Name: cell lineage analyses and gene function studies using twin-spot marcm
Uploaded: 2017-03-02T14:00:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Cell Lineage Analyses and Gene Function Studies Using Twin-spot MARCM at JoVE.com

Dette arbejde blev støttet af Ministeriet for Videnskab og Teknologi (MOST 104-2311-B-001-034) og Institut for Cellulær og organismens biologi, Academia Sinica, Taiwan.

1. Byg tsMARCM-klar Fluer med det nødvendige Transgener 11, 13 <ol><li> Generer den oprindelige version af tsMARCM-ready fluer fra transgener, der gennemføres af de enkelte fluer 11 (se tabel 1). Gennemføre standard flyve genetiske krydsende ordninger, som tidligere er blevet beskrevet, ved at sætte flere transgener i de samme flyve bestande 13. <ol><li> I én parental linie, samle transgener...

<ol>
	<li>Ito, M., Masuda, N., Shinomiya, K., Endo, K., Ito, K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Systematic+analysis+of+neural+projections+reveals+clonal+composition+of+the+Drosophila+brain.">Systematic analysis of neural projections reveals clonal composition of the Drosophila brain.</a> Curr Biol. 23 (8), 644-655 (2013).</li><li>Yu, H. H., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Clonal+development+and+organization+of+the+adult+Drosophila+central+brain.">Clonal development and organization of the adult Drosophila central brain.</a> Curr Biol. 23 (8), 633-643 (2013).</li><li>Goodman, C. S., Doe, C. Q., Bate, M., Arias, A. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> The Development of Drosophila melanogaster. , (1993).</li><li>Lee, T., Luo, L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Mosaic+analysis+with+a+repressible+cell+marker+for+studies+of+gene+function+in+neuronal+morphogenesis.">Mosaic analysis with a repressible cell marker for studies of gene function in neuronal morphogenesis.</a> Neuron. 22 (3), 451-461 (1999).</li><li>Lee, T., Lee, A., Luo, L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Development+of+the+Drosophila+mushroom+bodies:+sequential+generation+of+three+distinct+types+of+neurons+from+a+neuroblast.">Development of the Drosophila mushroom bodies: sequential generation of three distinct types of neurons from a neuroblast.</a> Development. 126 (18), 4065-4076 (1999).</li><li>Lee, T., Marticke, S., Sung, C., Robinow, S., Luo, L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Cell-autonomous+requirement+of+the+USP/EcR-B+ecdysone+receptor+for+mushroom+body+neuronal+remodeling+in+Drosophila.">Cell-autonomous requirement of the USP/EcR-B ecdysone receptor for mushroom body neuronal remodeling in Drosophila.</a> Neuron. 28 (3), 807-818 (2000).</li><li>Chiang, A. S., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Three-dimensional+reconstruction+of+brain-wide+wiring+networks+in+Drosophila+at+single-cell+resolution.">Three-dimensional reconstruction of brain-wide wiring networks in Drosophila at single-cell resolution.</a> Curr Biol. 21 (1), 1-11 (2011).</li><li>Jefferis, G. S., Marin, E. C., Stocker, R. F., Luo, L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Target+neuron+prespecification+in+the+olfactory+map+of+Drosophila.">Target neuron prespecification in the olfactory map of Drosophila.</a> Nature. 414 (6860), 204-208 (2001).</li><li>Hong, W., Luo, L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Genetic+control+of+wiring+specificity+in+the+fly+olfactory+system.">Genetic control of wiring specificity in the fly olfactory system.</a> Genetics. 196 (1), 17-29 (2014).</li><li>Zhu, S., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Gradients+of+the+Drosophila+Chinmo+BTB-zinc+finger+protein+govern+neuronal+temporal+identity.">Gradients of the Drosophila Chinmo BTB-zinc finger protein govern neuronal temporal identity.</a> Cell. 127 (2), 409-422 (2006).</li><li>Yu, H. H., Chen, C. H., Shi, L., Huang, Y., Lee, T. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Twin-spot+MARCM+to+reveal+the+developmental+origin+and+identity+of+neurons.">Twin-spot MARCM to reveal the developmental origin and identity of neurons.</a> Nat Neurosci. 12 (7), 947-953 (2009).</li><li>Yu, H. H., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+complete+developmental+sequence+of+a+Drosophila+neuronal+lineage+as+revealed+by+twin-spot+MARCM.">A complete developmental sequence of a Drosophila neuronal lineage as revealed by twin-spot MARCM.</a> PLoS Biol. 8 (8), (2010).</li><li>Greenspan, R. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> Fly pushing : the theory and practice of Drosophila genetics. , (1997).</li><li>Awasaki, T., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Making+Drosophila+lineage-restricted+drivers+via+patterned+recombination+in+neuroblasts.">Making Drosophila lineage-restricted drivers via patterned recombination in neuroblasts.</a> Nat Neurosci. 17 (4), 631-637 (2014).</li><li>Lee, T. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Generating+mosaics+for+lineage+analysis+in+flies.">Generating mosaics for lineage analysis in flies.</a> Wiley Interdiscip Rev Dev Biol. 3 (1), 69-81 (2014).</li><li>Wu, J. S., Luo, L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+protocol+for+dissecting+Drosophila+melanogaster+brains+for+live+imaging+or+immunostaining.">A protocol for dissecting Drosophila melanogaster brains for live imaging or immunostaining.</a> Nat Protoc. 1 (4), 2110-2115 (2006).</li><li>Schneider, C. A., Rasband, W. S., Eliceiri, K. W. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=NIH+Image+to+ImageJ:+25+years+of+image+analysis.">NIH Image to ImageJ: 25 years of image analysis.</a> Nat Methods. 9 (7), 671-675 (2012).</li><li>Lin, S., Kao, C. F., Yu, H. H., Huang, Y., Lee, T. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Lineage+analysis+of+Drosophila+lateral+antennal+lobe+neurons+reveals+notch-dependent+binary+temporal+fate+decisions.">Lineage analysis of Drosophila lateral antennal lobe neurons reveals notch-dependent binary temporal fate decisions.</a> PLoS Biol. 10 (11), e1001425 (2012).</li><li>Zhan, X. L., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Analysis+of+Dscam+diversity+in+regulating+axon+guidance+in+Drosophila+mushroom+bodies.">Analysis of Dscam diversity in regulating axon guidance in Drosophila mushroom bodies.</a> Neuron. 43 (5), 673-686 (2004).</li><li>Griffin, R., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+twin+spot+generator+for+differential+Drosophila+lineage+analysis.">The twin spot generator for differential Drosophila lineage analysis.</a> Nat Methods. 6 (8), 600-602 (2009).</li><li>Potter, C. J., Tasic, B., Russler, E. V., Liang, L., Luo, L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+Q+system:+a+repressible+binary+system+for+transgene+expression,+lineage+tracing,+and+mosaic+analysis.">The Q system: a repressible binary system for transgene expression, lineage tracing, and mosaic analysis.</a> Cell. 141 (3), 536-548 (2010).</li><li>Lai, S. L., Lee, T. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Genetic+mosaic+with+dual+binary+transcriptional+systems+in+Drosophila.">Genetic mosaic with dual binary transcriptional systems in Drosophila.</a> Nat Neurosci. 9 (5), 703-709 (2006).</li><li>Kao, C. F., Yu, H. H., He, Y., Kao, J. C., Lee, T. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Hierarchical+deployment+of+factors+regulating+temporal+fate+in+a+diverse+neuronal+lineage+of+the+Drosophila+central+brain.">Hierarchical deployment of factors regulating temporal fate in a diverse neuronal lineage of the Drosophila central brain.</a> Neuron. 73 (4), 677-684 (2012).</li></ol>

Kritiske trin i protokollen Trin 1.1.1, 1.2.1, 2.3, 2.5, og 3.2 er kritiske for at opnå gode tsMARCM resultater. Vævsspecifikke -GAL4 drivere, der ikke udtrykker GAL4 i neurale progenitorer foretrækkes til trin 1.1.1 og 1.2.1. Undgå over-fortrængning af dyrene, der dyrkes i de fly-food hætteglas i trin 2.3. Fordi induktion latenstid, ekspressionsniveauet af FLP upon varmechok, og den gennemsnitlige skillelinje tid af neurale stamceller (dvs. NBS og GMC&#39;er) ikke er ke...

Hjernen, består af et stort antal og forskellige typer af neuroner, forlener dyr med evnen til at opfatte, proces, og svare udfordringer fra den ydre verden. Neuroner i den voksne Drosophila centrale hjerne er afledt fra et begrænset antal af neurale stamceller, der kaldes neuroblaster (NBS), under udviklingen 1, 2. De fleste af NBS deltager i hjernen neurogenese i Drosophila gennemgå asymmetrisk division at generere selvfornyende bemyndigede organer og ganglion mor celler (GMC&#39;er), og GMC derefter gå gennem en anden runde af divisionen for at fremstille to datterceller, som differentierer til neuroner 3 (figur 1A ). På grund af de forviklinger af neuronal morfologi og de udfordringer, der er forbundet med at identificere specifikke neuroner, en positiv mosaik mærkning teknologi, mosaik analyse med repressibel celle markør (MARCM), blev opfundet for at gøre det muligt for visualization af en enkelt neuron eller en lille delmængde af neuroner ud af populationen af omkringliggende, umærkede neuroner 4. MARCM udnytter flippase (FLP) / target FLP anerkendelse (FRT) system til at mediere stedsspecifik rekombination mellem homologe kromosomer i en skillelinje precursorcelle bærer en heterozygot allel af et repressorgen, hvis ekspression normalt inhiberer ekspressionen af et reportergen 4. Efter den mitotiske deling, er de rekombinante kromosomer opdelt i to celler, således at en celle indeholder homozygote alleler af repressorgenet og det andet celle har ingen repressorgen-ekspressionen af ​​reporteren i denne celle (og dens efterkommere) ikke længere blokeret 4. Tre klonale mønstre findes normalt i en MARCM eksperiment når FLP er stokastisk induceret i bemyndigede organer eller GMC: encellede og to-celle-GMC-kloner, der afbilder neuronal morfologi ved encellede resolutioN og flercellede-NB-kloner, som afslører hele morfologiske mønstre af neuroner afledt fra en fælles NB (figur 1B). Den MARCM Teknikken har været almindeligt anvendt i Drosophila neurobiologiske undersøgelser, herunder i neuronal identifikation type for rekonstruktion hjerne-dækkende ledninger netværk, neurale afstamning analyser for at videregive den udviklingsmæssige historie af neuroner, fænotypisk karakterisering af gen-funktioner, der er involveret i celle skæbne specifikation, og neuronal morfogenese og differentiering undersøgelser 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10. Fordi konventionelle MARCM kun etiketter en af ​​de to datterceller (og slægter) efter den inducerede mitotisk rekombination omstændigheder er potentielt nyttige oplysninger fra den umarkerede side tabt. Denne begrænsning til hinder for anvendelsen af ​​de grundlæggende MARCM system høj opløsning analyser af mange neurale slægter, der skifter celleskæbner i hurtig tempo eller til præcision analyser af genfunktioner i identiske neuroner i forskellige dyr 11, 12. Twin-spot MARCM (tsMARCM) er et avanceret system, der etiketter neuroner afledt fra en fælles stamfader med to forskellige farver, som gør det muligt inddrivelse af nyttige oplysninger fra begge sider af de to celler, således at overvinde begrænsningen af det oprindelige MARCM systemet 11 ( Figur 2A - 2C). I tsMARCM systemet, to RNA-interferens (RNAi) -baserede suppressorer er beliggende ved trans-steder af homologe kromosomer i en precursor-celle, og ekspressionen af disse suppressorer uafhængigt inhibere ekspressionen af deres respektive reportere (figur 2B). Efter stedsspecifik mitotisk rekombination medieret gennem FLP / FRT-system, two RNAi-baserede suppressorer bliver adskilt til to celler til at tillade ekspression af særskilte reportere (figur 2B). To klonale mønstre, encellede forbundet med encellede kloner og to-celle-GMC forbundet med multi-cellulære-NB-kloner, der typisk ses i en tsMARCM eksperiment (figur 2C). Oplysninger stammer fra den ene side af de to celler kan anvendes som reference for den anden side, så høj opløsning neurale afstamning analyser, såsom fødsel-dating de mærkede neuroner, og fænotypiske analyser af identiske neuroner i forskellige dyr for den præcise undersøgelse af neural genfunktion 11, 12. Her præsenteres en trin-for-trin-protokol, der beskriver hvordan man fører en tsMARCM eksperiment, der kan bruges af andre laboratorier til at udvide deres undersøgelser af neural udvikling (samt udvikling af andre væv, hvis relevant) i Drosophila.

<table border="1" fo:keep-together.within-page="1" fo:keep-with-next.within-page="always">
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>Carbon dioxide (CO2)</td>
			<td>Local vendor</td>
			<td>n.a.</td>
			<td>Anesthetize flies</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>CO2 pad</td>
			<td>Local vendor</td>
			<td>n.a.</td>
			<td>Sort, cross and transfer flies</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>10x PBS pH 7.4</td>
			<td>Uniregion Bio-Tech (or other vendors)</td>
			<td>PBS001</td>
			<td>Dissect, rinse, wash and immunostain fly brains</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Formaldehyde</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>252549</td>
			<td>Fix fly brains</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Triton X-100</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>T8787</td>
			<td>Rinse, wash and immunostain fly brains</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Normal goat</td>
			<td rowspan="2">Jackson ImmunoResearch&#160;</td>
			<td rowspan="2">005-000-121</td>
			<td rowspan="2">Immunostain fly brains</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>serum</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Rat anti-mouse CD8 antibody</td>
			<td>Invitrogen</td>
			<td>MCD0800</td>
			<td>Immunostain fly brains</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Rabbit anti-DsRed antibody</td>
			<td>Clonetech</td>
			<td>632496</td>
			<td>Immunostain fly brains</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Mouse anti-Brp antibody</td>
			<td>Developmental Studies Hybridoma Bank</td>
			<td>nc82</td>
			<td>Immunostain fly brains</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Goat anti-rat IgG antibody conjugated with Alexa Fluor 488</td>
			<td>Invitrogen</td>
			<td>A11006</td>
			<td>Immunostain fly brains</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Goat anti-rabbit IgG antibody conjugated with Alexa Fluor 546</td>
			<td>Invitrogen</td>
			<td>A11035</td>
			<td>Immunostain fly brains</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Goat anti-mouse IgG antibody conjugated with Alexa Fluor 647</td>
			<td>Invitrogen</td>
			<td>A21236</td>
			<td>Immunostain fly brains</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>SlowFade gold antifade reagent</td>
			<td>Molecular Probes</td>
			<td>S36936</td>
			<td>Mount fly brains and protect quenching of fluorescence&#160;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>PYREX 9 depression glass spot plate</td>
			<td>Corning</td>
			<td>7220-85</td>
			<td>Dissect, rinse, wash and immunostain fly brains</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Sylgard 184 silicone elastomer kit</td>
			<td>World Precision Instruments</td>
			<td>SYLG184</td>
			<td>Make black Sylgard dishes to protect forceps during brain dissection</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Activated charcoal</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>242276-250G</td>
			<td>Make black Sylgard dishes</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Dumont #5 forceps</td>
			<td>Fine Science Tools</td>
			<td>11252-30</td>
			<td>Dissect and mount fly brains</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Micro slide</td>
			<td>Corning</td>
			<td>2948-75x25</td>
			<td>Mount fly brains</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Micro cover glass No.1.5</td>
			<td>VWR International</td>
			<td>48366-205</td>
			<td>Mount fly brains</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Nail polish</td>
			<td>Local vendor</td>
			<td>not available</td>
			<td>Seal micro cover glass on micro slides</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td rowspan="2">Incubator&#160;</td>
			<td>Kansin Instruments</td>
			<td rowspan="2">LTI603</td>
			<td rowspan="2">culture flies at 25&#176;C</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>(or other vendors)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td rowspan="2">Water bath</td>
			<td>Kansin Instruments</td>
			<td rowspan="2">WB212-B2</td>
			<td rowspan="2">Induce heat-shock in flies at 37&#176;C</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>(or other vendors)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td rowspan="2">Orbital shaker</td>
			<td>Kansin Instruments</td>
			<td rowspan="2">OS701</td>
			<td rowspan="2">Wash and immunostain fly brains</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>(or other vendors)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Dissection microscope</td>
			<td>Leica</td>
			<td>EZ4</td>
			<td>Sort, cross and transfer flies; Dissect, rinse, wash and immunostain fly brains</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Confocal microscope</td>
			<td>Zeiss (or other vendors)</td>
			<td>LSM 700 (or other models)</td>
			<td>Image tsMARCM clones</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>image-processing software 1 
			(e.g., Zeiss LSM image browser)&#160;</td>
			<td>Zeiss</td>
			<td>not available</td>
			<td>Project stacks of confocal images</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>image-processing software 2 
			(e.g., Image-J)&#160;</td>
			<td>not available</td>
			<td>not available</td>
			<td>Count cell number of tsMARCM clones</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

cell lineage analyses and gene function studies using twin-spot marcm

M osaic ANALYSE med en r epressible c ell m arker (MARCM) er en positiv mosaik mærkningsordning, der har været almindeligt anvendt i Drosophila neurobiologiske undersøgelser for at skildre indviklede morfologier og at manipulere funktionen af gener i delmængder af neuroner inden ellers umærket og uforstyrret organismer. Genetiske mosaikker frembragt i MARCM systemet medieres via stedspecifik rekombination mellem homologe kromosomer inden dividere precursorceller til at fremstille både mærket (MARCM kloner) og umarkerede datterceller under mitosen. En forlængelse af MARCM metode, kaldet twin-spot MARCM (tsMARCM), etiketter begge de to celler afledt fra en fælles stamfader med to forskellige farver. Denne teknik blev udviklet for at muliggøre hentning af nyttige oplysninger fra begge hemi-afstamninger. Ved omfattende analyse af forskellige par tsMARCM kloner, det tsMARCM system giver høj opløsning neurale afstamning Mapping at ​​afsløre den nøjagtige fødsel-rækkefølgen af ​​de mærkede neuroner fremstillet af almindelige progenitorceller. Endvidere tsMARCM systemet udvider også genfunktion undersøgelser ved at tillade den fænotypiske analyse af identiske neuroner i forskellige dyr. Her beskriver vi, hvordan man anvender den tsMARCM systemet for at lette undersøgelser af neural udvikling i Drosophila.

Den tsMARCM systemet er blevet anvendt til at lette neurale afstamning analyser og genfunktion undersøgelser ved at hente vigtige oplysninger om neuroner afledt af almindelige bemyndigede organer. Systemet er blevet brugt til at identificere de fleste (hvis ikke alle) neuronale typer, fastlægge celle antallet af hver neuronal type, og fastslå fødsel-rækkefølgen af disse neuroner 11, 12, 18...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Cell Lineage Analyses and Gene Function Studies Using Twin-spot MARCM at JoVE.com

Cell Lineage Analyses and Gene Function Studies Using Twin-spot MARCM

Her præsenteres en protokol for en mosaik mærkningsteknik, der tillader visualisering af neuroner afledt fra en fælles progenitorcelle i to forskellige farver. Dette letter neurale afstamning analyse med mulighed for medfødte-dating individuelle neuroner og studere genfunktion i de samme neuroner i forskellige individer.

Cell Lineage Analyser og genfunktion undersøgelser under anvendelse af Twin-spot MARCM

Mosaic analysis with a repressible cell marker (MARCM) is a positive mosaic labeling system that has been widely applied in Drosophila neurobiological ...

Research

JoVE Journal

Developmental Biology

Efficient Gene Transfer in Chick Retinas for Primary Cell Culture Studies: An Ex-ovo Electroporation Approach

Efficient Gene Transfer in Chick Retinas for Primary Cell Culture Studies: An Ex-ovo Electroporation Approach

Effektiv Gene Transfer i Chick nethinder for primær cellekultur Studies: An<em&gt; Ex-ovo</em&gt; Elektroporation Approach

The cone photoreceptor-enriched cultures derived from embryonic chick retinas have become an indispensable tool for researchers around the world studying ...

Efficient Generation of hiPSC Neural Lineage Specific Knockin Reporters Using the CRISPR/Cas9 and Cas9 Double Nickase System

Gene targeting is a critical approach for characterizing gene functions in modern biomedical research. However, the efficiency of gene targeting in human ...

A Method for Lineage Tracing of Corneal Cells Using Multi-color Fluorescent Reporter Mice

En Metode til Lineage Sporing af hornhindeceller Brug Multi-color Fluorescent Reporter Mus

Lineage tracing experiments define the origin, fate and behavior of cells in a specific tissue or organism. This technique has been successfully applied ...

Co-localization of Cell Lineage Markers and the Tomato Signal

Co-lokalisering af Cell Lineage Markers og tomat Signal

The cell lineage tracing system has been used predominantly in developmental biology studies. The use of Cre recombinase allows for the activation of the ...

Functional Manipulation of Maternal Gene Products Using In Vitro Oocyte Maturation in Zebrafish

Functional Manipulation of Maternal Gene Products Using In Vitro Oocyte Maturation in Zebrafish

Funktionel Manipulation af Maternal Gene produkter ved hjælp af<em&gt; In vitro</em&gt; Oocytmodning i Zebrafisk

Cellular events that take place during the earliest stages of animal embryonic development are driven by maternally derived gene products deposited into ...

Structure-function Studies in Mouse Embryonic Stem Cells Using Recombinase-mediated Cassette Exchange

Struktur og funktion Studier i embryonale stamceller fra mus Brug rekombinase-medieret Cassette Exchange

Gene engineering in mouse embryos or embryonic stem cells (mESCs) allows for the study of the function of a given protein. Proteins are the workhorses of ...

Methods for Imaging Intracellular pH of the Follicle Stem Cell Lineage in Live Drosophila Ovarian Tissue

Methods for Imaging Intracellular pH of the Follicle Stem Cell Lineage in Live Drosophila Ovarian Tissue

Metoder til billeddannelse intracellulære pH af follikel stamcelle afstamning i Live Drosophila æggestokkene væv

Changes in intracellular pH (pHi) play important roles in the regulation of many cellular functions, including metabolism, proliferation, and ...

CRISPR-mediated Loss of Function Analysis in Cerebellar Granule Cells Using In Utero Electroporation-based Gene Transfer

CRISPR-mediated Loss of Function Analysis in Cerebellar Granule Cells Using In Utero Electroporation-based Gene Transfer

CRISPR-medieret tab af funktion analyse i cerebellare granula celler ved hjælp af In Utero elektroporation-baseret overførsel af gener

Brain malformation is often caused by genetic mutations. Deciphering the mutations in patient-derived tissues has identified potential causative factors ...

Live Cell Imaging of Chromosome Segregation During Mitosis

Levende celle billeddannelse af kromosom Segregation under mitosen

Chromosomes must be reliably and uniformly segregated into daughter cells during mitotic cell division. Fidelity of chromosomal segregation is controlled ...

Tracing Gene Expression Through Detection of &#946;-galactosidase Activity in Whole Mouse Embryos

Tracing Gene Expression Through Detection of ÃƒÆ’Ã…Â½Ãƒâ€šÃ‚Â²-galactosidase Activity in Whole Mouse Embryos

Sporing genekspression gennem påvisning af β-galactosidase aktivitet i hele musen embryoner

The Escherichia coli LacZ gene, encoding &#946;-galactosidase, is largely used as a reporter for gene expression and as a tracer in cell lineage studies. ...