Name: plasmonic trapping and release of nanoparticles in a monitoring environment
Uploaded: 2017-04-04T11:00:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Plasmonic Trapping and Release of Nanoparticles in a Monitoring Environment at JoVE.com

This work was supported&#160;by the ICT R&#38;D program of MSIP/IITP (R0190-15-2040, Development of a contents configuration management system and a simulator for 3D printing using smart materials).

Caution: Please refer to all relevant material safety regulations before use. Several of the chemicals used in microchip fabrication are acutely toxic and carcinogenic. Please use all appropriate safety practices when performing the photolithography and etching processes, including the use of engineering controls (fume hood, hot plate, and aligner) and personal protective equipment (safety glasses, gloves, lab coat, full-length pants, and closed-toe shoes).
1. Fabrication of the PDMS Microchanne...

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The SMF cable was inserted in the SMF cable hole on the microchip, as shown in the rectangular dot of Figure 6a. Because the SMF cable hole is larger than the cable diameter, epoxy glue was used to seal the gap to block the leakage of the flowing particle solution. Before the application of epoxy glue, the gold block and cable edge should be coaxially aligned by hand using a microscope. Although it is ideal for the inserted cable edge and the nanohole to be coaxially aligned, a slight misalignment can be...

The ability to manipulate microscale objects is an indispensable feature for many micro/nano experiments. Direct contact manipulations can damage the manipulated objects. Releasing the previously held objects is also challenging because of stiction problems. To overcome these issues, several indirect methods using fluidic1, electric2, magnetic3, or photonic forces4,5,6,7,8 have been proposed. Plasmonic tweezers that use photonic forces are based on the physics of extraordinary field enhancement several orders larger than the incident intensity9. This extremely strong field enhancement enables the trapping of extremely small nanoparticles. For example, it has been shown to immobilize and manipulate nanoscale objects, such as polystyrene particles7,10,11,12,13,14, polymer chains15, proteins16, quantum dots17, and DNA molecules8,18. Without plasmonic tweezers, it is difficult to trap nanoparticles because they quickly disappear before they are effectively examined or because they are damaged due to the high intensity of the laser.
Many plasmonic studies have used various nanoscale gold structures. We can categorize the gold structures as protruding nanodisk types12,13,14,15,19,20,21 or suppressed nanohole types7,8,10,11,22,23. In terms of imaging convenience, the nanodisk types are more suitable than the nanohole types because, for the latter, the gold substrates can obstruct the observation view. Moreover, the plasmonic trapping occurs near the plasmonic structure and makes observation even more challenging. To the best of our knowledge, plasmonic trapping on nanohole types was only verified using indirect scattering signals. However, no successful direct observations, such as microscopic images, have been reported. Few studies have described the position of trapped particles. One such result was presented by Wang et al. They created a gold pillar on a gold substrate and observed the particle motion using a fluorescent microscope24. However, this is only effective for monitoring lateral movements not in the direction parallel to the beam axis.
In this paper, we introduce new fluidic microchip design and fabrication procedures. Using this chip, we demonstrate the monitoring of plasmonically trapped particles, both in directions parallel and orthogonal to the plasmonic nanostructure. Furthermore, we measure the maximal force of the immobilized particle by increasing the fluid velocity to find the tipping velocity in the microchip. This study is unique because most studies on plasmonic tweezers cannot quantitatively show the maximal trapping forces used in their experimental setups.

<table border="1" fo:keep-together.within-page="1" fo:keep-with-next.within-page="always">
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>Negative photoresist&#160;</td>
			<td>MicroChem</td>
			<td>SU-8 2075</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Developer</td>
			<td>MicroChem</td>
			<td>SU-8 Developer</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Positive photoresist&#160;</td>
			<td>Merck Ltd.</td>
			<td>AZ GXR-601</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>AZ Photoresist Developers</td>
			<td>Merck Ltd.</td>
			<td>AZ 300 MIF</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>HMDS</td>
			<td>Merck Ltd.</td>
			<td>AZ Adhesion Promoter</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Aligner</td>
			<td>Midas System</td>
			<td>MDA 400M</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Atmospheric plasma machine&#160;</td>
			<td>Atmospheric Process 
			Plasma Co.</td>
			<td>IDP-1000</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS)</td>
			<td>Dow Corning</td>
			<td>Sylgard 184 A/B</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Gold coated test slides</td>
			<td>EMF Co.</td>
			<td>TA124(Ti/Au)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Au etchant&#160;</td>
			<td>Transene Inc.</td>
			<td>TFA</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Ti etchant&#160;</td>
			<td>Transene Inc.</td>
			<td>TFT</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>40X objective lens&#160;</td>
			<td>Edmund Optics</td>
			<td>40X DIN</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>60X water immersion 
			objective lens&#160;</td>
			<td>Olympus</td>
			<td>LUMPLFLN 60XW</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Optical fiber incident laser&#160;</td>
			<td>IPG Photonic</td>
			<td>YLR 10</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>SMF coupler</td>
			<td>Thorlabs</td>
			<td>MBT612D/M</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Syringe micropump</td>
			<td>Harvard</td>
			<td>PC2 70-4501</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Fluorescent microscope&#160;</td>
			<td>Olympus</td>
			<td>IX-51</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Plasma system</td>
			<td>Femto Science Inc</td>
			<td>CUTE-MPR</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

plasmonic trapping and release of nanoparticles in a monitoring environment

Plasmonic tweezers use surface plasmon polaritons to confine polarizable nanoscale objects. Among the various designs of plasmonic tweezers, only a few can observe immobilized particles. Moreover, a limited number of studies have experimentally measured the exertable forces on the particles. The designs can be classified as the protruding nanodisk type or the suppressed nanohole type. For the latter, microscopic observation is extremely challenging. In this paper, a new plasmonic tweezer system is introduced to monitor particles, both in directions parallel and orthogonal to the symmetric axis of a plasmonic nanohole structure. This feature enables us to observe the movement of each particle near the rim of the nanohole. Furthermore, we can quantitatively estimate the maximal trapping forces using a new fluidic channel.

The fabrication process of the PDMS microchannel and nanohole gold plate is shown in Figures 1 and 2. The method to combine the two parts and the actual microchip is shown in Figure 3. The PDMS was cut to reveal the inside of the channel from the side of the microchip. However, it was difficult to observe the particles flowing in the channel because of the surface roughness of the cutting plane. Therefore, we introduced the PDMS coating m...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Plasmonic Trapping and Release of Nanoparticles in a Monitoring Environment at JoVE.com

Plasmonic Trapping and Release of Nanoparticles in a Monitoring Environment

A microchip fabrication process that incorporates plasmonic tweezers is presented here. The microchip enables the imaging of a trapped particle to measure maximal trapping forces.

Plasmonic tweezers use surface plasmon polaritons to confine polarizable nanoscale objects. Among the various designs of plasmonic tweezers, only a few ...

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