Name: activating autophagy by aerobic exercise in mice
Uploaded: 2017-02-03T14:00:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Activating Autophagy by Aerobic Exercise in Mice at JoVE.com

We thank the Northwestern University Mouse Histology and Phenotyping Laboratoryfor technical support and assistance, and Noboru Mizushima (University of Tokyo) for providing GFP-LC3 transgenic mice. A. R. and C. H. were supported by the startup funds from Northwestern University and the grant from National Institutes of Health (DK094980).

Tutte le procedure che coinvolgono gli animali sono stati eseguiti secondo le linee guida approvate dal Comitato Northwestern University istituzionale cura degli animali e Usa (IACUC). 1. modelli murini <ol><li> Utilizzare 8-12 settimane di età topi nella formazione esercizio. Per rilevare l&#39;autofagia esercitato indotta in vivo, utilizzare il topi transgenici GFP-LC3 (C57BL / 6 di fondo) per studi di imaging e C57BL / 6 topi per le analisi biochimiche. </li></ol> 2. L&#39;au...

<ol>
	<li>Mizushima, N., Yamamoto, A., Matsui, M., Yoshimori, T., Ohsumi, Y. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=In+vivo+analysis+of+autophagy+in+response+to+nutrient+starvation+using+transgenic+mice+expressing+a+fluorescent+autophagosome+marker.">In vivo analysis of autophagy in response to nutrient starvation using transgenic mice expressing a fluorescent autophagosome marker.</a> Mol Biol Cell. 15, 1101-1111 (2004).</li><li>Tracy, K., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=BNIP3+is+an+RB/E2F+target+gene+required+for+hypoxia-induced+autophagy.">BNIP3 is an RB/E2F target gene required for hypoxia-induced autophagy.</a> Molecular and cellular biology. 27, 6229-6242 (2007).</li><li>Mizushima, N., Komatsu, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Autophagy:+renovation+of+cells+and+tissues.">Autophagy: renovation of cells and tissues.</a> Cell. 147, 728-741 (2011).</li><li>Nikoletopoulou, V., Papandreou, M. E., Tavernarakis, N. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Autophagy+in+the+physiology+and+pathology+of+the+central+nervous+system.">Autophagy in the physiology and pathology of the central nervous system.</a> Cell Death Differ. 22, 398-407 (2015).</li><li>Rocchi, A., He, C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Emerging+roles+of+autophagy+in+metabolism+and+metabolic+disorders.">Emerging roles of autophagy in metabolism and metabolic disorders.</a> Frontiers in biology. 10, 154-164 (2015).</li><li>Mathew, R., Karantza-Wadsworth, V., White, E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Role+of+autophagy+in+cancer.">Role of autophagy in cancer.</a> Nature reviews. Cancer. 7, 961-967 (2007).</li><li>He, C., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Exercise-induced+BCL2-regulated+autophagy+is+required+for+muscle+glucose+homeostasis.">Exercise-induced BCL2-regulated autophagy is required for muscle glucose homeostasis.</a> Nature. 481, 511-515 (2012).</li><li>He, C., Sumpter, R. J., Levine, B. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Exercise+induces+autophagy+in+peripheral+tissues+and+in+the+brain.">Exercise induces autophagy in peripheral tissues and in the brain.</a> Autophagy. 8, 4 (2012).</li><li>Kuramoto, K., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Autophagy+activation+by+novel+inducers+prevents+BECN2-mediated+drug+tolerance+to+cannabinoids.">Autophagy activation by novel inducers prevents BECN2-mediated drug tolerance to cannabinoids.</a> Autophagy. 12, 1460-1471 (2016).</li><li>Dougherty, J. P., Springer, D. A., Gershengorn, M. C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+Treadmill+Fatigue+Test:+A+Simple,+High-throughput+Assay+of+Fatigue-like+Behavior+for+the+Mouse.">The Treadmill Fatigue Test: A Simple, High-throughput Assay of Fatigue-like Behavior for the Mouse.</a> JoVE. , (2016).</li><li>Navone, S. E., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Isolation+and+expansion+of+human+and+mouse+brain+microvascular+endothelial+cells.">Isolation and expansion of human and mouse brain microvascular endothelial cells.</a> Nature protocols. 8, 1680-1693 (2013).</li><li>Liu, L., Cheung, T. H., Charville, G. W., Rando, T. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Isolation+of+skeletal+muscle+stem+cells+by+fluorescence-activated+cell+sorting.">Isolation of skeletal muscle stem cells by fluorescence-activated cell sorting.</a> Nature protocols. 10, 1612-1624 (2015).</li><li>Eslami, A., Lujan, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Western+blotting:+sample+preparation+to+detection.">Western blotting: sample preparation to detection.</a> Journal of visualized experiments : JoVE. , (2010).</li><li>Bj&#248;rk&#248;y, G., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Chapter+12+Monitoring+Autophagic+Degradation+of+p62/SQSTM1.">Chapter 12 Monitoring Autophagic Degradation of p62/SQSTM1.</a> Methods Enzymol. 452, 181-197 (2009).</li><li>Klionsky, D. J., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Guidelines+for+the+use+and+interpretation+of+assays+for+monitoring+autophagy+(3rd+edition).">Guidelines for the use and interpretation of assays for monitoring autophagy (3rd edition).</a> Autophagy. 12, 1-222 (2016).</li><li>Levine, B., Kroemer, G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Autophagy+in+the+Pathogenesis+of+Disease.">Autophagy in the Pathogenesis of Disease.</a> Cell. 132, 27-42 (2008).</li><li>Mizushima, N., Levine, B., Cuervo, A. M., Klionsky, D. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Autophagy+fights+disease+through+cellular+self-digestion.">Autophagy fights disease through cellular self-digestion.</a> Nature. 451, 1069-1075 (2008).</li><li>Fang, Y., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Duration+of+rapamycin+treatment+has+differential+effects+on+metabolism+in+mice.">Duration of rapamycin treatment has differential effects on metabolism in mice.</a> Cell Metab. 17, 456-462 (2013).</li><li>Thomson, A. W., Turnquist, H. R., Raimondi, G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Immunoregulatory+functions+of+mTOR+inhibition.">Immunoregulatory functions of mTOR inhibition.</a> Nature reviews. Immunology. 9, 324-337 (2009).</li><li>Miller, R. A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Rapamycin-mediated+lifespan+increase+in+mice+is+dose+and+sex+dependent+and+metabolically+distinct+from+dietary+restriction.">Rapamycin-mediated lifespan increase in mice is dose and sex dependent and metabolically distinct from dietary restriction.</a> Aging Cell. 13, 10 (2014).</li><li>Grumati, P., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Physical+exercise+stimulates+autophagy+in+normal+skeletal+muscles+but+is+detrimental+for+collagen+VI-deficient+muscles.">Physical exercise stimulates autophagy in normal skeletal muscles but is detrimental for collagen VI-deficient muscles.</a> Autophagy. 7, 1415-1423 (2011).</li><li>Lira, V. A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Autophagy+is+required+for+exercise+training-induced+skeletal+muscle+adaptation+and+improvement+of+physical+performance.">Autophagy is required for exercise training-induced skeletal muscle adaptation and improvement of physical performance.</a> FASEB journal : official publication of the Federation of American Societies for Experimental Biology. 27, 4184-4193 (2013).</li><li>Lo Verso, F., Carnio, S., Vainshtein, A., Sandri, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Autophagy+is+not+required+to+sustain+exercise+and+PRKAA1/AMPK+activity+but+is+important+to+prevent+mitochondrial+damage+during+physical+activity.">Autophagy is not required to sustain exercise and PRKAA1/AMPK activity but is important to prevent mitochondrial damage during physical activity.</a> Autophagy. 10, 1883-1894 (2014).</li><li>Kregel, K. C., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Resource+book+for+the+design+of+animal+exercise+protocols.">Resource book for the design of animal exercise protocols.</a> American Physiological Society. , 152 (2006).</li><li>Lightfoot, J. T., Turner, M. J., Debated, K. S., Kleeberg, S. R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Interstrain+variation+in+murine+aerobic+capacity.">Interstrain variation in murine aerobic capacity.</a> Med Sci Sports Exerc. 33, 5 (2001).</li><li>Rezende, E. L., Chappell, M. A., Gomes, F. R., Malisch, J. L., Garland, T. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Maximal+metabolic+rates+during+voluntary+exercise,+forced+exercise,+and+cold+exposure+in+house+mice+selectively+bred+for+high+wheel-running.">Maximal metabolic rates during voluntary exercise, forced exercise, and cold exposure in house mice selectively bred for high wheel-running.</a> The Journal of experimental biology. 208, 2447-2458 (2005).</li><li>Kayatekin, B. M., Gonenc, S., Acikgoz, O., Uysal, N., Dayi, A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Effects+of+sprint+exercise+on+oxidative+stress+in+skeletal+muscle+and+liver.">Effects of sprint exercise on oxidative stress in skeletal muscle and liver.</a> European journal of applied physiology. 87, 141-144 (2002).</li><li>Kawanaka, K., Tabata, I., Tanaka, A., Higuchi, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Effects+of+high-intensity+intermittent+swimming+on+glucose+transport+in+rat+epitrochlearis+muscle.">Effects of high-intensity intermittent swimming on glucose transport in rat epitrochlearis muscle.</a> J Appl Physiol. 84, 4 (1998).</li><li>Fernando, P., Bonen, A., Hoffman-Goetz, L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Predicting+submaximal+oxygen+consumption+during+treadmill+running+in+mice.">Predicting submaximal oxygen consumption during treadmill running in mice.</a> Can J Physiol Pharmacol. 71, 4 (1993).</li></ol>

Autofagia è un processo catabolico che fornisce energia e riduce citotossicità dalla degradazione lisosomiale di anticitoplasma o organelli danneggiati. Studiare l&#39;autofagia è importante capire la regolazione dell&#39;omeostasi cellulare e meccanismi di risposta allo stress. Nuovi modelli e metodologie stanno emergendo nel campo della ricerca 15, per studiare come alterata autofagia contribuisce a numerosi processi patologici 16, 17.</su...

Autofagia è un percorso di degradazione evolutivamente conservato, che viene indotta in risposta a varie condizioni di stress come la fame e ipossia 1, 2. Durante l&#39;autofagia, vescicole a doppia membrana, chiamato autofagosomi, incorporano componenti subcellulari inutili o danneggiati e trasportarli nei lisosomi per la degradazione 3. Autofagia basale è essenziale per la funzione cellulare e lo sviluppo dell&#39;organismo, e alterata autofagia basale è implicato in molti disturbi, tra cui neurodegenerazione, tumorigenesi e diabete di tipo 2 4, 5, 6. Il più noto autofagia induttore fisiologico è fame. Tuttavia, ha due limitazioni principali. In primo luogo, la fame richiede un lungo periodo di indurre l&#39;autofagia in modo efficace negli animali, ad esempio, 48 ore di restrizione alimentare nei topinella maggior parte degli organi. In secondo luogo, la fame induce a malapena autofagia cervello, a causa di un apporto di sostanze nutritive relativamente stabile nel cervello. In realtà, è anche difficile da rilevare induzione autofagia dagli induttori di piccole molecole, come molti farmaci non possono passare la barriera emato-encefalica. Così, per analizzare meglio la funzione di attivazione dell&#39;autofagia nella patogenesi della malattia, abbiamo recentemente scoperto che l&#39;esercizio fisico è più potente metodo fisiologico per indurre autofagia in un breve periodo di tempo 7, 8, 9. Rispetto fame, autofagia è effettivamente indotta da tapis roulant in esecuzione veloce come 30 min. Pertanto, l&#39;esercizio fisico è un approccio fisiologico comodo e potente per studiare il meccanismo di autofagia nel mediare benefici per la salute e la prevenzione delle malattie. Ci sono diversi marcatori proteici per la rilevazione di attività autofagia, tra cui LC3 e P62. LC3 (associata ai microtubuli proteina 1A / 1B-luce cHain 3) è una proteina citoplasmatica (LC3-formo) che viene coniugato con PE (fosfatidiletanolamina) su induzione autofagia. LC3 PE-lipidated (modulo LC3-II) viene reclutato su membrane autophagosomal e può essere utilizzato per visualizzare autophagosomes quando etichettati con GFP. La sua traslocazione dal citosol puntata strutture di autophagosomes al microscopio è un&#39;indicazione di induzione autofagia. p62 è un recettore di carico per supporti autofagia (come proteine ​​ubiquitinazione), ed è incorporato autophagosomes pure. Poiché la proteina è degradata in lisosomi insieme autophagosomes, i suoi livelli possono essere usati per misurare il flusso autofagia. Qui mostriamo come utilizzare questi marcatori di quantificare l&#39;autofagia in diversi tessuti di topo indotte da esercizio aerobico, compreso l&#39;esercizio forzato (tapis roulant) e esercizio volontario (in esecuzione ruote). Le stesse procedure possono essere applicate anche alla misurazione in vivo dell&#39;autofagia dopo il trattamento di altri induttori.

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="863">
	<colgroup>
		<col />
		<col />
		<col />
		<col />
	</colgroup>
	<tbody>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:247px;">Treadmill</td>
			<td style="width:204px;">Columbus Instruments</td>
			<td style="width:195px;">150-RM Exer 3/6</td>
			<td style="width:217px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:247px;">Mouse running wheel</td>
			<td style="width:204px;">Super Pet</td>
			<td style="width:195px;">100079365</td>
			<td>diameter 11.4 cm</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:247px;">Odometer</td>
			<td style="width:204px;">Bell</td>
			<td style="width:195px;">DASHBOARD 100</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:247px;">Syringe pump</td>
			<td style="width:204px;">KD Scientific</td>
			<td style="width:195px;">KDS100</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:247px;">Fluorescence microscope</td>
			<td style="width:204px;">Nikon</td>
			<td style="width:195px;">Model: inverted microscope ECLIPSE</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:247px;">Cryostat</td>
			<td style="width:204px;">Leica</td>
			<td style="width:195px;">CM 1850UV</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:247px;">Homogenizer</td>
			<td style="width:204px;">IKA</td>
			<td style="width:195px;">003737001 / Model: T10 Basic S1</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:247px;">Chloroquine</td>
			<td style="width:204px;">CAYMAN CHEMICAL COMPANY</td>
			<td style="width:195px;">14194</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:247px;">Parafolmaldehye</td>
			<td style="width:204px;">SIGMA-ALDRICH</td>
			<td style="width:195px;">P6148</td>
			<td>Personal protection equipment required. This product may release formaldehyde gas, a chemical known to cause cancer</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:247px;">Mounting media</td>
			<td style="width:204px;">Vector Laboratories</td>
			<td style="width:195px;">H-1200</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:247px;">p62 antibody</td>
			<td style="width:204px;">BD Biosciences</td>
			<td style="width:195px;">610833</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:247px;">LC3 antibody</td>
			<td style="width:204px;">Novus Biologicals</td>
			<td style="width:195px;">NB100-2220</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">2X Laemmli Sample Buffer</td>
			<td style="width:204px;">Bio-Rad Laboratories</td>
			<td style="width:195px;">161-0737</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:247px;">ImageJ</td>
			<td style="width:204px;">NIH</td>
			<td style="width:195px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

activating autophagy by aerobic exercise in mice

Autophagy is a lysosomal degradation pathway essential for cell homeostasis, function and differentiation. Under stress conditions, autophagy is induced and targets various cargos, such as bulk cytosol, damaged organelles and misfolded proteins, for degradation in lysosomes. Resulting nutrient molecules are recycled back to the cytosol for new protein synthesis and ATP production. Upregulation of autophagy has beneficial effects against the pathogenesis of many diseases, and pharmacological and physiological strategies to activate autophagy have been reported. Aerobic exercise is recently identified as an efficient autophagy inducer in multiple organs in mice, including muscle, liver, heart and brain. Here we show procedures to induce autophagy in vivo by either forced treadmill exercise or voluntary wheel running. We also demonstrate microscopic and biochemical methods to quantitatively analyze autophagy levels in mouse tissues, using the marker proteins LC3 and p62 that are transported to and degraded in lysosomes along with autophagosomes.

Questo protocollo descrive due diversi metodi per indurre l&#39;autofagia nei tessuti di topo di esercizio aerobico: un totale di 90 minuti di esercizio fisico forzato su un tapis roulant a più corsie preceduto da due giorni di acclimatazione; o due settimane di esercizio volontario su una ruota in esecuzione usato dai topi alloggiati individualmente. In ogni protocollo di esercizio, siamo in grado di misurare il flusso autofagia da microscopia a fluorescenza e l&#39;analisi Western Blo...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Activating Autophagy by Aerobic Exercise in Mice at JoVE.com

Activating Autophagy by Aerobic Exercise in Mice

attivazione autofagia è utile nella prevenzione di varie malattie. Uno degli approcci fisiologiche per indurre autofagia in vivo è l&#39;esercizio fisico. Qui mostriamo come attivare l&#39;autofagia da esercizi aerobici e misurare i livelli di autofagia nei topi.

Attivazione di autofagia per esercizio aerobico nei topi

Autophagy is a lysosomal degradation pathway essential for cell homeostasis, function and differentiation. Under stress conditions, autophagy is induced ...

Research

JoVE Journal

Biology

Agar-Block Microcosms for Controlled Plant Tissue Decomposition by Aerobic Fungi

Agar-Block Microcosmi per decomposizione controllata tessuti vegetali da Funghi aerobica

The two principal methods for studying fungal biodegradation of lignocellulosic plant tissues were developed for wood preservative testing (soil-block; ...

Ricerca

Biologia

Determining the Contribution of the Energy Systems During Exercise

Determinare il contributo dei sistemi di energia durante l&#39;allenamento

One of the most important aspects of the metabolic demand is the relative contribution of the energy systems to the total energy required for a given ...

Transient Expression of Proteins by Hydrodynamic Gene Delivery in Mice

Espressione transiente di proteine ​​da parte idrodinamica Gene Consegna in topi

Efficient expression of transgenes in vivo is of critical importance in studying gene function and developing treatments for diseases. Over the past ...

In Vivo 4-Dimensional Tracking of Hematopoietic Stem and Progenitor Cells in Adult Mouse Calvarial Bone Marrow

In Vivo 4-Dimensional Tracking of Hematopoietic Stem and Progenitor Cells in Adult Mouse Calvarial Bone Marrow

In Vivo inseguimento 4-dimensionale di emopoietiche staminali e progenitrici celle di topo adulto cranica di Midollo Osseo

Through a delicate balance between quiescence and proliferation, self renewal and production of differentiated progeny, hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) ...

Analysis of Autophagy in Penicillium chrysogenum by Using Starvation Pads in Combination With Fluorescence Microscopy

Analysis of Autophagy in Penicillium chrysogenum by Using Starvation Pads in Combination With Fluorescence Microscopy

Analisi di autofagia in<em&gt; Penicillium chrysogenum</em&gt; Utilizzando Starvation Pads in combinazione con microscopia a fluorescenza

The study of cellular quality control systems has emerged as a highly dynamic and relevant field of contemporary research. It has become clear that cells ...

Fecal Glucocorticoid Analysis: Non-invasive Adrenal Monitoring in Equids

Fecale Analisi glucocorticoidi: non invasivo di monitoraggio surrenale in equidi

Adrenal activity can be assessed in the equine species by analysis of feces for corticosterone metabolites. During a potentially aversive situation, ...

Study of Protein-protein Interactions in Autophagy Research

Studio delle interazioni proteina-proteina nella ricerca di autofagia

Protein-protein interactions are important for understanding cellular signaling cascades and identifying novel pathway components and protein dynamics. ...

In Situ Immunofluorescent Staining of Autophagy in Muscle Stem Cells

In Situ Immunofluorescent Staining of Autophagy in Muscle Stem Cells

In Situ Immunofluorescenti colorazione di autofagia nelle cellule staminali muscolari

Increasing evidence points to autophagy as a crucial regulatory process to preserve tissue homeostasis. It is known that autophagy is involved in skeletal ...

The Lactate Dehydrogenase Sequestration Assay &#8212; A Simple and Reliable Method to Determine Bulk Autophagic Sequestration Activity in Mammalian Cells

The Lactate Dehydrogenase Sequestration Assay ÃƒÆ’Ã‚Â¢ÃƒÂ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚Â¬ÃƒÂ¢Ã¢â€šÂ¬Ã‚Â A Simple and Reliable Method to Determine Bulk Autophagic Sequestration Activity in Mammalian Cells

Il dosaggio di sequestro di lattato deidrogenasi — Un metodo semplice e affidabile per determinare l'attività autofagica sequestro Bulk in cellule di mammifero

Bulk autophagy is characterized by the sequestration of large portions of cytoplasm into double/multi-membrane structures termed autophagosomes. Here a ...

Measurement of Insulin- and Contraction-Stimulated Glucose Uptake in Isolated and Incubated Mature Skeletal Muscle from Mice

Misurazione dell'assorbimento di glucosio stimolato da insulina e contrazione in muscolo scheletrico maturo isolato e incubato da topi

Skeletal muscle is an insulin-responsive tissue and typically takes up most of the glucose that enters the blood after a meal. Moreover, it has been ...