticider mod skadedyr er primært udført på voksne insekter. Evalueringerne er baseret på en dosis-respons eller koncentration-respons-kurve, hvor dødeligheden stiger, efterhånden som dosis eller koncentration af et insekticid forøges. Standard dødelig koncentration (LC 50) og dødelig dosis (LD 50) test, der resulterer i 50% dødelighed af en test befolkning kan være en udfordring for at vurdere toksiciteten af insekticider mod ikke-voksne insekt livsstadier, såsom æg og tidlige stadiums eller nymfestadier . Men disse oplysninger er afgørende for forståelsen af ​​insekticid effekt i alle bed bug livsstadier, som påvirker kontrol- og behandlingsgruppen indsats. Denne protokol bruger en standard dypning bioassay modificeret til bed bug æg og en kontakt insekticid assay til behandling nymphal første instars. Disse assays producere en koncentration-respons-kurve for yderligere at kvantificere LC 50 værdier for insekticider evalueringer.

Æggene blev dyppet i 5 forskellige koncentrationer af imidacloprid / β-cyfluthrin (pl / ml). De første instars blev anbragt på behandlede overflader af fem forskellige koncentrationer af imidacloprid / β-cyfluthrin (figur 2). Vi brugte tre forskellige populationer af C. lectularius: Harlan, Richmond, og Epic Center (tabel 1). The Harlan stammen er modtagelige for pyr...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about A Method for Evaluating Insecticide Efficacy against Bed Bug,  Cimex lectularius, Eggs and First Instars at JoVE.com

A Method for Evaluating Insecticide Efficacy against Bed Bug,  Cimex lectularius, Eggs and First Instars

Insekticid evalueringer er ofte rettet mod voksne insekter, snarere end umodne stadier. Her præsenterer vi en protokol for evaluering insekticider mod bed bug æg med en sammenligning med den første nymphal bed bug scene. Disse protokoller kan modificeres til andre insekter til at evaluere insekticid effekt i ikke-voksne livsstadier.

En metode til evaluering insekticid Effekt mod Bed Bug,<em&gt; Cimex lectularius</em&gt;, Æg og First instars

Standard toxicity evaluations of insecticides against insect pests are primarily conducted on adult insects. Evaluations are based on a dose-response or ...

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A Method for Evaluating Insecticide Efficacy against Bed Bug, Cimex lectularius, Eggs and First Instars

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Endocrine Disrupting Compounds pose a substantial risk to the aquatic environment. Ethinylestradiol (EE2) and estrone (E1) have recently been included in ...

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