Name: rapid deletion production in fungi via agrobacterium mediated transformation of oscar deletion constructs
Uploaded: 2017-06-12T13:00:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Rapid Deletion Production in Fungi via Agrobacterium Mediated Transformation of OSCAR Deletion Constructs at JoVE.com

Forfatterne takker følgende grunnskole- og videregående studenter for deres arbeid for å generere OSCAR-mutanter i Fusarium verticillioiodes : Anjellica Miller, Athar Naseer, Xiu Lin, Katelyn Woodburry, Chelsea Patterson, Kathleen Robertson, Krystina Bradley, Ashton Rogers, Alexis McKensie, Manny Hernandez , Ashli ​​Crepsac, Jeff Delong, Christian King, Gi Jeong, Maria Belding, Christy Burre, Daniel O&#39;Meara, Lauren (Victoria) Cook, Jake Goodman, Sampriti De, Oge Okoye, Alyssa Beckstead, Garrett Hibbs, Nick Goldstein, Caroline Twum , Chris Benson, Louis Stokes, Hannah Itell, Jane Hulse, Jasim Mohammed, James Loggins, Kelli Russell, Gre&#39;Nisha Jones, Kristin Sheaffer, Mariam Hammady, Ava Wilson, Katrina Bazemore, Toney Harper, Karlin McGhee, Mohmed Momin, Rima Momin , Thi Ngoc Le og Angel Pham.

1. Primer Design for PCR Amplification of Gene Flanks <ol><li> Last ned til en tekstbehandlingsfil den genomiske regionen av genet av interesse (GOI), inkludert den åpne leserammen (ORF) og minst 2 kb flankerer genet på hver side fra FungiDB eller annen genomisk dataressurs. </li><li> Fremhev ORF beregnet for sletting og etikett start og stopp kodoner. </li><li> Identifiser og merk av tilstøtende ORFer i den nedlastede sekvensen. </li><li> Bruk 2 kb 5 &#39;enden av GOI ORF og primerdesignverktøyet (se Mate...

<ol>
	<li>Paz, Z., Garc&#237;a-Pedrajas, M. D., Andrews, D. L., Klosterman, S. J., Baeza-Monta&#241;ez, L., Gold, S. E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=One+step+construction+of+Agrobacterium-Recombination-ready-plasmids+(OSCAR),+an+efficient+and+robust+tool+for+ATMT+based+gene+deletion+construction+in+fungi.">One step construction of Agrobacterium-Recombination-ready-plasmids (OSCAR), an efficient and robust tool for ATMT based gene deletion construction in fungi.</a> Fungal Genet Biol. 48 (7), 677-684 (2011).</li><li>Gibson, D. G., Young, L., Chuang, R. Y., Venter, J. C., Hutchison, C. A., Smith, H. O. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Enzymatic+assembly+of+DNA+molecules+up+to+several+hundred+kilobases.">Enzymatic assembly of DNA molecules up to several hundred kilobases.</a> Nat Methods. 6 (5), 343-345 (2009).</li><li>Klosterman, S. J., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Comparative+genomics+yields+insights+into+niche+adaptation+of+plant+vascular+wilt+pathogens.">Comparative genomics yields insights into niche adaptation of plant vascular wilt pathogens.</a> PLoS Pathog. 7 (7), (2011).</li><li>Xue, C., Wu, D., Condon, B. J., Bi, Q., Wang, W., Turgeon, B. G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Efficient+gene+knockout+in+the+maize+pathogen+Setosphaeria+turcica+using+Agrobacterium+tumefaciens-mediated+transformation.">Efficient gene knockout in the maize pathogen Setosphaeria turcica using Agrobacterium tumefaciens-mediated transformation.</a> Phytopathology. 103 (6), 641-647 (2013).</li><li>Xu, C., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+high-throughput+gene+disruption+methodology+for+the+entomopathogenic+fungus+Metarhizium+robertsii.">A high-throughput gene disruption methodology for the entomopathogenic fungus Metarhizium robertsii.</a> PloS One. 9 (9), (2014).</li><li>Crutcher, F. K., Liu, J., Puckhaber, L. S., Stipanovic, R. D., Bell, A. A., Nichols, R. L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=FUBT,+a+putative+MFS+transporter,+promotes+secretion+of+fusaric+acid+in+the+cotton+pathogen+Fusarium+oxysporum+f.+sp.+vasinfectum.">FUBT, a putative MFS transporter, promotes secretion of fusaric acid in the cotton pathogen Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. vasinfectum.</a> Microbiology. 161, 875-883 (2015).</li><li>Yu, X., Wang, Y., Pan, J., Wei, D., Zhu, X. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=High+frequency+of+homologous+gene+disruption+by+single-stranded+DNA+in+the+taxol-producing+fungus+Pestalotiopsis+microspora.">High frequency of homologous gene disruption by single-stranded DNA in the taxol-producing fungus Pestalotiopsis microspora.</a> Ann Microbiol. 65 (4), 2151-2160 (2015).</li><li>Korn, M., Schmidpeter, J., Dahl, M., M&#252;ller, S., Voll, L. M., Koch, C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+Genetic+Screen+for+Pathogenicity+Genes+in+the+Hemibiotrophic+Fungus+Colletotrichum+higginsianum+Identifies+the+Plasma+Membrane+Proton+Pump+Pma2+Required+for+Host+Penetration.">A Genetic Screen for Pathogenicity Genes in the Hemibiotrophic Fungus Colletotrichum higginsianum Identifies the Plasma Membrane Proton Pump Pma2 Required for Host Penetration.</a> PloS One. 10 (5), e0125960 (2015).</li><li>Chettri, P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> Regulation of dothistromin toxin biosynthesis by the pine needle pathogen Dothistroma septosporum: a thesis presented in the partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy (PhD) in Genetics at Massey University, Manawatu, New Zealand . , (2014).</li><li>Chen Zhou, ., Yujun Yang, ., Jong, A. Y. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Mini-prep+in+ten+minutes.">Mini-prep in ten minutes.</a> Biotechniques. 8 (2), 172 (1990).</li><li>Sanger, F., Nicklen, S., Coulson, A. R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=DNA+sequencing+with+chain-terminating+inhibitors.">DNA sequencing with chain-terminating inhibitors.</a> P Natl Acad SciUSA. 74 (12), 5463-5467 (1977).</li><li>Khang, C. H., Park, S. Y., Rho, H. S., Lee, Y. H., Kang, S., Wang, K. a. n. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Filamentous+fungi+(Magnaporthe+grisea+and+Fusarium+oxysporum).">Filamentous fungi (Magnaporthe grisea and Fusarium oxysporum).</a> Agrobacterium Protocols. 2, 403-420 (2007).</li><li>Zhang, Y. J., Zhang, S., Liu, X. Z., Wang Wen, H. A., M, <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+simple+method+of+genomic+DNA+extraction+suitable+for+analysis+of+bulk+fungal+strains.">A simple method of genomic DNA extraction suitable for analysis of bulk fungal strains.</a> Lett Appl Microbiol. 51 (1), 114-118 (2010).</li><li>Pluthero, F. G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Rapid+purification+of+high-activity+Taq+DNA+polymerase.">Rapid purification of high-activity Taq DNA polymerase.</a> Nucleic Acids Res. 21 (20), 4850-4851 (1993).</li><li>McCluskey, K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Boosting+Research+and+Industry+by+Providing+Extensive+Resources+for+Fungal+Research.">Boosting Research and Industry by Providing Extensive Resources for Fungal Research.</a> Gene Expression Systems in Fungi: Advancements and Applications. , 361-384 (2016).</li></ol>

Ett trinns konstruksjon av Agrobacterium -Rombinasjon-klar-plasmider (OSCAR) har blitt brukt med et stadig økende antall Ascomycota-sopp. Metoden bør også enkelt gjelde for basidiomycota og arter fra andre soppfyla (med passende promotorer som driver selekterbare markørgener), forutsatt at Agrobacterium- mediert transformasjon og homolog rekombination er mulig. Ytterligere markørvektorer er blitt generert for å diversifisere valg av anti-soppforbindelse, samt tillate produksjon av dobbel...

Genetisk disseksjon er en kraftig metode for å bestemme funksjonell betydning av individ eller kombinasjoner av gener. En standard tilnærming for å forstå rollen av spesifikke gener er produksjon av enkeltgenmutanter uendret i noe annet gen. Den mest kraftige og minst potensielt forvirrende tilnærmingen er fullstendig og nøyaktig sletting av et gen av interesse er åpen leseramme (GOI ORF) uten skade på noen annen genfunksjon. Fordi standardiseringsmetoder for sletting av plasmidgenerering krever flere trinn, var det rasjonelle for OSCAR 1 å produsere en raskere in vitro- tilnærming. Figur 1 viser monteringsprosessen i OSCAR-tilnærmingen. Fremgangsmåten beskrevet her har fordelen av å kombinere rask konstruksjon av individuelle gen-deletjonsvektorer i en enkelt multipartreaksjon i kombinasjon med etterfølgende Agrobacterium tumefaciens- mediert transfoRmation (ATMT). OSCAR er veldig rask og sammenligner seg godt med andre strategier som bruk av Gibson-montering i gjær 2 . OSCAR-metoden har blitt brukt med flere Ascomycota-sopparter. Disse artene inkluderer : Fusarium verticillioides (upublisert), Verticillium dahliae 3 , Setosphaeria turcica 4 , Metarhizium robertsii 5 , Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. Vasinfectum 6 , Pestalotiopsis microspora 7 , Colletotrichum higginsianum 8 og Dothistroma septosporum 9 og Sarocladium zeae (upublisert) . Denne protokollen gir trinnvis instruksjon for metoden, inkludert primerdesign, flank-PCR-amplifikasjon, OSCAR BP-reaksjonen, deletjonskonstruksstrukturbekreftelse, transformatIon av Agrobacterium med konstruksjonen fulgt av ATMT-basert overføring av deletjonskonstruksjonen i soppcellene og endelig differensiering av soppdeletjonsmutanter fra de med ektopisk integrerte deletjonskonstruksjoner.

<table border="1" fo:keep-together.within-page="1" fo:keep-with-next.within-page="always">
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>FungiDB</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Database/ http://fungidb.org/fungidb/</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>IDT PrimerQuest</td>
			<td>IDT</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Primer design online software/ http://www.idtdna.com/Primerquest/Home/Index</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Microsoft Word</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Sequence file manipulation</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Low Na LB Spec 100 medium</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td>E. coli transformant selection, composition: 1% tryptone, 0.05% NaCl, 0.5% yeast extract, 1.5 % agar if for solid medium</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Co-cultivation medium</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td>ATMT transformation induction (Reference 12)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Aspergillus minimal medium with Hygromycin</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Fungal transformant selection</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>PDA medium</td>
			<td>Acumedia</td>
			<td>7149A</td>
			<td>Single spore slant tubes</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>PDA-Hyg-Kan medium</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Fungal ransformant isolation, PDA containing 150 &#956;g/ml hygromycin B and 100 &#956;g/ml Kanamycin;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Glass beads</td>
			<td>Genlantis</td>
			<td>C400100</td>
			<td>Plate spreading</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Nitrocellulose filters (47mm)</td>
			<td>Fisher</td>
			<td>09-719-555</td>
			<td>Co-culturing for ATMT</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Various centifuge tubes</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td>multiple preps</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Petri plates (various)</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Culturing of bacteria and Fungi</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>pA-Hyg OSCAR</td>
			<td>Addgene</td>
			<td>29640</td>
			<td>Selectable marker vector</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>pOSCAR</td>
			<td>Addgene</td>
			<td>29639</td>
			<td>Assembly vector</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>DH5a One Shot Competent E. coli cells</td>
			<td>Life Technologies&#160;</td>
			<td>12297-016</td>
			<td>BP reaction transformation</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>ccdB survival E. coli cells</td>
			<td>Life Technologies&#160;</td>
			<td>A10460</td>
			<td>Maintenance of pOSCAR</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Wooden transfer sticks</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Colony streaking</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Toothpicks</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Colony picking</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Microcentrifuge</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Pelleting Bacteria etc</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Preparative centrifuge</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Fungal spore collection</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Dissecting microscope</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Single spore isolation</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Automated Cell Counter</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Spore suspension calculation</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Compound microscope</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Hemocytometer cell counting</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>QIAquick PCR Purification Kit&#160;</td>
			<td>Qiagen</td>
			<td>28104</td>
			<td>PCR gene flank produict purification</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>TaKaRa LA Taq&#160;</td>
			<td>Takara Bio USA</td>
			<td>RR002A</td>
			<td>Hi Fidelity taq polymerase for OSCAR flank generation</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Hygromycin B</td>
			<td>InvivoGen</td>
			<td>ant-hg-5</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Spectinomycin</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>22189-32-8</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Cefotaxim&#160;</td>
			<td>TCI America</td>
			<td>C2224</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Moxalactam&#160;</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>43963</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>GelRed</td>
			<td>&#160;Phenix Research Products</td>
			<td>RGB-4103</td>
			<td>Post staining agarose gels</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Qiagen QIAquick PCR Purification Kit (Cat. No. 28104)&#160;</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>(OneShot_ Mach1TM T1R or One Shot_ OmniMAX&#8482; 2 T1R from Invitrogen)&#160;</td>
			<td>Thermo Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>C862003</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Gateway BP Clonase II Enzyme mix</td>
			<td>Thermo Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>11789020</td>
			<td>Used to assemble deletion construct in pOSAR</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>PrimerQuest tool</td>
			<td>IDT&#160;</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Used in step 1.4; available on http://www.idtdna.com/Primerquest/Home/Index</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

rapid deletion production in fungi via agrobacterium mediated transformation of oscar deletion constructs

Presis deletion av gen (er) av interesse, mens resten av genomet uendret gir det ideelle produktet for å bestemme det spesielle gens funksjon i den levende organismen. I denne protokollen beskrives OSCAR-metoden for nøyaktig og rask deletjonsplasmidkonstruksjon. OSCAR er avhengig av kloningsystemet der en enkelt rekombinase-reaksjon utføres inneholdende de rensede PCR-amplifiserte 5&#39;- og 3&#39;-flankene av genet av interesse og to plasmider, pA-Hyg OSCAR (markørvektoren) og pOSCAR (forsamlingen vektor). Bekreftelse av den korrekt monterte deletjonsvektoren utføres ved hjelp av restriksjonsfordøyelseskartlegging etterfulgt av sekvensering. Agrobacterium tumefaciens brukes da til å mediere innføring av deletionskonstruksjonen i soppsporer (referert til som ATMT). Endelig beskrives en PCR-analyse for å bestemme om deletjonskonstruksjonen integreres ved homolog eller ikke-homolog rekombination, som indikerer gen-deletjon ellerEktopisk integrasjon, henholdsvis. Denne tilnærmingen har blitt vellykket brukt for sletting av mange gener i Verticillium dahliae og i Fusarium verticillioides blant andre arter.

OSCAR-metoden, i en enkelt reaksjon, genererer et plasmid som inneholder flankene i målgenet som skal slettes rundt den selekterbare markørkassetten. Produksjonen av slettekonstruksjoner med OSCAR er svært effektiv. Systemet kan imidlertid produsere delvise konstruksjoner som inneholder noen, men ikke alle tre fragmentene (de to genflankene og den selekterbare markøren). Generelt inneholder de fleste E. coli transformanter den riktige OSCAR konstruksjonen. For eksempel viser...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Rapid Deletion Production in Fungi via Agrobacterium Mediated Transformation of OSCAR Deletion Constructs at JoVE.com

Rapid Deletion Production in Fungi via Agrobacterium Mediated Transformation of OSCAR Deletion Constructs

Gene-deletjonsmutanter generert ved homolog rekombination er gullstandarden for genfunksjonsstudier. OSCAR (One Step Construction av Agrobacterium-Recombination-ready-plasmids) metode for rask generering av deletjonskonstruksjoner er beskrevet. Agrobacterium- mediert sopptransformasjon følger. Endelig presenteres en PCR-basert bekreftelsesmetode for genutslettelser i sopptransformanter.

Rapid Deletion Produksjon i Fungi via<em&gt; Agrobacterium</em&gt; Mediated Transformation of OSCAR Deletion Constructs

Precise deletion of gene(s) of interest, while leaving the rest of the genome unchanged, provides the ideal product to determine that particular ...

Research

JoVE Journal

Genetics

Rapid Deletion Production in Fungi via Agrobacterium Mediated Transformation of OSCAR Deletion Constructs

Rearing and Double-stranded RNA-mediated Gene Knockdown in the Hide Beetle, Dermestes maculatus

Rearing and Double-stranded RNA-mediated Gene Knockdown in the Hide Beetle, Dermestes maculatus

Oppdrett og Double-stranded RNA-mediert Gene knockdown i Hide Beetle,<em&gt; Dermestes maculatus</em

Advances in genomics have raised the possibility of probing biodiversity at an unprecedented scale. However, sequence alone will not be informative ...

CRISPR/Cas9-mediated Targeted Integration In Vivo Using a Homology-mediated End Joining-based Strategy

CRISPR/Cas9-mediated Targeted Integration In Vivo Using a Homology-mediated End Joining-based Strategy

CRISPR/Cas9-mediert målrettet integrering i Vivo med en homologi-mediert slutten begynte-basert strategi

As a promising genome editing platform, the CRISPR/Cas9 system has great potential for efficient genetic manipulation, especially for targeted integration ...

A Protocol for the Production of Integrase-deficient Lentiviral Vectors for CRISPR/Cas9-mediated Gene Knockout in Dividing Cells

En protokoll for produksjon av Integrase dårlig Lentiviral vektorer for CRISPR/Cas9-mediert Gene Knockout i dele celler

Lentiviral vectors are an ideal choice for delivering gene-editing components to cells due to their capacity for stably transducing a broad range of cells ...

Adapting 3' Rapid Amplification of CDNA Ends to Map Transcripts in Cancer

Tilpasse 3 slutter raske forsterkning av CDNA å tilordne utskrifter i kreft

Maturation of eukaryotic mRNAs involves 3&#39; end formation, which involves the addition of a poly(A) tail. In order to map the 3&#39; end of a gene, the ...

CRISPR-Mediated Reorganization of Chromatin Loop Structure

CRISPR-mediert reorganisering av Chromatin Loop struktur

Recent studies have clearly shown that long-range, three-dimensional chromatin looping interactions play a significant role in the regulation of gene ...

Lentiviral Mediated Production of Transgenic Mice: A Simple and Highly Efficient Method for Direct Study of Founders

Lentiviral formidlet produksjon av transgene mus: en enkel og svært effektiv metode for direkte av grunnleggerne

For almost 40 years, pronuclear DNA injection represents the standard method to generate transgenic mice with random integration of transgenes. Such a ...

Plant Growth and Agrobacterium-mediated Floral-dip Transformation of the Extremophyte Schrenkiella parvula

Plant Growth and Agrobacterium-mediated Floral-dip Transformation of the Extremophyte Schrenkiella parvula

Vekst og Agrobacterium-mediert Floral-dip transformasjonen av Extremophyte Schrenkiella parvula

Schrenkiella parvula is an extremophyte adapted to various abiotic stresses, including multiple ion toxicity stresses. Despite high-quality genomic ...

Tomato Root Transformation Followed by Inoculation with Ralstonia Solanacearum for Straightforward Genetic Analysis of Bacterial Wilt Disease

Tomato Root Transformation Followed by Inoculation with Ralstonia Solanacearum for Straightforward Genetic Analysis of Bacterial Wilt Disease

Tomatrottransformasjon etterfulgt av inokulasjon med Ralstonia Solanacearum for enkel genetisk analyse av bakteriell wiltsykdom

Ralstonia solanacearum is a devastating soil borne vascular pathogen that can infect a large range of plant species, causing an important threat to ...

Quantification of Plasmid-Mediated Antibiotic Resistance in an Experimental Evolution Approach

Kvantifisering av plasmider-mediert antibiotikaresistens i en eksperimentell Evolution Approach

Plasmids play a major role in microbial ecology and evolution as vehicles of lateral gene transfer and reservoirs of accessory gene functions in microbial ...