Name: in vivo tracking of edema development and microvascular pathology in a model of experimental cerebral malaria using magnetic resonance imaging
Uploaded: 2017-06-08T12:30:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about In Vivo Tracking of Edema Development and Microvascular Pathology in a Model of Experimental Cerebral Malaria Using Magnetic Resonance Imaging at JoVE.com

Miriam Reinigの専門家の技術支援は感謝しています。 AHは、ハイデルベルク大学医学部のポスドク奨学金から資金を受けた。 MPはElse-Kröner-Fresenius財団の記念奨励金によって支えられています。 AKMは、DZIFアカデミー（DZIF）の母子保健給付の受給者です。 JPは、ハイデルベルク分子医学研究センター（HRCMM）のキャリア開発フェローシップの受領者です。さらに我々は、スポロゾイト運動の模範的な映画を提供してくれたJulia M. SattlerとFriedrich Frischknechtに感謝する。

この記事で報告されたすべての動物実験は、実験動物科学連盟（FELASA）カテゴリBおよび実験動物科学協会（GV-SOLAS）標準ガイドラインに従って実施され、カールスルーエの地方ドイツ当局（RegierungspräsidiumKarlsruhe） 、ドイツ）。 biosavetyレベル2は、蚊とPlasmodium berghei ANKAスポロゾイトの仕事に適用されます。 1.感染<ol><li> Anophelesは、配偶子母細胞で15分間飼育する...

<ol>
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E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=An+experimental+model+to+study+tuberculosis-malaria+coinfection+upon+natural+transmission+of+Mycobacterium+tuberculosis+and+Plasmodium+berghei.">An experimental model to study tuberculosis-malaria coinfection upon natural transmission of Mycobacterium tuberculosis and Plasmodium berghei.</a> J Vis Exp. (84), e50829 (2014).</li><li>Hynynen, K., McDannold, N., Sheikov, N. A., Jolesz, F. 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E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Effects+of+postnatal+dietary+choline+supplementation+on+motor+regional+brain+volume+and+growth+factor+expression+in+a+mouse+model+of+Rett+syndrome.">Effects of postnatal dietary choline supplementation on motor regional brain volume and growth factor expression in a mouse model of Rett syndrome.</a> Brain Res. 1237, 101-109 (2008).</li><li>Giri, S., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=T2+quantification+for+improved+detection+of+myocardial+edema.">T2 quantification for improved detection of myocardial edema.</a> J Cardiovasc Magn Reson. 11, 56 (2009).</li><li>Engwerda, C., Belnoue, E., Gruner, A. C., Renia, L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Experimental+models+of+cerebral+malaria.">Experimental models of cerebral malaria.</a> Curr Top Microbiol Immunol. 297, 103-143 (2005).</li><li>Zhao, H., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Olfactory+plays+a+key+role+in+spatiotemporal+pathogenesis+of+cerebral+malaria.">Olfactory plays a key role in spatiotemporal pathogenesis of cerebral malaria.</a> Cell Host Microbe. 15 (5), 551-563 (2014).</li><li>Nacer, A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Experimental+cerebral+malaria+pathogenesis--hemodynamics+at+the+blood+brain+barrier.">Experimental cerebral malaria pathogenesis--hemodynamics at the blood brain barrier.</a> PLoS Pathog. 10 (12), e1004528 (2014).</li><li>Nacer, A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Neuroimmunological+blood+brain+barrier+opening+in+experimental+cerebral+malaria.">Neuroimmunological blood brain barrier opening in experimental cerebral malaria.</a> PLoS Pathog. 8 (10), e1002982 (2012).</li><li>Pai, S., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Real-time+imaging+reveals+the+dynamics+of+leukocyte+behaviour+during+experimental+cerebral+malaria+pathogenesis.">Real-time imaging reveals the dynamics of leukocyte behaviour during experimental cerebral malaria pathogenesis.</a> PLoS Pathog. 10 (7), e1004236 (2014).</li><li>Shaw, T. 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この記事では、実験的脳マラリアの変化を描写する全脳MRIプロトコルについて説明します。我々は、今日までマラリア研究においてMRIが十分に活用されておらず、我々のプロトコールが他の研究者を助けることを期待している。私たちは役に立つかもしれないいくつかの追加ポイントについて説明したいと思います。 重度の病気のマウスが画像化される場合、位置決め?...

マラリアは世界的に重要な健康問題です。重度のマラリアは部分的に脳の関与を特徴とし、しばしば不良な予後因子である。 5歳未満の小児では、マラリア伝播率の高い地域で脳関与が一般的であり、その年齢層でのマラリア関連死亡の主な原因となります。積極的な治療は命を救うことができますが、脳マラリアの検出は、特に初期段階では困難です。脳マラリアに関連する病理学的プロセスには、脳血管障害および脳浮腫が含まれ、重度の脳の腫脹を招く可能性がある。この記事では、実験的脳マラリア（ECM）の全脳インビボイメージングを可能にする磁気共鳴イメージング（MRI）プロトコルを紹介します。 ECMが中央でどのように開始するかについてはほとんど知られていないが、全脳高分解能イメージング法はこの疾患では十分に活用されていないあるいは特定の機序が原因となってこの疾患に至ることがあります。脳全体をカバーするインビボ MRIは、ECM病理のより良い理解を得るための重要な研究ツールである。 MRIは、最近、ECMだけでなくヒト大脳マラリアにおいても死の重要な予測因子であると最近認識されている世界的な脳の脳の腫脹を評価することができる。重度の脳の腫脹は、致命的な疾患で起こり、ECMモデルとヒトの疾患（炎症性および微小血管の両方の変化が特徴である疾患）との間のいくつかの病理学的特徴の1つを表す。 4 ECMは、致死的Plasmodium berghei ANKA感染によるCBAまたはC57BLマウスで誘導することができる。 ECMの発症は、感染後6日目から10日目までに典型的に起こり、フィッティング、運動失調、呼吸困難、昏睡をもたらし、これがラップにつながるイドの死。ラピッドネズミ昏睡および行動尺度（RMCBS）は、ECMの臨床症状を評価するのに役立つスコアです。これは、0から2のスコアを付けられた10のパラメータで構成され、最大20の可能なスコアを有する。6最近、我々はECMマウスにおけるRMCBSスコアの重症度とMRIによって示される病理学的変化との間に良好な一致を示した。 7このプロトコールでは、マウスにおけるECM誘導およびECMによるマウスのインビボ磁気共鳴イメージングについて記載する。

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in vivo tracking of edema development and microvascular pathology in a model of experimental cerebral malaria using magnetic resonance imaging

Cerebral malaria is a sign of severe malarial disease and is often a harbinger of death. While aggressive management can be life-saving, the detection of cerebral malaria can be difficult. We present an experimental mouse model of cerebral malaria that shares multiple features of the human disease, including edema and microvascular pathology. Using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), we can detect and track the blood-brain barrier disruption, edema development, and subsequent brain swelling. We describe multiple MRI techniques that can visualize these pertinent pathological changes. Thus, we show that MRI represents a valuable tool to visualize and track pathological changes, such as edema, brain swelling, and microvascular pathology, in vivo.

C57BL / 6マウスでは、 P. berghei ANKAスポロゾイトによる感染後6日目〜10日目の間にECMの最初の臨床症状が観察される。 ECMは感染マウスの60〜80％で発症し、24〜48時間以内に急速に昏睡と死に進行する。対照的に、ECMを発症しないマウスは、過気管支喘息により重度の貧血から感染後第2週後に死亡する。 12 <p class="jove_content" fo:keep-together.within-pa...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about In Vivo Tracking of Edema Development and Microvascular Pathology in a Model of Experimental Cerebral Malaria Using Magnetic Resonance Imaging at JoVE.com

In Vivo Tracking of Edema Development and Microvascular Pathology in a Model of Experimental Cerebral Malaria Using Magnetic Resonance Imaging

We describe a mouse model of experimental cerebral malaria and show how inflammatory and microvascular pathology can be tracked in vivo using magnetic resonance imaging.

磁気共鳴映像法を用いた実験的大脳マラリアモデルにおける浮腫発生と微小血管病変のin vivo追跡

Cerebral malaria is a sign of severe malarial disease and is often a harbinger of death. While aggressive management can be life-saving, the detection of ...

The overall goal of this method is to monitor pathological changes of experimental cerebral malaria in vivo. This method can help to answer key questions in the pathogenesis of experimental cerebral malaria as it allows us to visualize in vivo how pathology of the whole brain evolves in space and over time. The technique thereby allows a detailed assessment of brain pathology, and can be used to assess the efficacy of novel treatment strategies in cerebral malaria.Performing the MRI setup will be Manuel Fischer, our lab manager. Begin by collecting female mosquitoes from their cage, 17 to 22 days after the blood meal. Use forceps to place three to four mosquitoes on a glass slide, combined with a drop of cold RPMI medium.Then, place the slide under a microscope. Carefully stretch the mosquito between the head and body with forceps, and use a syringe and needle to isolate the salivary gland. Next, collect the salivary glands from the glass slide by sucking them up with a glass pipette, and transferring them into 1.5 milliliter centrifuge tube.Then, use a small plastic stick to smash the isolated salivary glands within the centrifuge tube for three minutes in order to isolate the sporozoites from the salivary gland tissue. Centrifuge for three minutes at 1, 000 times g and four degrees Celsius to purify the sporozoites from the remaining tissue. Pipette the supernatant, which contains the sporozoites, to a new centrifuge tube, and count the purified sporozoites in a Neubauer hemocytometer.Sporozoites show a typical counterclockwise movement. Next, adjust the concentration of the purified sporozoites to 10, 000 per milliliter by adding phosphate-buffered saline. Finally, place a C57BL/6 mouse in a restrainer, and put its tail into warm water to better visualize the tail vein.Then, inject a total of 1, 000 sporozoites, or 0.1 milliliters, into the tail vein to initiate infection. Begin by bringing the mouse to a 9.4T small animal Magnetic Resonance Imaging, or MRI scanner, that uses a volume resonator for radiofrequency transmission. Then, apply dexpanthenol eye ointment to both eyes.Turn on the temperature-controlled water bath to 42 degrees Celsius in order to maintain the body temperature of the mouse. Then, place a tail vein catheter into the mouse's tail vein. Next, position the mouse for the MRI by placing it prone and with a crunched back on an animal bed equipped with a headlock and tooth bar to minimize head motion.Take care not to straighten the cervical spine of the mouse. Connect a contrast agent injection system filled with 0.3 millimole per kilogram Gd-DTPA to the tail vein catheter. Next, place the 4-Channel Phased Array Surface Receiver head coil onto the head of the mouse.Finally, place a breathing pad onto the back of the mouse and check the respiration on the monitoring device. Turn on the positional laser by pressing F2 on the control panel, and move the mouse until the horizontal positional light is in the middle of the smaller part of the coil, which covers the head of the mouse. Turn off the positional laser by pressing F2 again, and then move the mouse into the final position by pressing F3 on the control panel.Begin by performing a localizing scan to make sure that the mouse brain is in the isocenter of the magnet. Qualitatively assess vasogenic edema by using 3D T2-weighted imaging. Select a multi-slice RARE sequence, and adjust the slice position, making sure that the whole brain, from the nose to the cerebellum is covered.After adjusting the saturation slices, start the sequence, and wait 10 minutes and 48 seconds to acquire the images. Next, perform T2 relaxometry to quantitatively assess vasogenic edema by selecting multi-slice, multiple-spin echo sequence. Adjust the slice position, and start the acquisition of the sequence, which takes eight minutes and 53 seconds.To quantitatively assess both vasogenic edema and cytotoxic edema, carry out diffusion-weighted imaging by selecting a spin-echo EPI diffusion sequence. Adjust the slice position and saturation slice. Then start the sequence and wait seven minutes and 56 seconds until the raw images are acquired.Following that, assess microhemorrhages, using 3D T2 star-weighted imaging. Select a flow-compensated FLASH sequence, adjust the slice position, and start the sequence, which runs for 15 minutes and 40 seconds. Afterwards, assess arterial patency using time of flight angiography by selecting a 3D FLASH sequence.Adjust the slice position, start the sequence, and then wait seven minutes and 16 seconds until the images are acquired. Finally, assess the blood-brain barrier disruption. Select a 3D T1-weighted imaging with a FLASH sequence, adjust the slice position, and start the sequence.Wait one minute and 14 seconds until images without contrast are acquired. Then, inject contrast of 0.3 millimole per kilogram and repeat the measurement. An increase in blood-brain barrier disruption and a fluid increase indicate early vasogenic edema in the olfactory bulb that is already present in mild disease, and starts to spread towards the brain stem as the severity of the disease increases.On T2 maps, the severity of vasogenic edema can be quantified by drawing regions of interest into specific anatomical regions. For each region, a T2 relaxation time that increases with increasing edema can be obtained. Furthermore, brain volume indicative of edema starts to significantly increase in moderately sick mice as compared to baseline, and further increases in severely sick mice.Lastly, microvascular pathology, as evidenced by microhemorrhages and an increase of vessel susceptibility contrast, occurs after the first signs of blood-brain barrier disruption in vasogenic edema. These microhemmorhages predominantly occur in the olfactory bulb. If the whole MRI protocol is obtained, all images including positioning can be obtained within one hour, if it is performed properly.The minimal protocol should include a T2 weighted sequence or T2 relaxometry, and a T2 star-weighted sequence in order to judge the presence of vasogenic edema, microhemmorhage load, and microvascular impairment. After watching this video, you should have a good understanding how whole-brain MRI visualizes pathological changes in experimental cerebral malaria, including such changes as brain swelling, which is difficult to detect ex vivo.

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In Vivo Tracking of Edema Development and Microvascular Pathology in a Model of Experimental Cerebral Malaria Using Magnetic Resonance Imaging

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