Name: monitoring astrocyte reactivity and proliferation in vitro under ischemic-like conditions
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Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Monitoring Astrocyte Reactivity and Proliferation in Vitro Under Ischemic-Like Conditions at JoVE.com

Yazarlar Paola López Pieraldi teknik yardım için teşekkür etmek istiyorum. A.H.M. hibe 8G12MD007600 ve bu yayın desteklenen U54-NS083924 için minnettar olduğunu. NIH-NIMHD-G12-MD007583 hibe tesis destek için teşekkür ediyoruz. D.E.R.A. NIHNIGMS-R25GM110513 tarafından sağlanan burs için minnettardır. Ortak araçları alan kullanım için minnettarız ve Dr Priscila Sanabria optik görüntüleme tesis tarafından RCMI programının kullanımı için yardım vermek G12MD007583. Buna ek olarak, Jose Padilla filme ve görsel iletişim kuralı düzenleme olağanüstü rolü için teşekkür etmek istiyorum.

doğum sonrası fareler (Sprague Dawley) 1-4 gün eski cortices izole etmek için kullanılır. Ötenazi işten çıkarma, NIH kurallar tarafından onaylanmış yöntemidir.
 1. cerrahi için malzeme ve aletler hazırlık <ol><li>bir otoklav içinde Sterilize cihazları (sıcaklık: 121 ºC, basınç: 15 psi, Saat: 30 dakika) metal bir kutu ya da bir anlık sterilizasyon çanta mühürleme kullanarak. Malzemeleri Malzemeler tablo içinde görmek.</li>
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<ol>
	<li>Goldstein, L. B., Bertels, C., Davis, J. N. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Interrater+reliability+of+the+NIH+stroke+scale.">Interrater reliability of the NIH stroke scale.</a> Arch Neurol. 46 (6), 660-662 (1989).</li><li>Hinkle, J. L., Guanci, M. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Acute+ischemic+stroke+review.">Acute ischemic stroke review.</a> J Neurosci Nurs. 39 (5), 285-293 (2007).</li><li>Kassner, A., Merali, Z. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Assessment+of+Blood-Brain+Barrier+Disruption+in+Stroke.">Assessment of Blood-Brain Barrier Disruption in Stroke.</a> Stroke. 46 (11), 3310-3315 (2015).</li><li>Moskowitz, M. A., Lo, E. 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(54), (2011).</li><li>Rivera-Aponte, D., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Hyperglycemia+reduces+functional+expression+of+astrocytic+Kir4.+1+channels+and+glial+glutamate+uptake.">Hyperglycemia reduces functional expression of astrocytic Kir4. 1 channels and glial glutamate uptake.</a> Neuroscience. 310, 216-223 (2015).</li><li>Berger, R., Garnier, Y., Pfeiffer, D., Jensen, A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Lipopolysaccharides+do+not+alter+metabolic+disturbances+in+hippocampal+slices+of+fetal+guinea+pigs+after+oxygen-glucose+deprivation.">Lipopolysaccharides do not alter metabolic disturbances in hippocampal slices of fetal guinea pigs after oxygen-glucose deprivation.</a> Pediatric research. 48 (4), 531-535 (2000).</li><li>Anderson, T. R., Jarvis, C. R., Biedermann, A. 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Bu iletişim kuralı astrocytes sıçan cortices üzerinden yalıtım açıklar. Bu yöntemde, microglia, oligodendrocytes ve fibroblastlar gibi hücresel diğer türleri ile kirlenme azaltmak için önemlidir. Microglia sayısını azaltmak için çeşitli adımlar alınabilir: medya, orbital sallayarak ve kimyasal tedaviler değiştirme. Kültür saflık ayirt seçici hücresel işaretçileri kullanarak veya en önemli hücre kirleticiler için onaylandıktan sonra deneyler yapılabilir. Örneğin, iyonize kalsiyum ba?...

Kontur "bir akut nörolojik disfonksiyon vasküler kökenli ani veya hızlı geliştirme belirti ve bulguları, karşılık gelen beyin Fokal alanlarda katılımı ile"1,2olarak tanımlanır. Kontur iki tür vardır: Hemorajik ve iskemik. Vasküler disfonksiyon ya beyin kanaması veya posterior bir arter rüptürü ile zayıflaması tarafından eşlik arteriyovenöz bir arıza neden olduğu bu, çoğu durumda, ölüme götürecek hemorajik inme3 olarak adlandırılır. Bir trombüsü veya bir pıhtısı kan akışını engelleyen, oksijen ve glikoz bir beyin bölgesine geçici bir yoksunluk neden iskemik inme4denir. Hücrelerin etkilenen bölge veya iskemik çekirdek liderlerine homeostatik ve metabolik dengesizlik, enerjik disfonksiyon, nöronal ölüm ve inflamasyon5yaşam boyu Engelli hastalar6tetikleyebilir, etrafında beslemek için hata oluştu.
İskemik inme hücrelerin bu tepki ve uygulamak etkileri farklı zaman noktalarda çeşitli türleri içeren multifaktöriyel bir yaralanma olduğunu. Çok etkileşimleri tek tek hücreler davranışını çalışmaya zor bir ortam oluşturun. Yani, bir belirli hücre türü'nün altında karmaşık bir ortam katkısını nasıl çalışıyoruz? Bir kabul edilen vitro modeli iskemi hücrelere oksijen ve glikoz yoksunluk (OGD), açığa belirli bir süre için bir normoxic ortamına hücreleri restorasyon tarafından takip oluşur. Bu sistem tarafından kan reperfüzyon takip bir iskemik inme taklit eder. Bu yöntemde, hücre ve dokulara oksijen kullanarak özel bir hipoksik odası, tasfiye bir ortamda glikoz-Ücretsiz medya maruz kalır. OGD kuluçka süresi birkaç dakika 24'e kadar s hipotezini test edilecek istiyor bağlı olarak değişebilir. Çalışmalar bu OGD kez bağlı olarak göstermiştir ve normoxic çevre, inme (Yani, akut veya Subkronik) belirli fenotipleri elde edilebilir. Normoxic koşulları, posterior restorasyon ile OGD için maruz birincil izole astrocytes kontur tüp bebek7taklit etmek için iyi çalışılmış bir hücresel model var. OGD izole hücreler bir inme benzeri ortamı altında bağımsız moleküler mekanizmaları ortaya çıkarmak mümkündür.
Astrocyte Biyoloji ile ilgili bilgilerimizi arttıkça, onlar sinapslarda Bakımı ve sinirsel tamir, geliştirme ve plastisite8sürdürülmesi için çok önemli olduğunu belirgin olmuştur. Normal şartlarda astrocytes yayın ve sitokinler, kemokinler, büyüme faktörleri ve gliotransmitters metabolik denge ve homeostasis sinapslarda5,9içinde tutmak, yanıtlar. İskemik inme gibi akut neuroinflammation içinde bu hücreler reaktif olmak, uzun vadeli overexpression, gliyal Fibrillary asidik Protein (GFAP'nin) gösterebilir ve onların morfolojisi5,10', hipertrofisi göster 11 , 12. iskemik enfarktüsü geliştikçe, astrocytes tarafından sağlanan homeostazı etkilenen olur, normal Glutamat alımı, enerji metabolizması, etkin moleküller ve antioksidan aktivite13değişimi ile ilgili.
Doğru lesioned alan14lökosit göç ederken yeniden etkinleştirilen astrocytes etrafında enfarktüsü doku çoğalırlar. Astrositik yayılması Proliferasyona hücre nükleer antijen (PCNA), Ki67 ve bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU)15gibi işaretçileri kullanarak ölçülebilir. Bu proliferatif yanıt Saat-bağımlı bir şekilde oluşturulur ve gliyal yara, bir yaralanma9sonra bozuk sitesini parankimi boyunca geri dönüşümsüz reaktif astrocytes dizisi oluşturan yardımcı olur. Bu yara izi ilk işlevleri bu bölgeden bağışıklık hücre ekstravazasyonu kısıtlamaktır. Ancak, çalışmalar yara izi genişletmek, aksonlar büyüme inhibe moleküller serbest olarak ve yaralı alan16uzanan aksonlar engelleyen fiziksel bir bariyer oluşturmak aksonlar için fiziksel bir engeli olur göstermiştir. Yine de, bir omurilik yaralanması sonra tamamen gliyal yara oluşumu engelleyen aksonlar17rejenerasyon zarar olabilir olduğunu gösteren bilimsel kanıt. Böylece, belirli astrositik tepki ölçülür, okudu yaralanma framework düşünülmelidir bağlamında.
Sunulan metodoloji astrocytes bireyselleştirilmiş fonksiyonu oksijen glikoz yoksunluğu sonra eğitim için uygulanabilir ve araştırmacı cevap istiyor soruları bağlı olarak değiştirilebilir. Örneğin, morfolojik değişiklik ve farklı OGD zamanlarda ifade işaretleri yanı sıra, OGD için maruz astrocytes üzerinden supernatants daha fazla çözünür faktörler veya bu hücreler tarafından serbest şartına bir medya olarak değerlendirmek için kullanılan belirlemek için analiz edilebilir, diğer beyin hücreleri yürürlükte. Bu yaklaşım yöneten ve onların yanıt bir iskemik inme senaryo olarak modüle faktörler aydınlatma yol açabilecek astrocyte reaktivite çalışmaları sağlar.

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			<td height="34" style="height:34px;width:395px;">Instruments for Surgery - Step 1</td>
			<td style="width:167px;"></td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td style="width:253px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:395px;">Operating scissor 5.5&#8221;</td>
			<td>Roboz Company</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">RS-6812</td>
			<td style="width:253px;">Tools used to decapitate the rats.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:395px;">Curved forceps 7&#8221;&#160;</td>
			<td>Roboz Company</td>
			<td>RS-5271</td>
			<td style="width:253px;">Holds the skin of the rat while the skull is removed.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:395px;">Micro-dissecting scissors 4&#8221;&#160;</td>
			<td>Roboz Company</td>
			<td>RS-5882</td>
			<td style="width:253px;">Cuts both the skin and skull of the rat.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:395px;">Micro-dissecting forceps 4&#8221; angled, fine sharp&#160;</td>
			<td>Roboz Company</td>
			<td>RS-5095</td>
			<td style="width:253px;">Holds the skin of the rat while the skull is removed.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:395px;">Micro-dissecting forceps 4&#8221; slightly curved 0.8</td>
			<td>Roboz Company</td>
			<td>RS-5135</td>
			<td>Tool used to separate cortices.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:395px;">Micro-dissecting tweezers</td>
			<td>Roboz Company</td>
			<td>RS-4972</td>
			<td>Peels brain meninges.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:395px;">Dissection microscope</td>
			<td style="width:167px;">Olympus</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">SZX16</td>
			<td style="width:253px;">Important for removing the meninge from the cortices.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:395px;">DMEM Preparation - step 2</td>
			<td style="width:167px;"></td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td style="width:253px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:395px;">Dulbecco&#8217;s Modified Eagle&#8217;s Medium (DMEM)</td>
			<td>GibCo. Company</td>
			<td>11995-065</td>
			<td style="width:253px;">Supports the growth of cells.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;">Sodium bicarbonate</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich Company</td>
			<td>S7277</td>
			<td style="width:253px;">Supplement for the cell culture media.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;">Fetal bovine serum (FBS)</td>
			<td>GibCo. Company</td>
			<td>10437-010</td>
			<td style="width:253px;">Serum-supplement for the cell culture.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;">Penicillin-Streptomycin&#160;</td>
			<td>GibCo. Company</td>
			<td>15140-148</td>
			<td style="width:253px;">Inhibits the growth of bacterias in the cell culture.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Filter System 1L with 0.22um pore</td>
			<td>Corning</td>
			<td>431098</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="34">
			<td height="34" style="height:34px;">Astrocyte culture - step 3</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td style="width:253px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:395px;">Serological pipets 5mL</td>
			<td style="width:167px;">VWR</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">89130-896</td>
			<td style="width:253px;">To pipette DMEM to containers with cells.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:395px;">Serological pipets 10mL</td>
			<td style="width:167px;">VWR</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">89130-898</td>
			<td style="width:253px;">To pipette DMEM to containers with cells.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:395px;">Serological pipets 25mL</td>
			<td style="width:167px;">VWR</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">89130-900</td>
			<td style="width:253px;">To pipette DMEM to containers with cells.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:395px;">Centrifuge conical tube 15mL</td>
			<td style="width:167px;">Santa Cruz Biotechnology</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">sc-200250</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:395px;">Safe-lock tube 1.5mL</td>
			<td style="width:167px;">Eppendorf</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">022363204</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:395px;">Barrier Tips 200 uL</td>
			<td style="width:167px;">Santa Cruz Biotechnology</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">sc-201725</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:395px;">Barrier Tips 1 mL</td>
			<td style="width:167px;">Santa Cruz Biotechnology</td>
			<td>sc-201727</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:395px;">Biohazard Orange Bag 14 x 19&#34;</td>
			<td>VWR</td>
			<td>14220-048</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:395px;">60mm petri dishes</td>
			<td>Falcon</td>
			<td>351007</td>
			<td style="width:253px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:395px;">Sterile gauze pads</td>
			<td>Honeywell Safety</td>
			<td>89133-086</td>
			<td style="width:253px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:395px;">Stomacher 80 Biomaster</td>
			<td style="width:167px;">Sewar Lab System</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">030010019</td>
			<td style="width:253px;">Triturate the brain tissue.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:395px;">Stomacher 80 Blender Sterile Bags</td>
			<td style="width:167px;">Sewar Lab System</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">BA6040</td>
			<td style="width:253px;">Sterile bag for the stomacher cell homogenizer.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:395px;">Beaker 400mL</td>
			<td style="width:167px;">Pyrex</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">1000</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:395px;">Sterile cell dissociation sieve, mesh #60&#160;</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich Company</td>
			<td>S1020</td>
			<td style="width:253px;">To obtain a uniform single cell suspension.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:395px;">Sterile cell dissociation sieve, mesh #100</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich Company</td>
			<td>S3895</td>
			<td style="width:253px;">To obtain a uniform single cell suspension.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:395px;">Invert phase microscope</td>
			<td style="width:167px;">Nikon</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">Eclypse Ti-S</td>
			<td style="width:253px;">Verify cells for contamination or abnormal cell growth.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:395px;">75cm2 sterile flasks</td>
			<td>Falcon</td>
			<td>353136</td>
			<td style="width:253px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:395px;">Multi-well plate</td>
			<td>Falcon</td>
			<td>353046</td>
			<td style="width:253px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:395px;">Micro cover glasses (coverslips), 18mm, round</td>
			<td>VWR</td>
			<td>48380-046</td>
			<td style="width:253px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:395px;">Bright-Line hemacytometer</td>
			<td style="width:167px;">Sigma-Aldrich Company</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">Z359629</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:395px;">Pasteur pipettes</td>
			<td style="width:167px;">Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">13-678-20D</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:395px;">Ethyl alcohol&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:167px;">Sigma-Aldrich Company</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">E7023</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="63">
			<td height="63" style="height:63px;">L-leucine methyl ester hydrochloride 98% (LME)</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich Company</td>
			<td>L1002</td>
			<td style="width:253px;">Promotes the elimination of microglia cells in the primary cortical astrocyte cultutre.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Cytosine &#946;-D-arabinofuranoside (Ara-C)</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich Company</td>
			<td>C1768</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Poly-D-Lysine Hydrobromide, mol wt 70,000-150,000</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich Company</td>
			<td>P0899</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Trypsin/EDTA</td>
			<td>GibCo. Company</td>
			<td>15400-054</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Trypan Blue</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich Company</td>
			<td>T8154</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Phosphate buffer saline (PBS) tablets</td>
			<td>Calbiochem</td>
			<td>524650</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:395px;">Sterile Water</td>
			<td style="width:167px;">Sigma-Aldrich Company</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">W3500</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:395px;">&#160;OGD Medium Preparation - step 5</td>
			<td style="width:167px;"></td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td style="width:253px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:395px;">Centrifuge conical tube 50 mL</td>
			<td style="width:167px;">VWR</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">89039-658</td>
			<td style="width:253px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Dulbecco&#8217;s modified Eagle&#8217;s medium-free glucose</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich Company</td>
			<td>D5030</td>
			<td style="width:253px;">Supports the growth of cells.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;">Sodium bicarbonate</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich Company</td>
			<td>S7277</td>
			<td style="width:253px;">Supplement for the cell culture media.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;">Penicillin-Streptomycin&#160;</td>
			<td>GibCo. Company</td>
			<td>15140-148</td>
			<td style="width:253px;">Inhibits the growth of bacterias in the cell culture.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;">200mM&#160; L-glutamine&#160;</td>
			<td>GibCo. Company</td>
			<td>25030-081</td>
			<td style="width:253px;">Amino acid that supplements the growth of cells.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Phospahet buffer saline (PBS) tablets</td>
			<td>Calbiochem</td>
			<td>524650</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:395px;">Filter System 50mL with 0.22um pore</td>
			<td>Corning</td>
			<td>430320</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:395px;">Centrifuge conical tube 50 mL</td>
			<td style="width:167px;">VWR</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">89039-658</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Single Flow Meter&#160;</td>
			<td>Billups-Rothenberg</td>
			<td>SMF3001</td>
			<td style="width:253px;">Measure gas flow in oxygen purge.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;">Hypoxia Incubator Chamber&#160;</td>
			<td>StemCell</td>
			<td>27310</td>
			<td style="width:253px;">Generates a hypoxic environment for the cell culture.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Traceable Dissolved Oxygen Meter</td>
			<td>VWR</td>
			<td>21800-022</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">95% N2/ 5% CO2 Gas Mixture</td>
			<td>Linde</td>
			<td></td>
			<td style="width:253px;">Purges the environment of oxygen.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="32">
			<td height="32" style="height:32px;width:395px;">primary astrocyte immunofluorescence - step 6</td>
			<td style="width:167px;"></td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td style="width:253px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Phosphate buffer saline (PBS) tablets</td>
			<td>Calbiochem</td>
			<td>524650</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:395px;">Formaline Solution Neutral Buffer 10%</td>
			<td style="width:167px;">Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">HT501128</td>
			<td style="width:253px;">Solution used to fix cells.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:395px;">Methanol&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:167px;">Fisher</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">A4544</td>
			<td style="width:253px;">Solution used to fix cells.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:395px;">Non-ionic surfactant (Triton X-100)</td>
			<td style="width:167px;">Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">T8787</td>
			<td style="width:253px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;">Fetal bovine serum (FBS)</td>
			<td>GibCo. Company</td>
			<td>10437-010</td>
			<td style="width:253px;">Serum-supplement for the cell culture.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;">Anti-NeuN</td>
			<td>Cell Signaling</td>
			<td>24307</td>
			<td style="width:253px;">Detects mature neurons, serves to validate the astrocytic culture.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Anti-PCNA</td>
			<td>Cell Signaling</td>
			<td>2586</td>
			<td style="width:253px;">Detects proliferating cells.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Propidium Iodide (PI)</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich Company</td>
			<td>P4170</td>
			<td style="width:253px;">Apoptosis staining.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Anti-Olig1</td>
			<td>Abcam</td>
			<td>AB68105</td>
			<td style="width:253px;">Detects mature oligodendrocytes.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Anti-Iba1+</td>
			<td>Wako</td>
			<td>016-20001</td>
			<td style="width:253px;">Detects microglial cells.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:395px;">Anti-GFAP Conjugated with Cy3&#160;</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich Company</td>
			<td>C9205</td>
			<td style="width:253px;">Detects reactive astrocytes in the treated cells.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:395px;">Alexa Fluor 488</td>
			<td style="width:167px;">Molecular Probe Life Technology</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">A1101</td>
			<td style="width:253px;">Anti-Mouse Secondary Antibody</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:395px;">Alexa Fluor 555</td>
			<td style="width:167px;">Molecular Probe Life Technology</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">A21428</td>
			<td style="width:253px;">Anti-Rabbit Secondary Antibody</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:395px;">4&#8217;,6&#8217;-diamidino-2-phenylindole (DAPI)</td>
			<td style="width:167px;">Sigma-Aldrich Company</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">D9542</td>
			<td style="width:253px;">Nuclear staining</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:395px;">Confocal microscope</td>
			<td style="width:167px;">Olympus</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

monitoring astrocyte reactivity and proliferation in vitro under ischemic-like conditions

İskemik inme trombüsü veya kan akımı beyin bölümlerine tıkayan embolinin kaynaklanan bir karmaşık beyin hasarı var. Bu oksijen ve enerji yetmezliği ve nöronal ölüm nedenleri glikoz yoksunluğu için yol açar. İskemik inme hakaret sonra astrocytes reaktif olmak ve bu geliştikçe yaralanma sitenin etrafına çoğalırlar. Bu senaryoda, astrocytes iskemi için maruz beyin bölgesi için belirli katkısını çalışma zordur. Bu nedenle, bu makalede birincil astrocyte reaktivite ve nükleer silahların yayılmasına karşı oksijen glikoz yetmezliği (OGD) adı verilen bir iskemi gibi ortamının bir vitro modeli altında çalışmaya bir metodoloji tanıtılmaktadır. Astrocytes 1-4 gün izole-eski yenidoğan fareler ve non-spesifik astrositik hücre sayısı değerlendirildi astrocyte seçici marker gliyal Fibrillary asidik Protein (GFAP'nin) ve nükleer boyama kullanarak. Onlar maruz kalan oksijen yüzdesi yanı sıra astrocytes OGD koşuluna tabi olan dönem özelleştirilebilir. Hücre içinde vitrofarklı grupları iskemik benzeri durumda süresince ayırdetmek bilim adamları bu esneklik sağlar. Bu makalede astrocyte reaktivite, Hipertrofik morfoloji ve Proliferasyona hücre nükleer antijen (PCNA) kullanarak ayirt tarafından ölçülen yaygın neden zaman dilimleri OGD, anlatılmaktadır. Hızla çoğalmak, yanı sıra astrocytes enerji ve oksidatif stres geçmesi ve çözünür faktörler cep orta serbest bırakarak OGD için yanıt. Bu orta toplanan ve moleküller hücre hücre etkileşimi olmadan birincil nöronal kültürde astrocytes tarafından yayımlanan etkilerini çözümlemek için kullanılır. Özet olarak, bu birincil hücre kültür model verimli bir şekilde yaralanması üzerine izole astrocytes rolünü anlamak için kullanılabilir.

Birincil astrositik kültürünün ana kaygıları nöronlar, oligodendrocytes, fibroblastlar ve microglia gibi diğer hücrelere varlığıdır. Şekil 1, izole sıçan cortices hücrelerden medya değişikliklerini her 3 günde ve vardı ya tedavi edilmemiş veya tedavi ile LME 1 h. 24 saat sonra eklendi, hücre immunostained GFAP'nin için vardı ve DAPI ile counterstained. Tedavi edilmezse hücreleri ortalama % 39 sigara-GFAP'nin pozitif hücrelerinin, LM...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Monitoring Astrocyte Reactivity and Proliferation in Vitro Under Ischemic-Like Conditions at JoVE.com

Monitoring Astrocyte Reactivity and Proliferation in Vitro Under Ischemic-Like Conditions

İskemik inme astrocytes etkilenen beyin bölgesi için belirli katkısını oksijen glikoz yetmezliği (OGD) maruz bir karmaşık olay çalışmaya zor olduğu. Bu makalede izole astrocytes elde etmek ve onların reaktivite ve nükleer silahların yayılmasına karşı OGD koşullar altında çalışma için bir metodoloji tanıtılmaktadır.

Astrocyte reaktivite ve nükleer silahların yayılmasına karşı Vitro iskemik benzeri koşullar altında izleme

Ischemic stroke is a complex brain injury caused by a thrombus or embolus obstructing blood flow to parts of the brain. This leads to deprivation of ...

Research

JoVE Journal

Neuroscience

Monitoring Astrocyte Reactivity and Proliferation in Vitro Under Ischemic-Like Conditions

Screening Assay for Oxidative Stress in a Feline Astrocyte Cell Line, G355-5

Feline Astrosit Hücre Hücre Hattı Oksidatif Stres için Tarama Testi, G355-5

An often-suggested mechanism of virus induced neuronal damage is oxidative stress. Astrocytes have an important role in controlling oxidative stress of ...

Conditions Affecting Social Space in Drosophila melanogaster

Conditions Affecting Social Space in Drosophila melanogaster

Sosyal Space Etkileyen Koşullar<em&gt; Drosophila melanogaster</em

The social space assay described here can be used to quantify social interactions of Drosophila melanogaster &#8212; or other small insects &#8212; in a ...

The Indirect Neuron-astrocyte Coculture Assay: An In Vitro Set-up for the Detailed Investigation of Neuron-glia Interactions

The Indirect Neuron-astrocyte Coculture Assay: An In Vitro Set-up for the Detailed Investigation of Neuron-glia Interactions

Dolaylı nöron astrosit Coculture Deneyi: Bir<em&gt; İn Vitro</em&gt; Nöron glia Etkileşimleri Detaylı Soruşturma Set-up

Proper neuronal development and function is the prerequisite of the developing and the adult brain. However, the mechanisms underlying the highly ...

A Protocol for Measuring Cue Reactivity in a Rat Model of Cocaine Use Disorder

Cue reaktivite kokain kullanımı bozukluğu bir sıçan modelinde ölçmek için bir protokol

Cocaine use disorder (CUD) follows a trajectory of repetitive self-administration during which previously neutral stimuli gain incentive value. Cue ...

Determining Cell-surface Expression and Endocytic Rate of Proteins in Primary Astrocyte Cultures Using Biotinylation

Primer Astrosit Kültürlerinde Proteinlerin Hücre-Yüzey İfadesi ve Endosit Oranının Biyotinleme Yöntemiyle Belirlenmesi

Cell-surface proteins mediate a wide array of functions. In many cases, their activity is regulated by endocytic processes that modulate their levels at ...

A Novel In Vitro Live-imaging Assay of Astrocyte-mediated Phagocytosis Using pH Indicator-conjugated Synaptosomes

A Novel In Vitro Live-imaging Assay of Astrocyte-mediated Phagocytosis Using pH Indicator-conjugated Synaptosomes

Bir roman In Vitro canlı görüntüleme Astrocyte tahlil-aracılı fagositoz kullanarak pH göstergesi Birleşik Synaptosomes

Astrocytes are the major cell type in the brain and directly contact synapses and blood vessels. Although microglial cells have been considered the major ...

Diffuse Reflectance Spectroscopy: Getting the Capillary Refill Test Under One's Thumb

Diffüz yansıma spektroskopisi: bir parmağının altında kılcal damar yeniden doldurmak Test alma

The capillary refill test was introduced in 1947 to help estimate circulatory status in critically ill patients. Guidelines commonly state that refill ...

Levator Auris Longus Preparation for Examination of Mammalian Neuromuscular Transmission Under Voltage Clamp Conditions

Levator Auris Longus Preparation for Examination of Mammalian Neuromuscular Transmission Under Voltage Clamp Conditions

Levator Auris Longus Gerilim kelepçe koşullar altında memeli nöromuskuler iletim Sınavı Hazırlık

This protocol describes a technique to record synaptic transmission from the neuromuscular junction under current-clamp and voltage-clamp conditions. An ...

Real-time In Vitro Monitoring of Odorant Receptor Activation by an Odorant in the Vapor Phase

Gerçek zamanlı olarak buharı aşamasında propil reseptör etkinleştirme bir propil tarafından in Vitro izlenmesi

Olfactory perception begins with the interaction of odorants with odorant receptors (OR) expressed by olfactory sensory neurons (OSN). Odor recognition ...

Visualizing Astrocyte Morphology Using Lucifer Yellow Iontophoresis

Lucifer Sarı İontoforez kullanarak Astrosit Morfolojisini Görselleştirme

Astrocytes are essential components of neural circuits. They tile the entire central nervous system (CNS) and are involved in a variety of functions, ...