Name: evaluating the effect of environmental chemicals on honey bee development from the individual to colony level
Uploaded: 2017-04-01T14:00:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Evaluating the Effect of Environmental Chemicals on Honey Bee Development from the Individual to Colony Level at JoVE.com

Esta investigación fue apoyada por Grant 105AS-13.2.3-BQ-B1 de la Oficina de Salud de Animales y Plantas de Inspección y Cuarentena, el Consejo de Agricultura, Yuan Ejecutivo y Grant 103 a 2313-B-197-002-MY3 del Ministerio de Ciencia y Tecnología (MOST).

1. Preparativos <ol><li> Hacer 1 litro de jarabe de azúcar al 50%. Disolver 1 kg de sacarosa en 1 L ddH 2 O. </li><li> Preparar la solución de piriproxifeno (PPN) en BLD. Hacer 1,1 L de 10000 ppm solución PPN de stock y diluir 100 ml de solución de PPN en 1 L esterilizado ddH 2 O. Almacenar a 4 ° C. </li><li> Diluir la solución madre PPN a concentraciones finales de 0,1, 1, 10 y 100 mg / kg (ppm) en el BLD para el siguiente experimento. </li><li> Hacer PPN-jarabe (para el nivel de colonia)....

<ol>
	<li>Ruffi nengo, S. R., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Integrated+pest+management+to+control+Varroa+destructor+and+its+implications+to+Apis+mellifera+colonies.">Integrated pest management to control Varroa destructor and its implications to Apis mellifera colonies.</a> Zootecnia Trop. 32 (2), 149-168 (2014).</li><li>Mullin, C. A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=High+levels+of+miticides+and+agrochemicals+in+North+American+apiaries,+implications+for+honey+bee+health.">High levels of miticides and agrochemicals in North American apiaries, implications for honey bee health.</a> PLoS One. 5, e9754 (2010).</li><li>Lu, C. A., Chang, C. H., Tao, L., Chen, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Distributions+of+neonicotinoid+insecticides+in+the+Commonwealth+of+Massachusetts,+a+temporal+and+spatial+variation+analysis+for+pollen+and+honey+samples.">Distributions of neonicotinoid insecticides in the Commonwealth of Massachusetts, a temporal and spatial variation analysis for pollen and honey samples.</a> Environ. Chem. 13, 4-11 (2016).</li><li>Tsai, W. T. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Analysis+of+coupling+the+pesticide+use+reduction+with+environmental+policy+for+agricultural+sustainability+in+Taiwan.">Analysis of coupling the pesticide use reduction with environmental policy for agricultural sustainability in Taiwan.</a> Environ. &amp; Pollut. 2, 59-65 (2013).</li><li>Weng, Z. H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Pesticide+market+status+and+development+trend+(in+Chinese).">Pesticide market status and development trend (in Chinese).</a> PRIDE. , (2016).</li><li>Kevan, P. G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Pollinators+as+bioindicators+of+the+state+of+the+environment,+species,+activity+and+diversity.">Pollinators as bioindicators of the state of the environment, species, activity and diversity.</a> Agric. Ecosys. Environ. 74 (1-3), 373-393 (1999).</li><li>Kevan, P. G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Forest+application+of+the+insecticide+fenitrothion+and+its+effect+on+wild+bee+pollinators+(Hymenoptera:+Apoidea)+of+lowbush+blueberries+(Vaccinium+SPP.)+in+Southern+New+Brunswick,+Canada.">Forest application of the insecticide fenitrothion and its effect on wild bee pollinators (Hymenoptera: Apoidea) of lowbush blueberries (Vaccinium SPP.) in Southern New Brunswick, Canada.</a> Biol. Conserv. 7, 301-309 (1975).</li><li>Crane, E., Walker, P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> The impact of pest management on bees and pollination. , (1983).</li><li>Haouar, M., Decormis, L., Rey, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Fluvalinate+applied+to+flowering+apple+trees-contamination+of+honey-gathering+bees+and+hive+products.">Fluvalinate applied to flowering apple trees-contamination of honey-gathering bees and hive products.</a> Agronomie. 10 (2), 133-137 (1990).</li><li>Chauzat, M. P., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+survey+of+pesticide+residues+in+pollen+loads+collected+by+honey+bees+in+France.">A survey of pesticide residues in pollen loads collected by honey bees in France.</a> J. Econ. Entomol. 99 (2), 253-262 (2006).</li><li>Bonzini, S., Tremolada, P., Bernardinelli, I., Colombo, M., Vighi, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Predicting+pesticide+fate+in+the+hive+(part+1),+experimentally+determined+&#964;-fluvalinate+residues+in+bees,+honey+and+wax.">Predicting pesticide fate in the hive (part 1), experimentally determined &#964;-fluvalinate residues in bees, honey and wax.</a> Apidologie. 42 (3), 378 (2011).</li><li>Sanchez-Bayo, F., Goka, K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Pesticide+residues+and+bees-a+risk+assessment.">Pesticide residues and bees-a risk assessment.</a> PLoS One. 9 (4), e94482 (2014).</li><li>Johnson, R. M., Ellis, M. D., Mullin, C. A., Frazier, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Pesticides+and+honey+bee+toxicity-USA.">Pesticides and honey bee toxicity-USA.</a> Apidologie. 41, 312-331 (2010).</li><li>Yang, E. C., Chang, H. C., Wu, W. Y., Chen, Y. W. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Impaired+olfactory+associative+behavior+of+honeybee+workers+due+to+contamination+of+imidacloprid+in+the+larval+stage.">Impaired olfactory associative behavior of honeybee workers due to contamination of imidacloprid in the larval stage.</a> PLoS One. 7, e49472 (2012).</li><li>Urlacher, E., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Measurements+of+chlorpyrifos+levels+in+forager+bees+and+comparison+with+levels+that+disrupt+honey+bee+odor-mediated+learning+under+laboratory+conditions.">Measurements of chlorpyrifos levels in forager bees and comparison with levels that disrupt honey bee odor-mediated learning under laboratory conditions.</a> J. Chem. Ecol. 42 (2), 127-138 (2016).</li><li>Chen, Y. W., Wu, P. S., Yang, E. C., Nai, Y. S., Huang, Z. Y. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+impact+of+pyriproxyfen+on+the+development+of+honey+bee+(Apis+mellifera+L.)+colony+in+field.">The impact of pyriproxyfen on the development of honey bee (Apis mellifera L.) colony in field.</a> J. Asia Pac. Entomol. 19 (3), 589-594 (2016).</li><li>Dennehy, T. J., DrGain, B. A., Harpold, V. S., Brink, S. A., Nichols, R. L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> Whitefly Resistance to Insecticides in Arizona: 2002 and 2003 Results. , 1926-1938 (2004).</li><li>Yang, E. C., Wu, P. S., Chang, H. C., Chen, Y. W. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Effect+of+sub-lethal+dosages+of+insecticides+on+honey+bee+behavior+and+physiology.">Effect of sub-lethal dosages of insecticides on honey bee behavior and physiology.</a> , (2010).</li><li>Fourrier, J., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Larval+exposure+to+the+juvenile+hormone+analog+pyriproxyfen+disrupts+acceptance+of+and+social+behavior+performance+in+adult+honey+bees.">Larval exposure to the juvenile hormone analog pyriproxyfen disrupts acceptance of and social behavior performance in adult honey bees.</a> PLoS One. 10, e0132985 (2015).</li><li>Hanley, A. V., Huang, Z. Y., Pett, W. L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Effects+of+dietary+transgenic+Bt+corn+pollen+on+larvae+of+Apis+mellifera+and+Galleria+mellonella.">Effects of dietary transgenic Bt corn pollen on larvae of Apis mellifera and Galleria mellonella.</a> J. Apicult.Res. 42 (4), 77-81 (2003).</li><li>Kaftanoglu, O., Linksvayer, T. A., Page, R. E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Rearing+honey+bees,+apis+mellifera,+in+vitro+1,+effects+of+sugar+concentrations+on+survival+and+development.">Rearing honey bees, apis mellifera, in vitro 1, effects of sugar concentrations on survival and development.</a> J. Insect Sci. 11 (96), 1-10 (2011).</li><li>Vandenberg, J. D., Shimanuki, H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Technique+for+rearing+worker+honey+bees+in+the+laboratory.">Technique for rearing worker honey bees in the laboratory.</a> J. Apicult. Res. 26 (2), 90-97 (1987).</li><li>Peng, Y. S. C., Mussen, E., Fong, A., Montague, M. A., Tyler, T. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Effects+of+chlortetracycline+on+honey+bee+worker+larvae+reared+in+vitro.">Effects of chlortetracycline on honey bee worker larvae reared in vitro.</a> J. Invertebr.Pathol. 60 (2), 127-133 (1992).</li><li>Bitondi, M. M., Mora, I. M., Simoes, Z. L., Figueiredo, V. L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+Apis+mellifera+pupal+melanization+program+is+affected+by+treatment+with+a+juvenile+hormone+analogue.">The Apis mellifera pupal melanization program is affected by treatment with a juvenile hormone analogue.</a> J. Insect Physiol. 44 (5-6), 499-507 (1998).</li><li>Zufelato, M. S., Bitondi, M. M., Simoes, Z. L., Hartfelder, K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+juvenile+hormone+analog+pyriproxyfen+affects+ecdysteroid-dependent+cuticle+melanization+and+shifts+the+pupal+ecdysteroid+peak+in+the+honey+bee+(Apis+mellifera).">The juvenile hormone analog pyriproxyfen affects ecdysteroid-dependent cuticle melanization and shifts the pupal ecdysteroid peak in the honey bee (Apis mellifera).</a> Arthropod Struct. Dev. 29 (2), 111-119 (2000).</li><li>Santos, A. E., Bitondi, M. M., Simoes, Z. L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Hormone-dependent+protein+patterns+in+integument+and+cuticular+pigmentation+in+Apis+mellifera+during+pharate+adult+development.">Hormone-dependent protein patterns in integument and cuticular pigmentation in Apis mellifera during pharate adult development.</a> J. Insect Physiol. 47 (11), 1275-1282 (2001).</li><li>Brouwers, E. V. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Glucose/Fructose+ratio+in+the+food+of+honeybee+larvae+during+caste+differentiation.">Glucose/Fructose ratio in the food of honeybee larvae during caste differentiation.</a> J. Apicult.Res. 23 (2), 94-101 (1984).</li><li>Howe, S. R., Dimick, P. S., Benton, A. W. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Composition+of+freshly+harvested+and+commercial+royal+jelly.">Composition of freshly harvested and commercial royal jelly.</a> J. Apicult. Res. 24 (1), 52-61 (1985).</li></ol>

El método de puesta de huevos de la reina-limitado y el método de intercambio de reina son pasos críticos para la creación de grupos de abejas para las pruebas de campo dentro de este protocolo. El método de puesta de huevos doble limitado permite la sincronización del ciclo de vida de las abejas de miel. En consecuencia, los investigadores pueden seleccionar las larvas de 1 día de edad de la misma edad para el tratamiento con diferentes dosis de pesticidas. Para el método de intercambio de reina, la reina se in...

La presencia de pesticidas en el medio ambiente es uno de los problemas más graves que afecta a la vida de una abeja de la miel 1, 2, 3. Varios estudios han demostrado la presencia común de residuos de plaguicidas en las colonias de abejas de miel y productos de abeja. En Taiwán, el medio de aplicación de pesticidas era 11-12 kg / ha cada año (de 2005 a 2013). La cantidad de plaguicidas utilizados en Taiwán es superior a la de los países de la UE, y los países de América Latina 4, 5. En otras palabras, el medio ambiente apícola sufre estrés pesticidas grave, especialmente en Taiwán y posiblemente en otros países. La abeja de la miel Apis mellifera es uno de los principales polinizadores en los sistemas agrícolas 6 y que también produce productos valiosos tales como la miel. Sin embargo, las abejas de miel son exposicionesed a diversos pesticidas y estos pesticidas puede ser llevado de vuelta a colmenas después de forrajeo en las flores que han sido rociados con pesticidas cuando la recolección de néctar y el polen 7, 8. También pueden estar expuestos a los pesticidas por los propios apicultores con el objetivo de controlar los problemas de plagas dentro de las colmenas 9, 10, 11. Debido a que las larvas de abejas se alimentan por las abejas nodrizas para su desarrollo, las larvas de zánganos, e incluso la reina puede estar expuesto a estos néctares y polen 12 contaminadas con pesticidas. La toxicidad de diversos plaguicidas para las abejas de miel debe abordarse 13. Se han hecho muchos esfuerzos para evaluar los problemas de residuos de plaguicidas ambientales. Yang et al. puesto a prueba la influencia del insecticida imidacloprid neurotóxico en el desarrollo de las larvas de abeja de la miel en elcolmena y informó que una dosis sub-letal de imidacloprid resultó en el comportamiento asociativo olfativo de las abejas adultas 14. También, Urlacher et al. examinado los efectos subletales de un pesticida organofosforado clorpirifos, el rendimiento de aprendizaje de un trabajador abeja de la miel en condiciones de laboratorio 15. En nuestro estudio anterior, se evaluó el impacto de un regulador del crecimiento de insectos (IGR), piriproxifeno (PPN), sobre larvas de las abejas de miel 16. En este trabajo, presentamos los métodos para evaluar los impactos químicos en el desarrollo de las abejas de miel. Miel métodos de alimentación de abejas se describieron y aplicarse a las abejas de la miel individuales o a una colonia. En un primer momento, hemos probado diferentes concentraciones de la dieta básica de larvas contaminado con pesticidas (DAC) sobre las larvas en las colonias para evaluar el impacto de los pesticidas en las abejas individuales en vivo. a continuación, se procedió a simular el Condit naturalesiones del pesticida mediante el uso de jarabe contaminado con pesticidas dentro de colmenas. En este método, PPN, que se utiliza ampliamente contra plagas de insectos 17 y es perjudicial para el desarrollo de las larvas de abeja de la miel y pupas 16, 18, 19, será un indicador para representar el efecto negativo del pesticida en el campo.

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="887">
	<tbody>
		<tr height="22">
			<td height="22" style="height:22px;width:193px;">Honey bee box</td>
			<td style="width:243px;">SAN-YI Honey Factory</td>
			<td style="width:155px;">W1266</td>
			<td style="width:297px;">Honeybees rearing</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:193px;">Queen excluder (between frames)</td>
			<td style="width:243px;">SAN-YI Honey Factory</td>
			<td style="width:155px;">I1575</td>
			<td style="width:297px;">Queen limitation&#160;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="23">
			<td height="23" style="height:23px;width:193px;">Queen excluder (on top )</td>
			<td style="width:243px;">SAN-YI Honey Factory</td>
			<td style="width:155px;">I1566</td>
			<td style="width:297px;">Queen limitation on top&#160;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="23">
			<td height="23" style="height:23px;width:193px;">Bee brush</td>
			<td style="width:243px;">SAN-YI Honey Factory, Taiwan</td>
			<td>W1414</td>
			<td style="width:297px;">clean the bees on frame gently</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="18">
			<td height="18" style="height:18px;width:193px;">Bee feeder</td>
			<td style="width:243px;">SAN-YI Honey Factory, Taiwan</td>
			<td>P0219</td>
			<td style="width:297px;">feed sugar syrup to colony</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="63">
			<td height="63" style="height:63px;">Transparent slide</td>
			<td style="width:243px;">Wan-Shih-Chei, Taiwan (http://www.mbsc.com.tw/a01goods.asp?s_id=40)</td>
			<td>1139</td>
			<td style="width:297px;">Mark the larval area on the frames (Material: Polyethylene Terephthalate, PET) (Size= Length*Width*thick= 29.7mm*21mm*0.1mm)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:193px;">24 well tissu culture plate</td>
			<td style="width:243px;">Guangzhou Jet Bio-Filtration Co., Ltd</td>
			<td style="width:155px;">TCP011024</td>
			<td style="width:297px;">Rearing pupae from extraction</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:193px;">Autoclave</td>
			<td style="width:243px;">Tomin medical equipmenco., LTD.</td>
			<td style="width:155px;">TM-321</td>
			<td style="width:297px;">Make sterilized distilled deionized water (ddH2O)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:193px;">P20 pipetman</td>
			<td style="width:243px;">Gilson</td>
			<td style="width:155px;">F123600</td>
			<td style="width:297px;">Add PPN into bee larval food pool</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="25">
			<td height="25" style="height:25px;width:193px;">Incubator&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:243px;">Yihder Co., Ltd.</td>
			<td style="width:155px;">LE-550RD</td>
			<td style="width:297px;">Rearing pupae from extraction</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="23">
			<td height="23" style="height:23px;width:193px;">Kimwipes</td>
			<td style="width:243px;">COW LUNG INSTRUMENT CO., LTD</td>
			<td style="width:155px;">KCS34155</td>
			<td style="width:297px;">Rearing pupae from extraction</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="22">
			<td height="22" style="height:22px;width:193px;">Royal jelly</td>
			<td style="width:243px;">National Ilan University (NIU)</td>
			<td style="width:155px;">NIU</td>
			<td style="width:297px;">Make basic larval diet (BLD)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:193px;">D-(+)-Glucose</td>
			<td style="width:243px;">Sigma</td>
			<td style="width:155px;">G8270</td>
			<td style="width:297px;">Make basic larval diet (BLD)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:193px;">D-(-)-Fructose</td>
			<td style="width:243px;">Sigma</td>
			<td style="width:155px;">F0127</td>
			<td style="width:297px;">Make basic larval diet (BLD)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:193px;">Yeast extract</td>
			<td style="width:243px;">CONDA, pronadisa</td>
			<td style="width:155px;">1702</td>
			<td style="width:297px;">Make basic larval diet (BLD)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:193px;">Sucrose</td>
			<td style="width:243px;">Taiwan sugar coporation</td>
			<td style="width:155px;">E01071010</td>
			<td style="width:297px;">Make sugar syrup for bee food</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:193px;">Pyriproxyfen (11%)</td>
			<td style="width:243px;">LIH-NUNG CHEMICAL CO.. LTD.</td>
			<td style="width:155px;">Registration No. 1937</td>
			<td style="width:297px;">Insect growth regulator (IGR) used in the experiment</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

evaluating the effect of environmental chemicals on honey bee development from the individual to colony level

The presence of pesticides in the beekeeping environment is one of the most serious problems that impacts the life of a honey bee. Pesticides can be brought back to the beehive after the bees have foraged on flowers that have been sprayed with pesticides. Pesticide contaminated food can be exchanged between workers which then feed larvae and therefore can potentially affect the development of honey bees. Thus, residual pesticides in the environment can become a chronic damaging factor to honey bee populations and gradually lead to colony collapse. In the presented protocol, honey bee feeding methods are described and applied to either an individual honey bee or to a colony. Here, the insect growth regulator (IGR) pyriproxyfen (PPN), which is widely used to control pest insects and is harmful to the development of honey bee larvae and pupae, is used as the pesticide. The presenting procedure can be applied to other potentially harmful chemicals or honeybee pathogens for further studies.

Para la prueba de campo de abeja de la miel, una reina se limitó a la sección 4-marco para la puesta de huevos. Este paso podría aumentar la densidad de cría en un marco y facilitar observaciones subsiguientes. Cada tratamiento fue etiquetado, y el desarrollo de las abejas de la miel se observa claramente a través de una diapositiva transparente. En la alimentación in vivo de PPN-BLD para las larvas de abeja de la miel en la colmena se realizó para evaluar con pr...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Evaluating the Effect of Environmental Chemicals on Honey Bee Development from the Individual to Colony Level at JoVE.com

Evaluating the Effect of Environmental Chemicals on Honey Bee Development from the Individual to Colony Level

El presente artículo presenta un método para alimentar pesticida alimentos contaminados tanto a una abeja de la miel individual y una colonia de colmena. El procedimiento se evalúa el efecto de pesticidas en las abejas individuales por la alimentación in vivo de la dieta básica de larvas y también en la condición natural de la colonia de colmena.

Evaluar el efecto de sustancias químicas ambientales en la miel de abeja Desarrollo de la colonia individual a nivel

The presence of pesticides in the beekeeping environment is one of the most serious problems that impacts the life of a honey bee. Pesticides can be ...

Research

JoVE Journal

Environment

Automated Gel Size Selection to Improve the Quality of Next-generation Sequencing Libraries Prepared from Environmental Water Samples

Automatizado Gel Tamaño Selección para mejorar la calidad de las bibliotecas de secuenciación de próxima generación Preparado a partir de muestras de agua del medio ambiente

Next-generation sequencing of environmental samples can be challenging because of the variable DNA quantity and quality in these samples. High quality DNA ...

Investigación

Medio ambiente

Exploring the Effects of Atmospheric Forcings on Evaporation: Experimental Integration of the Atmospheric Boundary Layer and Shallow Subsurface

La exploración de los efectos de los forzamientos atmosféricos de evaporación: Integración experimental de la capa límite atmosférica y superficial del subsuelo

Evaporation is directly influenced by the interactions between the atmosphere, land surface and soil subsurface. This work aims to experimentally study ...

Removal of Trace Elements by Cupric Oxide Nanoparticles from Uranium In Situ Recovery Bleed Water and Its Effect on Cell Viability

Removal of Trace Elements by Cupric Oxide Nanoparticles from Uranium In Situ Recovery Bleed Water and Its Effect on Cell Viability

La eliminación de oligoelementos por cúprico Óxido nanopartículas de uranio<em&gt; In Situ</em&gt; Recuperación de purga de agua y su efecto sobre la viabilidad celular

In situ recovery (ISR) is the predominant method of uranium extraction in the United States. During ISR, uranium is leached from an ore body and extracted ...

A Flow-through Exposure System for Evaluating Suspended Sediments Effects on Aquatic Life

Un sistema de exposición de flujo continuo para la evaluación de sedimentos suspendidos efectos sobre la vida acuática

This paper describes the Fish Larvae and Egg Exposure System (FLEES). The flow-through exposure system is used to investigate the effects of suspended ...

Extraction of Organochlorine Pesticides from Plastic Pellets and Plastic Type Analysis

Extracción de plaguicidas organoclorados de pellets de plástico y análisis de tipos de plástico

Plastic resin pellets, categorized as microplastics (&#8804;5 mm in diameter), are small granules that can be unintentionally released to the environment ...

Preparation of DMMTAV and DMDTAV Using DMAV for Environmental Applications: Synthesis, Purification, and Confirmation

Preparation of DMMTAV and DMDTAV Using DMAV for Environmental Applications: Synthesis, Purification, and Confirmation

Preparación de DMMTAV y DMDTAV usando DMAV para usos ambientales: síntesis, purificación y confirmación

Dimethylated thioarsenicals such as dimethylmonothioarsinic acid (DMMTAV) and dimethyldithioarsinic acid (DMDTAV), which are produced by the metabolic ...

The Effect of the Application of Thyme Essential Oil on Microbial Load During Meat Drying

El efecto de la aplicación de aceite esencial de tomillo en la carga microbiana durante el secado de la carne

Meat is a high protein meal that is used in the preparation of jerky, a popular food snack, where preservation and safety are important. To assure food ...

Protocol for Acute and Chronic Ecotoxicity Testing of the Turquoise Killifish Nothobranchius furzeri

Protocol for Acute and Chronic Ecotoxicity Testing of the Turquoise Killifish Nothobranchius furzeri

Protocolo de aguda y crónica pruebas de ecotoxicidad de los killis turquesa Nothobranchius furzeri

The killifish Nothobranchius furzeri is an emerging model organism in the field of ecotoxicology and its applicability in acute and chronic ecotoxicity ...

Measuring Hypopharyngeal Gland Acinus Size in Honey Bee (Apis mellifera) Workers

Measuring Hypopharyngeal Gland Acinus Size in Honey Bee Apis mellifera Workers

Medición de hipofaringe tamaño de acino de glándula en trabajadores de la abeja (Apis mellifera)

The nurse hypopharyngeal glands produce the protein fraction of the worker and royal jelly that is fed to developing larvae and queens. These paired ...

Composition and Distribution Analysis of Bioaerosols Under Different Environmental Conditions

Composición y análisis de la distribución de bioaerosoles bajo diferentes condiciones ambientales

Variable microorganisms in particulate matter (PM) under different environmental conditions may have significant impacts on human health. In this study, ...