Name: fabrication of three-dimensional paper-based microfluidic devices for immunoassays
Uploaded: 2017-03-09T14:00:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Fabrication of Three-dimensional Paper-based Microfluidic Devices for Immunoassays at JoVE.com

This work was supported by Tufts University and by a generous gift from Dr. James Kanagy. This material is based upon work supported by the National Science Foundation Graduate Research Fellowship Program under Grant No. (DGE-1325256) that was awarded to S.C.F. D.J.W. was supported by a U.S. Department of Education GAANN fellowship. We thank Dr. Jeremy Schonhorn (JanaCare), Dr. Jason Rolland (Carbon3D), and Rachel Deraney (Brown University) for helping develop the design of the three-dimensional paper-based microfluidic device and immunoassay.

1. Fremstilling af Papirbaserede mikrofluidapparat Lag <ol><li> Forbered mønstre for lag af papir, nylon, og klæbemidlet ved anvendelse af en grafisk design program. 6 Hvert lag kan have et andet mønster. BEMÆRK: Mønsteret kan omfatte tilpasning huller, der ikke er nødvendige for en funktionel papirbaseret immunassay, men bistå med reproducerbar fremstilling af tredimensionelle enheder. Placering af disse huller vil variere, hvis enheder samles individuelt, strimler eller som fuld...

<ol>
	<li>Martinez, A. W., Phillips, S. T., Wiley, B. J., Gupta, M., Whitesides, G. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=FLASH:+A+rapid+method+for+prototyping+paper-based+microfluidic+devices.">FLASH: A rapid method for prototyping paper-based microfluidic devices.</a> Lab Chip. 8 (12), 2146-2150 (2008).</li><li>Carrilho, E., Martinez, A. W., Whitesides, G. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Understanding+wax+printing:+a+simple+micropatterning+process+for+paper-based+microfluidic+devices.">Understanding wax printing: a simple micropatterning process for paper-based microfluidic devices.</a> Anal. Chem. 81 (16), 7091-7095 (2009).</li><li>Martinez, A. W., Phillips, S. T., Butte, M. J., Whitesides, G. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Patterned+paper+as+a+platform+for+inexpensive,+low-volume,+portable+bioassays.">Patterned paper as a platform for inexpensive, low-volume, portable bioassays.</a> Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 46 (8), 1318-1320 (2007).</li><li>Martinez, A. W., Phillips, S. T., Whitesides, G. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Diagnostics+for+the+developing+world:+microfluidic+paper-based+analytical+devices.">Diagnostics for the developing world: microfluidic paper-based analytical devices.</a> Anal. Chem. 82 (1), 2-10 (2010).</li><li>Cate, D. M., Adkins, J. A., Mettakoonpitak, J., Henry, C. S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Recent+developments+in+paper-based+microfluidic+devices.">Recent developments in paper-based microfluidic devices.</a> Anal. Chem. 87 (1), 19-41 (2015).</li><li>Li, X., Ballerini, D. R., Shen, W. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+perspective+on+paper-based+microfluidics:+Current+status+and+future+trends.">A perspective on paper-based microfluidics: Current status and future trends.</a> Biomicrofluidics. 6, 011301 (2012).</li><li>Lisowski, P., Zarzycki, P. K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Microfluidic+paper-based+analytical+devices+(&#181;PADs)+and+micro+total+analysis+systems+(&#181;TAS):+Development,+applications+and+future+trends.">Microfluidic paper-based analytical devices (&#181;PADs) and micro total analysis systems (&#181;TAS): Development, applications and future trends.</a> Chromatographia. 76, 1201-1214 (2013).</li><li>Pollock, N. R., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+paper-based+multiplexed+transaminase+test+for+low-cost,+point-of-care+liver+function+testing.">A paper-based multiplexed transaminase test for low-cost, point-of-care liver function testing.</a> Sci. Transl. Med. 4 (152), 152ra129 (2012).</li><li>Mentele, M. M., Cunningham, J., Koehler, K., Volckens, J., Henry, C. S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Microfluidic+paper-based+analytical+device+for+particulate+metals.">Microfluidic paper-based analytical device for particulate metals.</a> Anal. Chem. 84 (10), 4474-4480 (2012).</li><li>Weaver, A. A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Paper+analytical+devices+for+fast+field+screening+of+beta+lactam+antibiotics+and+antituberculosis+pharmaceuticals.">Paper analytical devices for fast field screening of beta lactam antibiotics and antituberculosis pharmaceuticals.</a> Anal. Chem. 85 (13), 6453-6460 (2013).</li><li>Martinez, A. W., Phillips, S. T., Carrilho, E., Thomas, S. W., Sindi, H., Whitesides, G. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Simple+telemedicine+for+developing+regions:+camera+phones+and+paper-based+microfluidic+devices+for+real-time,+off-site+diagnosis.">Simple telemedicine for developing regions: camera phones and paper-based microfluidic devices for real-time, off-site diagnosis.</a> Anal. Chem. 80 (10), 3699-3707 (2008).</li><li>Martinez, A. W., Phillips, S. T., Whitesides, G. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Three-dimensional+microfluidic+devices+fabricated+in+layered+paper+and+tape.">Three-dimensional microfluidic devices fabricated in layered paper and tape.</a> Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 105 (50), 19606-19611 (2008).</li><li>Vella, S. J., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Measuring+markers+of+liver+function+using+a+micro-patterned+paper+device+designed+for+blood+from+a+fingerprick.">Measuring markers of liver function using a micro-patterned paper device designed for blood from a fingerprick.</a> Anal Chem. 84 (6), 2883-2891 (2012).</li><li>Nie, Z., Deiss, F., Liu, X., Akbulut, O., Whitesides, G. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Integration+of+paper-based+microfluidic+devices+with+commercial+electrochemical+readers.">Integration of paper-based microfluidic devices with commercial electrochemical readers.</a> Lab Chip. 10 (22), 3163-3169 (2010).</li><li>Martinez, A. W., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Programmable+diagnostic+devices+made+from+paper+and+tape.">Programmable diagnostic devices made from paper and tape.</a> Lab Chip. 10 (19), 2499-2504 (2010).</li><li>Connelly, J. T., Rolland, J. P., Whitesides, G. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=&#34;Paper+machine&#34;+for+molecular+diagnostics.">&#34;Paper machine&#34; for molecular diagnostics.</a> Anal. Chem. 87 (15), 7595-7601 (2015).</li><li>Schonhorn, J. E., Fernandes, S. C., Rajaratnam, A., Deraney, R. N., Rolland, J. P., Mace, C. R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+device+architecture+for+three-dimensional,+patterned+paper+immunoassays.">A device architecture for three-dimensional, patterned paper immunoassays.</a> Lab Chip. 14 (24), 4653-4658 (2014).</li><li>Fernandes, S. C., Logounov, G. S., Munro, J. B., Mace, C. R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Comparison+of+three+indirect+immunoassay+formats+on+a+common+paper-based+microfluidic+device+architecture.">Comparison of three indirect immunoassay formats on a common paper-based microfluidic device architecture.</a> Anal. Methods. 8 (26), 5204-5211 (2016).</li><li>Deraney, R. N., Mace, C. R., Rolland, J. P., Multiplexed Schonhorn, J. E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=patterned-paper+immunoassay+for+detection+of+malaria+and+dengue+fever.">patterned-paper immunoassay for detection of malaria and dengue fever.</a> Anal. Chem. 88 (12), 6161-6165 (2016).</li><li>Abramoff, M., Magalhaes, P. J., Ram, S. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Image+processing+with+ImageJ.">Image processing with ImageJ.</a> Biophotonics Int. 11 (7), 36-42 (2004).</li><li>Derda, R., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Multizone+paper+platform+for+3D+cell+cultures.">Multizone paper platform for 3D cell cultures.</a> PLoS ONE. 6 (5), e18940 (2011).</li><li>Mace, C. R., Deraney, R. N. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Manufacturing+prototypes+for+paper-based+diagnostic+devices.">Manufacturing prototypes for paper-based diagnostic devices.</a> Microfluid. Nanofluidics. 16 (5), 801-809 (2014).</li><li>Liu, H., Crooks, R. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Three-dimensional+paper+microfluidic+devices+assembled+using+the+principles+of+origami.">Three-dimensional paper microfluidic devices assembled using the principles of origami.</a> J. Am. Chem. Soc. 133 (44), 17564-17566 (2011).</li><li>Kalish, B., Tsutsui, H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Using+Adhesive+patterning+to+construct+3D+paper+microfluidic+devices.">Using Adhesive patterning to construct 3D paper microfluidic devices.</a> J. Vis. Exp. (110), e53805 (2016).</li><li>Scida, K., Cunningham, J. C., Renault, C., Richards, I., Crooks, R. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Simple,+sensitive,+and+quantitative+electrochemical+detection+method+for+paper+analytical+devices.">Simple, sensitive, and quantitative electrochemical detection method for paper analytical devices.</a> Anal. Chem. 86 (13), 6501-6507 (2014).</li><li>Lewis, G. G., DiTucci, M. J., Baker, M. S., Phillips, S. T. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=High+throughput+method+for+prototyping+three-dimensional,+paper-based+microfluidic+devices.">High throughput method for prototyping three-dimensional, paper-based microfluidic devices.</a> Lab Chip. 12 (15), 2630-2633 (2012).</li><li>Kalish, B., Tsutsui, H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Patterned+adhesive+enables+construction+of+nonplanar+three-dimensional+paper+microfluidic+circuits.">Patterned adhesive enables construction of nonplanar three-dimensional paper microfluidic circuits.</a> Lab Chip. 14 (22), 4354-4361 (2014).</li><li>Camplisson, C. K., Schilling, K. M., Pedrotti, W. L., Stone, H. A., Martinez, A. W. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Two-ply+channels+for+faster+wicking+in+paper-based+microfluidic+devices.">Two-ply channels for faster wicking in paper-based microfluidic devices.</a> Lab Chip. 15 (23), 4461-4466 (2015).</li></ol>

Identifikation af en reproducerbar produktionsstrategi er et væsentligt element i analysen udvikling. 22 Vi bruger en sekventiel, lag-på-lag tilgang til at fremstille tredimensionale papirbaserede mikrofluidenheder. I modsætning til de fremgangsmåder, der anvender foldning eller origami til frembringelse flerlagede enheder fra et enkelt ark papir 23, 24 additiv fremstilling giver en række fordele: (i) flere materialer kan inkorporere...

<html> Papir er bredt tilgængelige i en række formuleringer eller kvaliteter, der kan funktionaliseres til at tune sine egenskaber, og kan transportere væsker autonomt ved kapillarvirkning eller fugtspredende. Hvis papiret er mønstret med en hydrofob substans (f.eks fotoresist 1 eller voks 2), det sugende af fluider kan styres rumligt inden et lag af papir. For eksempel kan en anvendt vandig prøve ledes ind i et antal forskellige zoner for at reagere med kemiske og biokemiske reagenser lagret i papiret. Disse papirbaserede mikrofluidenheder har vist sig at være en nyttig platform for udvikling af bærbare og billige analytiske assays 3, 4, 5, 6, 7. Anvendelser af papirbaserede mikrofluidenheder omfatter point-of-care diagnostikef &quot;&gt; 8, overvågning af miljøbelastende stoffer 9, afsløring af forfalskede lægemidler 10, og delokaliseret sundhedspleje (eller&quot; telemedicin &quot;) i begrænset ressource indstillinger 11. Flere lag af mønstret papir kan samles til en integreret enhed, hvor hydrofile zoner fra tilstødende lag (dvs. over eller under) tilsluttes til at danne kontinuerte fluide netværk, hvis ind- og udgange kan kobles eller venstre uafhængig. 12 Hvert lag kan omfatte et unikt mønster, som muliggør den rumlige adskillelse af reagenser og multiple assays, der skal udføres på en enkelt enhed. Den resulterende tredimensionelle mikrofluidanordning er ikke kun i stand til fugtspredende væsker til at muliggøre analytiske analyser (f.eks leverfunktionstest 13 og elektrokemisk detektion af små molekyler 14), men det kan også suphavn en række avancerede funktioner (f.eks, ventiler 15 og enkle maskiner 16) er fælles for de traditionelle mikrofluide tilgange. Vigtigt er det, fordi papiret væger væsker ved kapillarvirkning, disse enheder kan betjenes med en minimal indsats fra brugeren. Da reagenser kan opbevares inden den tredimensionale arkitektur af en papir-baseret enhed, kan komplekse protokoller reduceres til en enkelt tilsætning af vandig prøve til en enhed. Vi har for nylig indført et generelt tredimensionalt enhed arkitektur, der kan anvendes til udvikling af papirbaserede immunoassays under anvendelse af voks-trykketeknik til at skabe mønstrede lag. 17, 18 Disse undersøgelser fokuserede på, hvordan aspekter i forbindelse med udformningen af indretningen-antal stablede lag anvendes, sammensætning af lagene, og mønsteret af den tredimensionale mikrofluid net-kontrollerede samlede prformance af immunoassay. I sidste ende, var vi i stand til at bruge disse design regler for at fremme en hurtig udvikling af en multiplex immunoassay 19. I dette manuskript, en tidligere udviklet immunassay til human choriongonadotropin (hCG; graviditet hormon) er 17 anvendes som et eksempel for at illustrere de strategier, vi har udviklet til montering og fremstilling af tredimensionelle papirbaserede immunoassays. Følgelig vi fokuserer på montering og drift af en indretning snarere end udviklingen af ​​et assay. I et sandwich-immunassay, som er det format, der bruges til at påvise hCG, et indfangende antistof specifikt for en underenhed af hormonet overtrækkes på et fast substrat, som derefter blokeres at begrænse den ikke-specifikke adsorption af en prøve eller enhver efterfølgende reagens. Dette substrat er oftest en polystyren mikrobrønd-plade (fx til et enzymbundet immunosorbentassay eller ELISA). Prøven er dereftertilsat til en brønd og fik lov at inkubere i en tidsperiode. Efter grundig vaskning et antistof specifikt for den anden underenhed af hCG tilsat og fik lov til at inkubere. Denne påvisning antistof kan konjugeres til en kolloid partikel, enzym eller fluorofor for at frembringe et måleligt signal. Brønden vaskes igen før fortolkning af resultaterne af et assay (fx under anvendelse af en pladelæser). Mens kommercielle kit stole på denne tidskrævende flertrinsproces, kan alle disse trin udføres hurtigt i papirbaserede mikrofluidenheder med minimal indgriben til brugeren. Den enhed, der bruges til hCG immunoassay omfatter seks aktive lag, som, fra top til bund, der anvendes til prøven kommer, konjugat opbevaring, inkubation, opsamling, vask, og blot (figur 1). Prøven tilsætning lag er lavet af groft filtrerpapir. Det letter indføring af en væskeprøve og beskytter reagenserne i konjugatet Layer fra forurening fra miljøet eller utilsigtet kontakt af brugeren. Konjugatet lag (groft filtrerpapir) holder farveproducerende reagens (f.eks kolloidt guld-mærket antistof) for immunoassay. Inkubationen lag (groft filtrerpapir) tillader prøven at rejse sideværts i planet af arket til fremme binding af analytten med reagenser, før de når det næste lag, indfangning lag. Indfangning lag (nylonmembran) indeholder ligander specifikke for analytten adsorberes på materialet. Efter assayet er udført, dette lag afsløret at muliggøre visualisering af den færdige immunkompleks. Vask lag (groft filtrerpapir) trækker overskydende væske, herunder gratis konjugerede reagenser væk fra ansigtet af capture lag ind blottet lag (tykt kromatografi papir). De seks-lag enhed holdes sammen af ​​fem lag af mønstret, dobbeltsidet klæbende: fire lag permanent klæbemiddel bevare integriteten af ​​monteblødte enhed og et lag af aftageligt klæbemiddel letter skrælning af indretningen til at inspicere resultatet af immunoassay om indfangning lag. Med henblik på dette manuskript, vi bruger negative og positive kontrolprøver af hCG (0 mIU / ml og 81 mIU / mL) for at tilvejebringe repræsentative resultater af en papirbaseret immunassay, som tillader en dedikeret diskussion af forholdet mellem fabrikation metoder og udførelsen af ​​en enhed. Ud over at demonstrere hvordan man fremstiller enheder med succes, fremhæver vi flere fabrikationsfejl, der kan føre til svigt af en enhed eller reproducerbare analyseresultater. Protokollen og diskussion beskrevet i dette manuskript vil give forskerne med værdifuld indsigt i, hvordan papirbaserede immunoassays er designet og fabrikeret. Mens vi fokuserer vores demonstration på immunoassays, forventer vi, at de retningslinjer, der præsenteres heri, vil være bredt anvendelig til fremstilling af tredimensionellsionelle papirbaserede mikrofluidenheder.

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="1059">
	<tbody>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:447px;">Illustrator CC</td>
			<td style="width:135px;">Adobe</td>
			<td style="width:175px;"></td>
			<td style="width:304px;">to design patterns for layers of paper and adhesive</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:447px;">Xerox ColorQube 8580 printer</td>
			<td style="width:135px;">Amazon</td>
			<td style="width:175px;">B00R92C9DI</td>
			<td>to print wax patterns onto layers of paper and Nylon</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:447px;">Isotemp General Purpose Heating and Drying Oven</td>
			<td style="width:135px;">Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td style="width:175px;">15-103-0509</td>
			<td>to melt wax into paper</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Artograph LightTracer</td>
			<td style="width:135px;">Amazon</td>
			<td style="width:175px;">B000KNHRH6</td>
			<td>to assist with alignment of layers</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:447px;">Apache AL13P laminator</td>
			<td style="width:135px;">Amazon</td>
			<td style="width:175px;">B00AXHSZU2</td>
			<td>to laminate layers together</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Graphtec CE6000 Cutting Plotter</td>
			<td style="width:135px;">Graphtec America</td>
			<td style="width:175px;">CE6000-40</td>
			<td>to pattern adhesive films</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Swingline paper cutter</td>
			<td style="width:135px;">Amazon</td>
			<td style="width:175px;">B0006VNY4C</td>
			<td>to cut paper or devices</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Epson Perfection V500 photo scanner</td>
			<td style="width:135px;">Amazon</td>
			<td style="width:175px;">B000VG4AY0</td>
			<td>to scan images of readout layer</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">economy plier-action hole punch</td>
			<td style="width:135px;">McMaster-Carr</td>
			<td>3488A9</td>
			<td>to remove alignment holes&#160;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:447px;">Whatman chromatogrpahy paper, Grade 4</td>
			<td style="width:135px;">Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td>WHA1004917</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:447px;">Fisherbrand chromatography paper (thick)&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:135px;">Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>05-714-4</td>
			<td>to function as blot layer</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:447px;">Immunodyne ABC (0.45 &#181;m pore size )</td>
			<td style="width:135px;">Pall Corporation</td>
			<td>NBCHI3R</td>
			<td>to function as material for capture layer</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:447px;">removable/permanent adhesive-double faced liner</td>
			<td style="width:135px;">FLEXcon</td>
			<td style="width:175px;">DF021621</td>
			<td>to facilitate peeling</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:447px;">permanent adhesive-double faced liner</td>
			<td style="width:135px;">FLEXcon</td>
			<td style="width:175px;">DF051521</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="18">
			<td height="18" style="height:19px;width:447px;">wax liner</td>
			<td style="width:135px;">FLEXcon</td>
			<td style="width:175px;">FLEXMARK 80 D/F PFW LINER</td>
			<td>to assist with patterning adhesive</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:447px;">acrylic sheet</td>
			<td style="width:135px;">McMaster-Carr</td>
			<td style="width:175px;">8560K266&#160;</td>
			<td>to fabricate frame</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:447px;">self-adhesive sheets</td>
			<td style="width:135px;">Fellowes</td>
			<td style="width:175px;">CRC52215</td>
			<td>to use as protective slip</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:447px;">absolute ethanol</td>
			<td style="width:135px;">VWR</td>
			<td style="width:175px;">89125-172</td>
			<td>to sanitize work area</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:447px;">bovine serum albumin</td>
			<td style="width:135px;">AMRESCO</td>
			<td style="width:175px;">0332</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Sekisui Diagnostics OSOM hCG Urine Controls</td>
			<td style="width:135px;">Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>22-071-066</td>
			<td>to use as positive and negative samples</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">anti-&#946;-hCG monoclonal antibody colloidal gold conjugate (clone 1)</td>
			<td style="width:135px;">Arista Biologicals&#160;</td>
			<td>CGBCG-0701</td>
			<td>to treat conjugate layer</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">goat anti-&#945;-hCG antibody</td>
			<td style="width:135px;">Arista Biologicals&#160;</td>
			<td>ABACG-0500</td>
			<td>to treat capture layer</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:447px;">10X phosphate buffered saline</td>
			<td style="width:135px;">Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td style="width:175px;">BP3991</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:447px;">Oxoid skim milk powder</td>
			<td style="width:135px;">Thermo Scientific</td>
			<td style="width:175px;">OXLP0031B</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:447px;">Tween 20</td>
			<td style="width:135px;">AMRESCO</td>
			<td style="width:175px;">M147</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

fabrication of three-dimensional paper-based microfluidic devices for immunoassays

Papir væger væsker autonomt skyldes kapillarvirkning. Ved mønstring papir med hydrofobe barrierer, kan transporten af ​​fluider blive kontrolleret og styret inden for et lag af papir. Desuden stabling af flere lag af mønstret papir skaber sofistikerede tredimensionelle mikrofluide netværk, der kan støtte udviklingen af ​​analytiske og bioanalytiske analyser. Papirbaserede mikrofluidenheder er billig, bærbar, let at bruge, og kræver ingen ekstern udstyr kan fungere. Som et resultat, de holder meget lovende som en platform for point-of-care diagnostik. For at kunne vurdere anvendeligheden og analytisk ydeevne papir-baserede enheder, skal der udvikles egnede metoder for at sikre deres fremstilling er reproducerbar og på en skala, der er passende for laboratoriet indstillinger. I dette manuskript, en fremgangsmåde fabrikere en generel enhed arkitektur, der kan anvendes til papirbaserede immunoassays er beskrevet. Vi bruger en form for additiv manufacturing (flerlags laminering) at forberede enheder, der omfatter flere lag mønstret papir og mønstret klæbemiddel. Ud over at demonstrere den korrekte anvendelse af disse tredimensionelle papirbaserede mikrofluidenheder med en immunoassay for humant choriongonadotropin (hCG), er fejl i fremstillingsprocessen, der kan resultere i enhedens fiaskoer diskuteret. Vi forventer, at denne tilgang til fremstilling af papir-baserede enheder vil finde bred anvendelighed i udviklingen af ​​analytiske applikationer designet specielt til indstillinger begrænset ressource.

Indhentning reproducerbare assay forestillinger i tre-dimensionelle papirbaserede mikrofluidenheder er afhængig af en fremstillingsmetode, der sikrer sammenhæng mellem enheder. Mod dette mål, har vi identificeret en række fremstillingsprocesser og materielle overvejelser, og diskutere dem her i forbindelse med at demonstrere en papirbaseret immunoassay. Vi bruger en voks trykmetode at danne hydrofobe barrierer på papirbaserede mikrofluidenheder (figur 2A). <sup clas...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Fabrication of Three-dimensional Paper-based Microfluidic Devices for Immunoassays at JoVE.com

Fabrication of Three-dimensional Paper-based Microfluidic Devices for Immunoassays

Vi detalje en metode til at fremstille tredimensionale papirbaserede mikrofluidenheder til anvendelse i udviklingen af ​​immunoassays. Vores tilgang til enhed forsamling er en type af flerlagede, additiv produktion. Vi demonstrerer en sandwich-immunassay til at give repræsentative resultater for disse typer af papir-baserede enheder.

Fremstilling af Tre-dimensionel papir-baserede mikrofluidenheder for Immunoassays

Paper wicks fluids autonomously due to capillary action. By patterning paper with hydrophobic barriers, the transport of fluids can be controlled and ...

Research

JoVE Journal

Bioengineering

Planar and Three-Dimensional Printing of Conductive Inks

Planar-og tredimensionelle Udskrivning af ledende blæk

Printed electronics rely on low-cost, large-area fabrication routes to create flexible or multidimensional electronic, optoelectronic, and biomedical ...

Human Cartilage Tissue Fabrication Using Three-dimensional Inkjet Printing Technology

Menneskelige bruskvæv Fabrication Brug Tre-dimensionel Inkjet Printing Technology

Bioprinting, which is based on thermal inkjet printing, is one of the most attractive enabling technologies in the field of tissue engineering and ...

Analysis of Cell Migration within a Three-dimensional Collagen Matrix

Analyse af Cell Migration inden for en tre-dimensionel kollagenmatrix

The ability to migrate is a hallmark of various cell types and plays a crucial role in several physiological processes, including&#160;embryonic ...

Paper-based Devices for Isolation and Characterization of Extracellular Vesicles

Papir-baserede enheder til isolering og karakterisering af ekstracellulær Vesikler

Extracellular vesicles (EVs), membranous particles released from various types of cells, hold a great potential for clinical applications. They contain ...

Layer-by-layer Collagen Deposition in Microfluidic Devices for Microtissue Stabilization

Layer-by-lags kollagenaflejring i mikrofluidapparater for Microtissue Stabilisering

Although microfluidics provides exquisite control of the cellular microenvironment, culturing cells within microfluidic devices can be challenging. 3D ...

Rod-based Fabrication of Customizable Soft Robotic Pneumatic Gripper Devices for Delicate Tissue Manipulation

Rod-baserede Fabrikation af tilpasses Soft Robotic pneumatisk griber Devices for Delicate Tissue manipulation

Soft compliant gripping is essential in delicate surgical manipulation for minimizing the risk of tissue grip damage caused by high stress concentrations ...

Fabrication of Inverted Colloidal Crystal Poly(ethylene glycol) Scaffold: A Three-dimensional Cell Culture Platform for Liver Tissue Engineering

Fabrication of Inverted Colloidal Crystal Polyethylene glycol Scaffold: A Three-dimensional Cell Culture Platform for Liver Tissue Engineering

Fabrikation af Inverted Kolloid Crystal Poly (ethylenglycol) Stillads: En Tre-dimensionel Cell Culture Platform for levervæv Engineering

The ability to maintain hepatocyte function in vitro, for the purpose of testing xenobiotics&#39; cytotoxicity, studying virus infection and developing ...

Multi-step Variable Height Photolithography for Valved Multilayer Microfluidic Devices

Multi-trins Variabel Højde Fotolitografi for med ventiler Multilayer mikrofluidenheder

Microfluidic systems have enabled powerful new approaches to high-throughput biochemical and biological analysis. However, there remains a barrier to ...

A Simple and Scalable Fabrication Method for Organic Electronic Devices on Textiles

En simpel og skalerbar Fabrication Metode til Økologisk Elektroniske enheder om tekstiler

Today, wearable electronics devices combine a large variety of functional, stretchable, and flexible technologies. However, in many cases, these devices ...

Three-dimensional Printing of Thermoplastic Materials to Create Automated Syringe Pumps with Feedback Control for Microfluidic Applications

Tre-dimensionelle udskrivning af termoplastiske materialer til at oprette automatiseret sprøjte pumper med Feedback kontrol for mikrofluid programmer

Microfluidics has become a critical tool in research across the biological, chemical, and physical sciences. One important component of microfluidic ...