Name: reconstitution of nucleosomes with differentially isotope-labeled sister histones
Uploaded: 2017-03-26T13:00:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Reconstitution of Nucleosomes with Differentially Isotope-labeled Sister Histones at JoVE.com

作者感谢菲利普博士Selenko（FMP - 柏林）提供湿实验室空间和基础设施，通过研究补助经费的工作进行实验和德意志研究联合会（DFG）（LI 2402 / 2-1）。

1.核小体的重建与差异同位素标记（和非对称修改）组蛋白姐姐注：目前的协议描述了差异同位素标记的组蛋白H3核小体的重建。为此，组蛋白H3的两个池被使用;一个是15 N-标记的并含有在N-末端具有带6xHis标签，第二次是13 C标记，并含有在N-末端融合的链球菌肽（WSHPQFEK）。这两个变量从一个烟草蚀纹病毒（TEV）蛋白酶识别位点的本机H3序列分离。以制备额...

<ol>
	<li>Hansen, J. C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Conformational+Dynamics+of+the+Chromatin+Fiber+in+Solution:+Determinants,+Mechanisms,+and+Functions.">Conformational Dynamics of the Chromatin Fiber in Solution: Determinants, Mechanisms, and Functions.</a> Annu. Rev. Biophys. Biomol. Struct. 31, 361-392 (2002).</li><li>Clapier, C. R., Cairns, B. R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+Biology+of+Chromatin+Remodeling+Complexes.">The Biology of Chromatin Remodeling Complexes.</a> Annu. Rev. Biochem. 78, 273-304 (2009).</li><li>Musselman, C. A., Lalonde, M., Cote, J., Kutateladze, T. G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Perceiving+the+epigenetic+landscape+through+histone+readers.">Perceiving the epigenetic landscape through histone readers.</a> Nat. Struct. Mol. Biol. 19 (12), 1218-1227 (2012).</li><li>Suganuma, T., Workman, J. L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Signals+and+Combinatorial+Functions+of+Histone+Modifications.">Signals and Combinatorial Functions of Histone Modifications.</a> Annu. Rev. Biochem. 80, 473-499 (2011).</li><li>Lee, J. S., Smith, E., Shilatifard, A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+Language+of+Histone+Crosstalk.">The Language of Histone Crosstalk.</a> Cell. 142 (5), 682-685 (2010).</li><li>Liokatis, S., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Phosphorylation+of+histone+H3+Ser10+establishes+a+hierarchy+for+subsequent+intramolecular+modification+events.">Phosphorylation of histone H3 Ser10 establishes a hierarchy for subsequent intramolecular modification events.</a> Nat. Struct. Mol. Biol. 19 (8), 819-823 (2012).</li><li>Voigt, P., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Asymmetrically+Modified+Nucleosomes.">Asymmetrically Modified Nucleosomes.</a> Cell. 151 (1), 181-193 (2012).</li><li>Egelhofer, T. A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=An+assessment+of+histone-modification+antibody+quality.">An assessment of histone-modification antibody quality.</a> Nat. Struct. Mol. Biol. 18 (1), 91-93 (2011).</li><li>Huang, H., Lin, S., Garcia, B. A., Zhao, Y. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Quantitative+Proteomic+Analysis+of+Histone+Modifications.">Quantitative Proteomic Analysis of Histone Modifications.</a> Chem. Rev. 115 (6), 2376-2418 (2015).</li><li>Liokatis, S., Dose, A., Schwarzer, D., Selenko, P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Simultaneous+Detection,+of+Protein+Phosphorylation+and+Acetylation+by+High-Resolution+NMR+Spectroscopy.">Simultaneous Detection, of Protein Phosphorylation and Acetylation by High-Resolution NMR Spectroscopy.</a> J. Am. Chem. Soc. 132 (42), 14704-14705 (2010).</li><li>Binolfi, A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Intracellular+repair+of+oxidation-damaged+&#945;-synuclein+fails+to+target+C-terminal+modification+sites.">Intracellular repair of oxidation-damaged &#945;-synuclein fails to target C-terminal modification sites.</a> Nat. Commun. 7, 10251 (2016).</li><li>Schanda, P., Kupce, E., Brutscher, B. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=SOFAST-HMQC+experiments+for+recording+two-dimensional+heteronuclear+correlation+spectra+of+proteins+within+a+few+seconds.">SOFAST-HMQC experiments for recording two-dimensional heteronuclear correlation spectra of proteins within a few seconds.</a> J. Biomol. NMR. 33 (4), 199-211 (2005).</li><li>Theillet, F. X., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Cell+signaling,+post-translational+protein+modifications+and+NMR+spectroscopy.">Cell signaling, post-translational protein modifications and NMR spectroscopy.</a> J. Biomol. NMR. 54 (3), 217-236 (2012).</li><li>Dyer, P. N., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Reconstitution+of+Nucleosome+Core+Particles+from+Recombinant+Histones+and+DNA.">Reconstitution of Nucleosome Core Particles from Recombinant Histones and DNA.</a> Methods Enzymol. 375, 23-43 (2004).</li><li>Artimo, P., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=ExPASy+:SIB+bioinformatics+resource+portal.">ExPASy :SIB bioinformatics resource portal.</a> Nucleic Acids Res. 40 (W1), 597-603 (2012).</li><li>Liokatis, S., klingberg, R., Tan, S., Schwarzer, D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Differentially+Isotope-Labeled+Nucleosomes+to+Study+Asymmetric+Histone+Modification+Crosstalk+by+Time-Resolved+NMR+Spectroscopy.">Differentially Isotope-Labeled Nucleosomes to Study Asymmetric Histone Modification Crosstalk by Time-Resolved NMR Spectroscopy.</a> Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 55 (29), 8262-8265 (2016).</li><li>St&#252;tzer, A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Modulations+of+DNA+Contacts+by+Linker+Histones+and+Post-translational+Modifications+Determine+the+Mobility+and+Modifiability+of+Nucleosomal+H3+Tails.">Modulations of DNA Contacts by Linker Histones and Post-translational Modifications Determine the Mobility and Modifiability of Nucleosomal H3 Tails.</a> Mol. Cell. 61 (2), 247-259 (2016).</li><li>Zhou, B. R., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Histone+H4+K16Q+Mutation,+an+Acetylation+Mimic,+Causes+Structural+Disorder+of+Its+N-terminal+Basic+Patch+in+the+Nucleosome.">Histone H4 K16Q Mutation, an Acetylation Mimic, Causes Structural Disorder of Its N-terminal Basic Patch in the Nucleosome.</a> J. Mol. Biol. 421 (1), 30-37 (2012).</li><li>Theillet, F. X., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Site-specific+NMR+mapping+and+time-resolved+monitoring+of+serine+and+threonine+phosphorylation+in+reconstituted+kinase+reactions+and+mammalian+cell+extracts.">Site-specific NMR mapping and time-resolved monitoring of serine and threonine phosphorylation in reconstituted kinase reactions and mammalian cell extracts.</a> Nat. Protoc. 8 (7), 1416-1432 (2013).</li><li>Lowary, P. T., Widom, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=New+DNA+sequence+rules+for+high+affinity+binding+to+histone+octamer+and+sequence-directed+nucleosome+positioning.">New DNA sequence rules for high affinity binding to histone octamer and sequence-directed nucleosome positioning.</a> J. Mol. Biol. 276 (1), 19-42 (1998).</li><li>Hackenberger, C. P., Schwarzer, D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Chemoselective+ligation+and+modification+strategies+for+peptides+and+proteins.">Chemoselective ligation and modification strategies for peptides and proteins.</a> Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 47 (52), 10030-10074 (2008).</li><li>Theillet, F. X., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Site-specific+mapping+and+time-resolved+monitoring+of+lysine+methylation+by+high-resolution+NMR+spectroscopy.">Site-specific mapping and time-resolved monitoring of lysine methylation by high-resolution NMR spectroscopy.</a> J. Am. Chem. Soc. 134 (18), 7616-7619 (2012).</li><li>Lechner, C. C., Agashe, N. D., Fierz, B. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Traceless+Synthesis+of+Asymmetrically+Modified+Bivalent+Nucleosomes.">Traceless Synthesis of Asymmetrically Modified Bivalent Nucleosomes.</a> Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 55 (8), 2903-2906 (2016).</li><li>Bernstein, B. E., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+bivalent+chromatin+structure+marks+key+developmental+genes+in+embryonic+stem+cells.">A bivalent chromatin structure marks key developmental genes in embryonic stem cells.</a> Cell. 125 (2), 315-326 (2006).</li></ol>

对于核重建，目前协议利用含有601代表智慧核小体定位序列20 165 bp的DNA模板，但类似的性能是使用的模板DNA不同长度的预期。该协议的设计和采用使用非对称类型的组蛋白H3。用同样的原理，也可以应用于该方法的其他核心组蛋白和另外可用于重构携带具有不同同位素标记两个不同的核心组蛋白复合物。该协议可以稍微还修改了最初重组蛋白亚复合物，而不是直接组蛋白八聚体?...

真核生物DNA在细胞核内的紧密包装成染色质。染色质的基本构建块是一个包含DNA的周围由四个核心组蛋白的两个副本（H3，H4，H2A，H2B）的八聚体复合物包裹的〜147碱基对的核小体核心颗粒。组蛋白窝藏翻译后后修饰过多。这些共价的取代，都直接通过影响该系统的物理化学和间接通过招募染色质重塑活动1，2，3诱导染色质结构的改变。通过这些手段，组蛋白翻译后修饰控制染色质的无障碍，因此，调节所有基于DNA的细胞功能4。 翻译后修饰是由组蛋白修饰酶系统主要是对核小体纳入核心组织相容的非结构化N末端段（反面）安装网元。由于对组蛋白尾部的相对短的序列的许多修饰位点，翻译后修饰是通过诱导或阻断后续修饰反应，被称为修饰串扰5的效果相互影响。因为核小体的整体对称结构的，改性反应和串扰机制被认为类似地发生在每个核小体组蛋白（姐姐组蛋白）的两个副本。这个概念最近被质疑和反驳其后。特别是，关于自由组蛋白H3尾部的肽和在核小体的体外酶测定法表明，一组H3激酶以不对称的方式6中引入磷酸。此外，基于亲和纯化的LC-MS / MS分析表明在几种类型的真核细胞7的不对称H3甲基化的核小体的存在。因此，非对称改性的核构成新种，并需要工具来揭开该控制它们的形成和分析串扰效应，这种不对称可能发挥的机制。 通常，免疫印迹（WB）和质谱（MS）分析已被用来检测组蛋白翻译后修饰。尽管其应用方便，WB从特异性/交叉反应问题的困扰。最重要的是，它不能执行同步多PTM分析和修饰反应8的直接定量。另一方面，MS分析采用了精密的仪器，需要高水平的训练，但可提供高特异性以及同时映射和量化多个翻译后修饰9。 &#160;然而，这两种方法都是破坏性和核小体配合物分析之前被离解，从而产生的组蛋白和/或组蛋白衍生的肽的混合物。这种操作删除分辨独立的能力上每两个姐姐组蛋白的发生，并报告该核小体组蛋白的特定复制修改状态修饰反应。 演变作为一种替代方法，以映射的PTM反应核磁共振（NMR）谱。核磁共振是无中断的，因此允许PTM事件的实时方式中重构的混合物的监视，甚至在完整细胞10,11。例程快速数据采集，以及用于高分辨率映射基于二维发展同位素标记（15 N和/或13 C）的样品的异质核相关方法12允许不同类型的翻译后修饰的的同时映射，如如丝氨酸/苏氨酸/酪氨酸磷酸化，赖氨酸乙酰化/甲基化，和精氨酸甲基13。根据PTM正在调查中，15 N或13 C-PR标签otocols可以用来标记充当变形记者蛋白质的官能团。因此，PTM映射可以通过以下&#39;感测&#39;上的化学环境的改变相应的功能基团的特性的化学位移的位移来执行。在大多数情况下，无论是NH和CH的化学基团可以被用来报告感兴趣的PTM的演变。 目前的协议描述了含有差异同位素标记的妹妹组蛋白核的产生。它结合NMR光谱法的灵活性同时使用1 H 15 N和1 H 13 C相关光谱具有不同的蛋白的亲和标签的利用所选重组组蛋白复合物的纯化映射翻译后修饰。值得注意的是，该协议采用了核重建一个特定的组蛋白的两个不同的池。这些池是差异同位素标记（一个<suP&gt; 15 N，其他与13℃），它们分别融合到多组氨酸和链霉亲和标签。以Ni-NTA和基于链霉亲和色谱串联亲和纯化方案最初使用Voigt 等 。 7被用来净化从对称的对应（ 图1A）的不对称物种。非对称组蛋白八聚体随后用于重建等效核小体复合物（ 图1B），使用标准的盐透析法14。此外，通过相同的方法，由具有组蛋白池之一预先改性，一PTM可以不对称结合到所得到的核小体。这些基板与组蛋白修饰酶和修改事件的后续核磁共振映射的反应使串扰机制表征无论是在顺式 （premodified组蛋白拷贝）和反式 （unmodifiED组蛋白复印件）（ 图1C）。

<table border="1" fo:keep-together.within-page="1" fo:keep-with-next.within-page="always">
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>Unfolding Buffer</td>
			<td>7M guanidinium HCl</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td></td>
			<td>20mM Tris pH7.5</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td></td>
			<td>10mM DTT</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Refolding Buffer</td>
			<td>10mM Tris pH7.5</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td></td>
			<td>2M NaCl</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td></td>
			<td>1mM EDTA</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td></td>
			<td>2mM DTT</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Assay Buffer</td>
			<td>25mM NaxHxPO4 pH6.8</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td></td>
			<td>25mM NaCl</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td></td>
			<td>2mM DTT</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Guanidinium HCl</td>
			<td>Applichem</td>
			<td>A14199</td>
			<td>Use high quality Gu-HCl</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Tris&#160;</td>
			<td>Roth</td>
			<td>4855.2</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>DTT</td>
			<td>Applichem</td>
			<td>A1101</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>NaCl</td>
			<td>VWR chemicals</td>
			<td>27810.364</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>EDTA</td>
			<td>Roth</td>
			<td>8043.2</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Na2HPO4</td>
			<td>Applichem</td>
			<td>A1046</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>NaH2PO4</td>
			<td>Applichem</td>
			<td>A3902</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Imidazole</td>
			<td>Applichem</td>
			<td>A1073</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>d-Desthiobiotin</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>D1411</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Ni-NTA Superflow</td>
			<td>Qiagen</td>
			<td>1034557</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Strep-Tactin Superflow</td>
			<td>IBA</td>
			<td>2-1207-001</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>His-probe antibody</td>
			<td>Santa Cruz</td>
			<td>sc-8036</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Strep-tactin conjugated HRP</td>
			<td>IBA</td>
			<td>2-1502-001</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Hi-Load 16/600 Superdex 200pg</td>
			<td>GE Healthcare</td>
			<td>28-9893-35</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>6-8kDa dialysis membrane</td>
			<td>Spectrumlabs</td>
			<td>spectra/por 1, 132650</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>50kDa dialysis membrane</td>
			<td>Spectrumlabs</td>
			<td>spectra/por 7, 132129</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>10kDa centrigugal filter unit</td>
			<td>Merck Millipore</td>
			<td>UFC901024</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>30kDa centrigugal filter unit</td>
			<td>Merck Millipore</td>
			<td>UFC903024</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Solution-state NMR spectrometer&#160;</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td>at least 500 MHz operating frequency, equipped with a triple-resonance cryoprobe</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

reconstitution of nucleosomes with differentially isotope-labeled sister histones

非对称修饰的核遏制饰有不同的集合翻译后后修饰的组蛋白的两个副本（妹妹组蛋白）。他们是新发现的物种，建立和功能影响未知的手段。目前的分析方法不足以检测的核小体组蛋白姐姐翻译后修饰的特定复制发生。这个协议提出了含差异同位素标记的妹妹组蛋白核小体在体外重构的生物化学方法。生成复杂的可也不对称修饰，组蛋白subcomplexes的折叠过程中包括组蛋白premodified池之后。这些非对称核制剂可以容易地与组蛋白修饰酶来研究使用核磁共振（NMR）谱由非对称预掺入PTM施加变形串扰机制反应。特别是，在修饰反应实时可以独立的两个姊妹组蛋白通过进行不同类型的核磁共振相关的实验中，对于各同位素类型量身定做进行映射。这种方法提供了手段来研究有助于不对称PTM方式对核小体复合物的形成和传播机制的串扰。

适当重折叠八聚体种类重构混合物的通过凝胶过滤柱运行（ 图2）后分离。含有三种不同类型的八聚体的重组八聚池经受串联亲和纯化方案。样品从所有的步骤中收集并通过SDS-PAGE和随后WB分析。其导致非对称物种的隔离的协议的正确执行的验证是通过以下的不同样品中两个亲和标签（的His-和Strep-）的存在（ 图3）来实现的。随后，将亲和标签被TEV...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Reconstitution of Nucleosomes with Differentially Isotope-labeled Sister Histones at JoVE.com

Reconstitution of Nucleosomes with Differentially Isotope-labeled Sister Histones

这个协议描述了含有差异同位素标记的妹妹组蛋白核小体重构。同时，可使用premodified组蛋白拷贝之后产生不对称翻译后修饰的核小体。这些制剂可以很容易地用于研究修改串扰机制，同时在两个姐姐组蛋白，通过使用高分辨率核磁共振光谱。

核小体的重建与差异同位素标记的姐妹组蛋白

Asymmetrically modified nucleosomes contain the two copies of a histone (sister histones) decorated with distinct sets of Post-translational Modifications ...

Research

JoVE Journal

Biochemistry

Analysis of Histone Antibody Specificity with Peptide Microarrays

用肽微阵列分析组蛋白抗体特异性

Post-translational modifications (PTMs) on histone proteins are widely studied for their roles in regulating chromatin structure and gene expression. The ...

科研

生物化学

Detergent-free Ultrafast Reconstitution of Membrane Proteins into Lipid Bilayers Using Fusogenic Complementary-charged Proteoliposomes.

无洗涤剂超快重组膜蛋白成脂双层使用融合补充充电 Proteoliposomes。

Detergents are indispensable for delivery of membrane proteins into 30-100 nm small unilamellar vesicles, while more complex, larger model lipid bilayers ...

Determining if DNA Stained with a Cyanine Dye Can Be Digested with Restriction Enzymes

用限制性酶来测定染有菁染料的 DNA

Visualization of DNA for fluorescence microscopy utilizes a variety of dyes such as cyanine dyes. These dyes are utilized due to their high affinity and ...

Purification and Reconstitution of TRPV1 for Spectroscopic Analysis

光谱分析 TRPV1 的纯化与重构

Polymodal ion channels transduce multiple stimuli of different natures into allosteric changes; these dynamic conformations are challenging to determine ...

Benchtop Immobilized Metal Affinity Chromatography, Reconstitution and Assay of a Polyhistidine Tagged Metalloenzyme for the Undergraduate Laboratory

台式固定化金属亲和层析、Polyhistidine 标记金属酶的重组与检测

Benchtop immobilized metal affinity chromatography (IMAC), of polyhistidine tagged proteins is easily mastered by undergraduate students and has become ...

In Vitro Reconstitution of Self-Organizing Protein Patterns on Supported Lipid Bilayers

In Vitro Reconstitution of Self-Organizing Protein Patterns on Supported Lipid Bilayers

体外支持性脂质双层自组织蛋白模式的重组

Many aspects of the fundamental spatiotemporal organization of cells are governed by reaction-diffusion type systems. In vitro reconstitution of such ...

Reconstitution of Cell-cycle Oscillations in Microemulsions of Cell-free Xenopus Egg Extracts

Reconstitution of Cell-cycle Oscillations in Microemulsions of Cell-free Xenopus Egg Extracts

无细胞爪卵萃取物微乳液细胞周期振荡的重建

Real-time measurement of oscillations at the single-cell level is important to uncover the mechanisms of biological clocks. Although bulk extracts ...

Probing The Structure And Dynamics Of Nucleosomes Using Atomic Force Microscopy Imaging

原子力显微镜成像在核细胞结构和动力学研究中的应用

Chromatin, which is a long chain of nucleosome subunits, is a dynamic system that allows for such critical processes as DNA replication and transcription ...

In Vitro Ubiquitination and Deubiquitination Assays of Nucleosomal Histones

核糖体组蛋白的体外泛化和二次基质测定

Ubiquitination is a post-translational modification that plays important roles in various signaling pathways and is notably involved in the coordination ...

Detergent-assisted Reconstitution of Recombinant Drosophila Atlastin into Liposomes for Lipid-mixing Assays

Detergent-assisted Reconstitution of Recombinant Drosophila Atlastin into Liposomes for Lipid-mixing Assays

洗涤剂辅助重组重组果蝇阿拉他素到脂质混合测定脂质体

Membrane fusion is a crucial process in the eukaryotic cell. Specialized proteins are necessary to catalyze fusion. Atlastins are endoplasmic reticulum ...